1720766576201

AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
CHAPTER
Heat and Thermal
10 Expansion
Chapter Highlights
Heat, Temperature, Thermal expansion, Specific heat capacity, Latent heat, Calorimetry, Kinetic theory of gases,
Concept of pressure, Kinetic energy and temperature, RMS speed of gas molecules, Law of equipartition of
energy
HEAT temperature of a body or to change its phase. Calorie

was defined as the unit of heat. A number of experiments
The energy that is being transferred between two bodies or were performed to show that the temperature may also be
between adjacent parts of a body as a result of temperature increased by doing mechanical work on the system. These
difference is called heat. Thus, heat is a form of energy. experiments established that heat is equivalent to mechan-
It is energy in transit whenever temperature differences ical energy and measured as to how much mechanical
exist. Once it is transferred, it becomes the internal energy energy is equivalent to a calorie. If mechanical work W
of the receiving body. It should be clearly understood that produces the same temperature change as heat H, we write,
the word ‘heat’ is meaningful only as long as the energy is
being transferred. Thus, expressions like ‘heat in a body’ or W = JH
‘heat of a body’ are meaningless. where J is called mechanical equivalent of heat. J is
T1 > T2 T2 expressed in joule/calorie. The value of J gives the joules
of mechanical work needed to raise the temperature of 1 g
A Heat B
of water by 1°C.
When we say that a body is heated it means that its mole-
cules begin to move with greater kinetic energy. SOLVED EXAMPLE
SI unit of heat energy is joule (J). Another common
unit of heat energy is calorie (cal). 1. What is the change in potential energy (in calories) of
1 calorie = 4.18 J a 10 kg mass after 10 m fall?
1 calorie: The amount of heat needed to increase the tem- Solution:

perature of 1 gm of water from 14.5 to 15.5°C at 1 atmos- Change in potential energy
pheric pressure is 1 calorie.
DU = mgh = 10 × 10 × 10
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat = 1000 J
In early days, heat was not recognized as a form of energy. 1000
= cal
Heat was supposed to be something needed to raise the 4.186
10.2 Chapter 10
SPECIFIC HEAT
■ If the temperature of the substance changes without
Specific heat of substance is equal to heat gain or released Q
the transfer of heat (Q = 0) then s = = 0. Thus,
by that substance to raise or fall its temperature by 1°C for mDT
when liquid in the thermos flask is shaken, its tempera-
a unit mass of substance.
ture increases without the transfer of heat, and hence the
When a body is heated, it gains heat. On the other specific heat of liquid in the thermos flask is zero.
hand, heat is lost when the body is cooled. The gain or loss
■ To raise the temperature of saturated water vapours,
of heat is directly proportional to: heat (Q) is withdrawn. Hence, specific heat of saturated
1. The mass of the body DQ ∝ m water vapours is negative. (This is for your information
2. Rise or fall of temperature of the body DQ ∝ DT only and not in the course.)
■ The slight variation of specific heat of water with tem-
DQ ∝ mDT or DQ = msDT perature is shown in the graph at 1 atmosphere pressure.
or dQ = msdT or Q = m ∫ sdT Its variation is less than 1% over the interval from 0 to
100°C.
where s is a constant and is known as the specific heat
Q
of the body s = . SI unit of s is joule/kg-kelvin
Specific heat
(cal g–1C–1)
m DT 1.008
and CGS unit is cal/gm°C.
1.000
Specific heat of water: S = 4200 J/kg°C = 1000 cal/kg°C =
1 kcal/kg°C = 1 cal/gm°C 0 15 35 100
Specific heat of steam = half of specific heat of Temp (°C)
water = specific heat of ice
SOLVED EXAMPLE Relation between Specific Heat and

Water Equivalent
2. Heat required to increase the temperature of 1 kg water It is the amount of water which requires the same amount
by 20°C of heat for the same temperature rise as that of the object
ms
Solution: ms DT = mW sW DT ⇒ mW =
sW
Heat required = DQ = msDq
In calorie sW = 1
Q S = 1 cal/gm°C = 1 kcal/kg°C
\ mW = ms
= 1 × 20 = 20 kcal.
mw is also represent by W
Heat Capacity or Thermal Capacity so W = ms.
Heat capacity of a body is defined as the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of that body by 1°. If m Phase change
is the mass and s the specific heat of the body, then Heat
Heat required for the change of phase or state,
capacity = ms.
Units of heat capacity in: CGS system is cal°C–1 and Q = mL, L = latent heat.
SI unit is JK–1
Latent heat (L)
I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S The heat supplied to a substance which changes its state at
constant temperature is called latent heat of the body.
Q
■ We know s = , if the substance undergoes the Latent heat of fusion (L f )
mDT
change of state which occurs at constant temperature The heat supplied to a substance which changes it from
(DT = 0) , then s = Q/0 = ∞. Thus, the specific heat of a solid to liquid state at its melting point and 1 atm pressure
substance when it melts or boils at constant temperature is called latent heat of fusion. Latent heat of fusion of ice
is infinite. is 80 kcal/kg.
10.3
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALLHeatAPUL
and Thermal Expansion
Latent heat of vaporization (Lv ) Solution:

The heat supplied to a substance which changes it from liq- Heat required DQ = heat release to convert steam at
uid to vapour state at its boiling point and 1 atm. pressure is 200°C into 100°C steam + heat release to convert
called latent heat of vaporization. Latent heat of vaporiza- 100°C steam into 100°C water + heat release to con-
tion of water is 540 kcal kg-1. vert 100° water into 0°C water + heat release to con-
If in question latent heat of water is not mention vert 0°C water into –20°C ice.
and to solve the problem it is required to assume, then we 1
DQ = 1 × × 100 + 540 × 1 + 1 × 1 × 100 + 1 ×
should consider the following value. 2
1
80 + 1 × × 20
Latent heat of ice 2
L = 80 cal/gm = 80 kcal/kg = 4200 × 80 J/kg = 780 kcal.
Latent heat of steam
L = 540 cal/gm = 540 kcal/kg = 4200 × 540 J/kg CALORIMETRY
The given Fig. 10.1 represents the change of state
by different lines The branch of thermodynamics which deals with the meas-
urement of heat is called calorimetry.
T
A simple calorimeter is a vessel generally made of
E copper with a stirrer of the same material. The vessel is
Tb C kept in a wooden box to isolate it thermally from the sur-
A D rounding. A thermometer is used to measure the tempera-
Tm
B ture of the contents of the calorimeter. Object at different
Q
O temperatures are made to come in contact with each other
Tb = Melting temperature in the calorimeter. As a result, heat is exchanged between
Tm = Boiling temperature
the object as well as with the calorimeter neglecting any
Fig. 10.1 heat exchange with the surrounding.
OA - solid state, AB - solid + liquid state (Phase Law of Mixture

change) When two substances at different temperatures are mixed
BC - liquid state, CD - liquid + vapour state (Phase together, then exchange of heat continues to take place till
change) their temperatures become equal. This temperature is then
called final temperature of mixture. Here, Heat taken by
DE - vapour state one substance = Heat given by another substance
DQ = msDT ⇒ m1 s1 (T1 - Tm) = m2 s2 (Tm - T2)
DT 1 DT 1 m1, s1, T1 m2, s2, T2
slope = ⇒ µ
DQ ms DQ S (T1 > T2)
where mass (m) of substance constant slope of T – Q

graph is inversely proportional to specific heat, as in given Mixture temperature = Tm
Fig. 10.1.
(slope) OA > (slope) DE
then (s)OA < (s)DE SOLVED EXAMPLE
when DQ = mL
If (length of AB) > (length of CD) 4. An iron block of mass 2 kg, falls from a height of
then (latent heat of AB) > (latent heat of CD) 10 m. After colliding with the ground, it loses 25%
energy to surroundings. Then find the temperature rise
SOLVED EXAMPLE of the block. (Take sp. heat of iron 470 J/kg°C.)
Solution:
3. Find the amount of heat released if 1 kg steam at 1 10 × 10
200°C is converted into –20°C ice. mSDq = mgh ⇒ Dq =
4 4 × 470
10.4 Chapter 10
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics m1s1T1 + m2 s2T2 + m3 s3T3
So T=
If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium m1s1 + m2 s2 + m3 s3
with a third object C, then objects A and B are in thermal 7. In following equation, calculate value of H 1 kg ice at
equilibrium with each other. –20°C = H + 1 kg water at 100°C, here H means heat
required to change the state of substance.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Solution:
Heat required to convert 1 kg ice at – 20°C into 1 kg
5. The temperature of equal masses of three different liq-
water at 100°C
uids A, B, and C are 10°C, 15°C, and 20°C, respec-
= 1 kg ice at – 20°C to 1 kg ice at 0°C ice at
tively. The temperature when A and B are mixed is
0°C + 1 kg water
13°C and when B and C are mixed, it is 16°C. What
at 0°C + 1 kg water at 0°C to 1 kg water at 100°C
will be the temperature when A and C are mixed?
1
=1× × 20 + 1 × 80 + 1 × 100 = 190 kcal.
Solution: 2
13°C 16°C So H = – 190 kcal
Negative sign indicate that 190 kcal heat is withdrawn
A B C
from 1 kg water at 100°C to convert it into 1 kg ice
m m m
S1 S2 S3 at – 20°C
10°C 15°C 20°C
8. 1 kg ice at –20°C is mixed with 1 kg steam at 200°C.
θ
Then find equilibrium temperature and mixture
when A and B are mixed content.
mS1 × (13 – 10) = m × S2 × (15 – 13) Solution:
3S1 = 2S2 (1) Let equilibrium temperature be 100°C heat required
to convert 1 kg ice at –20°C to 1 kg water at 100°C is
when B and C are mixed equal to
S2 × 1 = S3 × 4 (2) 1
H1 = 1 × × 20 + 1 × 80 + 1 × 1 × 100 = 190 kcal
when C and A are mixed 2
Heat release by steam to convert 1 kg steam at 200°C
S1(q – 10) = S3 × (20 – q ) (3) to 1 kg water at 100°C is equal to
by using equation (1), (2), and (3) 1
H2 = 1 × × 100 + 1 × 540 = 590 kcal
2
140
we get q= °C
11 1 kg ice at – 20°C = H1 + 1 kg water at 100°C (1)
6. If three different liquid of different masses specific 1 kg steam at 200°C = H2 + 1 kg water at 100°C (2)
heats and temperature are mixed with each other, then
By adding equation (1) and (2)
what is the temperature mixture at thermal equilibrium.
1 kg ice at –20°C + 1 kg steam at 200°C = H1 + H2 +
m1, s1, T1 → specification for liquid
2 kg water at 100°C.
m2, s2, T2 → specification for liquid Here heat required to ice is less than heat supplied by
m3, s3, T3 → specification for liquid steam so mixture of equilibrium temperature is 100°C,
then steam is not completely converted into water.
Solution: So mixture has water and steam which is possible only
Total heat lost or gained by all substance is equal to at 100°C mass of steam, when converted into water is
zero equal to
DQ = 0 1
190 - 1 × × 100
2 7
m= = kg
m1s1(T – T1) + m2s2(T – T2) + m3s3 (T – T3) = 0 540 27
10.5
so mixture content vibrations increases and the average position is located at a

7 20 greater interatomic separation. This increased separation is
mass of steam = 1 – = kg manifested as expansion of the material.
27 27
Almost all solids and liquids expand as their temper-
7 34
mass of water = 1 + = kg ature increases. Gases also expand if allowed. Solids can
27 27 change in length, area, or volume, while liquids change in
their volumes.
THERMAL EXPANSION
Most materials expand when their temperature is increased. SOLVED EXAMPLES
Rails, roads, tracks, bridges, etc. have some means of com-
pensating for thermal expansion. When a homogeneous 9. A rectangular plate has a circular cavity as shown in
object expands, the distance between any two points on the Fig. 10.3. If we increase its temperature then which
object increases. Fig. 10.2 shows a block of metal with a dimension will increase as in Fig. 10.3.
hole in it. The expanded object is like a photographic d
enlargement. That in the hole expands in the same propor-
tion as the metal, it does not get smaller. C
b
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a
(a) Circle Circular
hole Fig. 10.3
Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Distance between any two point on an object increases
(b) with increase in temperature.
The same steel ruler two diﬀerent temperatures. When it So, all dimension a, b, c, and d will increase
expands, the scale, the numbers, the thickness, and the 10. In Fig. 10.4, when temperature is increased then which
diameters of the circle and circular and hole are all of the following increases
increased by the same factor. (The expansion has been
exaggerated for clarity.)
Potential R1
energy
R2
r0 r1 r
2
r
E2 Fig. 10.4
E1
(A) R1 (B) R2 (C) R2 – R1
Fig. 10.2
Solution:
Thermal expansion arises because the well is not symmet- All of the above
rical about the equilibrium position r0. As the temperature - - - - - represents expanded boundary
rise the energy of the atom increases. The average position --------- represents original boundary
when the energy is E2 is not the same as that when the
energy is E1.
At the atomic level, thermal expansion may be understood
by considering how the potential energy of the atoms varies
with distance. The equilibrium position of an atom will be
at the minimum of the potential energy if the well is sym-
metric. At a given temperature, each atom vibrates about As the intermolecular distance between atoms
its equilibrium position and its average remains at the min- increases on heating, the inner and outer perimeter
imum point. If the shape of the well is not symmetrical the increases. Also if the atomic arrangement in radial
average position of an atom will not be at the minimum direction is observed, then we can say that it also
point. When the temperature is raised, the amplitude of the increases. Hence, all A, B, C are true.
10.6 Chapter 10
LINEAR EXPANSION Thermal Stress of a Material
When the rod is heated, its increase in length DL is If the rod is free to expand, then there will be no stress and
proportional to its original length L0 and change in temper- strain. Stress and strain is produced only when an object
ature DT , where DT is in °C or K. is restricted to expand or contract according to change in
temperature. When the temperature of the rod is decreased
L0 L = L0 + ΔL
or increased under constrained condition, compressive or
tensile stresses are developed in the rod. These stresses are
Before heating After heating
known as thermal stresses.
dL = aL0 dT ⇒ DL = a L0 D T If a DT << 1 DL Final length - Original length
Strain = = = a DT
L0 Original length
DL
a= ,
L0 D T
NOTE
where a is called the coefficient of linear expansion whose
unit is °C-1 or K-1. Original and final length should be at same temperature
L = L0 (1 + a DT )
Consider a rod of length l0 which is fixed between to rigid
where L is the length after heating the rod. end separated at a distance l0. Now if the temperature of
the rod is increased by Dq then the strain produced in the
Variation of a with Temperature rod will be:
and Distance
1. If a varies with distance, a = ax + b.
Then total expansion = ∫ (ax + b) DT dx. F F
2. If a varies with temperature, a = f (T ). Then DL = ∫ a l0

L0 dT.
x dx length of the rod at new temperature

- natural length of the rod at new temperature
Strain =
natural length of the rod at new temperature
NOTE
SPECIFIC HEAT
Actually thermal expansion is always 3D expansion. When
other two dimensions of object are negligible with respect The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as the
to one, then observations are significant only in one- heat supplied per unit mass of the substance per unit rise in
dimension and it is known as linear expansion. the temperature. If an amount DQ of heat is given to a mass
m of the substance, and its temperature rises by DT, the
specific heat capacity s is given by equation
SOLVED EXAMPLE DQ
s=
mDT
11. What is the percentage change in length of 1m iron The molar heat capacities of a gas are defined as the heat
rod if its temperature changes by 100°C. a for iron is given per mole of the gas per unit rise in the temperature.
2 × 10–5/°C? The molar heat capacity at constant volume, denoted by
CV, is,
Solution:
⎛ DQ ⎞ f
Percentage change in length due to temperature change CV = ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = R
n DT constant volume 2
Dl
%l = × 100 = a D q × 100 and the molar heat capacity at constant pressure, denoted
l
by CP is,
= 2 × 10–5 × 100 × 100 ⎛ DQ ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞
CP = ⎜⎝ ⎟ = +1 R
= 0.2% . n DT ⎠ constant volume ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
10.7
where n is the amount of the gas in number of moles and

5
f is degree of freedom. Quite often, the term specific heat DQ = Du = nCVDT = 2 × × R × (400 – 300)
capacity or specific heat is used for molar heat capacity. It 2
= 500 R
is advised that the unit be carefully noted to determine the
actual meaning. The unit of specific heat capacity is J/kg–K, (C) Since pressure is constant
whereas that of molar heat capacity is J/mol–K. 7
\ DQ = nCP DT = 2 × × R × (400 – 300)
2
Molar Heat Capacity of Ideal Gas = 700 R
in Terms of R 13. P-V curve of a diatomic gas is shown in Fig. 10.6. Find
1. For a monoatomic gas, f = 3 the total heat given to the gas in the process AB and BC
3 5 C 5 P
CV = R , C P = R ⇒ P = g = = 1.67 B
2 2 CV 3 2P0 Diatomic
2. For a diatomic gas, f = 5 A Isothermal
P0 C
5 7 C
CV = R, C P = R g = P = 1.4
2 2 CV V
V0 2V0
3. For a triatomic gas, f = 6
Fig. 10.6
CV = 3R, C P = 4 R
Solution:
C 4
g = P = = 1.33 [Note for CO2; f = 5, it is linear] From first law of thermodynamics,
CV 3
DQABC = DuABC + DWABC
In general, if f is the degree of freedom of a molecule, then,
VC
f ⎛ f ⎞ C ⎡ 2⎤ DWABC = DWAB + DWBC = 0 + nR TB ln
CV = R , C P = ⎜ + 1⎟ R , g = P = ⎢1 + ⎥ VB
2 ⎝2 ⎠ CV ⎣ f⎦ 2V0
= nR TB ln
V0
SOLVED EXAMPLES = nRTB ln 2 = 2P0 V0 ln 2
5
12. Two moles of a diatomic gas at 300 K are enclosed in Du = nCV DT = (2P0V0 – P0V0)
2
a cylinder as shown in Fig. 10.5. Piston is light. Find
5
out the heat given if the gas is slowly heated to 400 K ⇒ DQABC = P0V0 + 2P0V0 ln 2.
in the following three cases. 2
(A) Piston is free to move 14. Calculate the value of mechanical equivalent of heat
from the following data. Specific heat capacity of air at
Patm
Light piston
constant volume = 170 cal/kg-K, g = CP /CV = 1.4 and
300 K the density of air at STP is 1.29 kg/m3. Gas constant
2 mole
Diatomic R = 8.3 J/mol-K.
Solution:
Fig. 10.5
Using pV = nRT, the volume of 1 mole of air at STP is
(B) If piston does not move
nRT (1 mol) × (8.3 J/mol - K ) × ( 273 K )
(C) If piston is heavy and movable V= =
p 1.0 × 105 N/m 2
Solution:
= 0.0224 m3.
(A) Since pressure is constant
7 The mass of 1 mole is, therefore,
\ DQ = nCP DT = 2 × × R × (400 – 300)
2 (1.29 kg/m3) × (0.0224 m3) = 0.029 kg.
= 700 R 1
(B) Since volume is constant The number of moles in 1 kg is . The molar heat
0.029
\ DW = 0 and DQ = Du (from first law) capacity at constant volume is
10.8 Chapter 10
170 cal
Cv = = 4.93 cal/mol-K.
(1/ 0.029) mol-K
Fig. 10.7
Hence, CP = g CV = 1.4 × 4.93 cal/mol-K
1
(A) aDq (B) aDq
or CP – CV = 0.4 × 4.93 cal/mol-K 2
(C) Zero (D) Information insufficient
= 1.97 cal/mol-K
Solution:
Also, CP – CV = R = 8.3 J/mol-K Here rod is free to expand from one side; so by chang-
ing temperature, no strain will be produced in the rod.
Thus, 8.3 J = 1.97 cal.
Hence, answer is (C)
The mechanical equivalent of heat is
16. An iron ring measuring 15.00 cm in diameter is to
8.3 J be shrunk on a pulley which is 15.05 cm in diame-
= 4.2 J/cal.
1.97 cal ter. All measurements refer to the room temperature
20°C. To what minimum temperature should the ring
Average Molar Specific Heat of Metals be heated to make the job possible? Calculate the
strain developed in the ring when it comes to the room
[Dulong and Petit Law]
temperature. Coefficient of linear expansion of iron
At room temperature, average molar specific heat of all = 12 × 10–6/°C.
metals are same and is nearly equal to 3R
Solution:
(6 cal. mol–1 K–1 ). The ring should be heated to increase its diameter
Temperature above which the metals have constant CV is from 15.00 cm to 15.05 cm.
called Debye temperature. Using l2 = l1 (1 + a Dq ),
l 0 - l 0 (1 + aDq ) -l 0aDq 0.05 cm
= = = = 278°C
l 0 (1 + aDq ) l 0 (1 + aDq ) 15.00 cm × 12 × 10 -6 / °C
Q a is very small so The temperature = 20°C + 278°C = 298°C.
Strain = – a D q (negative sign in the answer represents that l 2 - l1
the length of the rod is less than the The strain developed = = 3.33 × 10–3 .
l1
6 17. A steel rod of length 1 m rests on a smooth horizontal
base. If it is heated from 0°C to 100°C, what is the
Cv longitudinal strain developed?
Solution:
T In absence of external force, no strain or stress will be
created. Here rod is free to move.
Mayer’s Equation 18. A steel rod is clamped at its two ends and rests on a
fixed horizontal base. The rod is in natural length at
CP - CV = R (for ideal gases only) 20°C. Find the longitudinal strain developed in the rod
if the temperature rises to 50°C. Coefficient of linear
natural length that is compressed by the ends.
expansion of steel = 1.2 × 10–5/°C.
Solution:
SOLVED EXAMPLES
change in length
As we known that strain =
original length
15. In the given Fig. 10.7, a rod is free at one end and other
end is fixed. When we change the temperature of rod Dl
=
by Dq, then strain produced in the rod will be l0
10.9
\ Strain = a Dq
SOLVED EXAMPLE
= 1.2 × 10–5 × (50 – 20)
= 3.6 × 10–4 20. A pendulum clock consists of an iron rod connected
Here strain is a compressive strain because final to a small, heavy bob. If it is designed to keep correct
length is smaller than initial length. time at 20°C, how fast or slow will it go in 24 hours at
40°C? Coefficient of linear expansion of iron = 1.2 ×
19. A steel wire of cross-sectional area 0.5 mm2 is held 10–6 /°C.
between two fixed supports. If the wire is just taut at
20°C, determine the tension when the temperature Solution:
falls to 0°C. Coefficient of linear expansion of steel The time difference occurred in 24 hours (86400 sec-
is 1.2 × 10–5/°C and its Young’s modulus is 2.0 × 1011 onds) is given by
N/ m2. 1
Dt = a Dq t
Solution: 2
Here final length is more than original length so that 1
strain is tensile and tensile force is given by = × 1.2 × 10–6 × 20 × 86400
2
F = AY a D t = 0.5 × 10–6 × 2 × 1011 × 1.2 × 10–5 × 20 = 1.04 s
= 24 N This is loss of time as q is greater than q0 . As the
temperature increases, the time period also increases.
Variation of Time Period of Thus, the clock goes slow.
Pendulum Clocks Measurement of Length
The time represented by the clock hands of a pendulum by Metallic Scale
depends on the number of oscillation performed by pendu-
lum. Every time it reaches to its extreme position, the sec- Case I: When object is expanded only
ond hand of the clock advances by one second that means
l2 = l1 {1 + a0(q2 – q1)
second hand moves by two seconds when one oscillation
in complete. l1 = actual length of object at q1°C = measure length of
L0 object at q1°C.
Let T = 2 p at temperature q0 l2 = actual length of object at q2°C = measure length of
g
object at q2°C.
L a0 = linear expansion coefficient of object.
and T′ = 2 p at temperature q.
g l1
L [1 + a D q ]
θ1
T′ L′ 1
= = =1+ aDq
T L L 2
l2
Therefore, change (loss or gain) in time per unit time lapsed θ2
is
T ´-T 1 0 2 3
= a Dq
T 2
Case II: When only measurable instrument is expanded,
gain or loss in time in duration of t in
actual length of object will not change but measurable
1 value (MV) decreases.
Dt = a Dq t, if T is the correct time then
2 MV = l1 {1 – aS (q2 – q1)}
(a) q < q0, T ′ < T clock becomes fast and gain time aS = linear expansion coefficient of measuring instrument.
(b) q > q0, T ′ > T clock becomes slow and lose time
10.10 Chapter 10
l1 is 10°C. The measurement error will be if the scale of
the vernier caliper has been graduated at a temperature
of 20°C (a = 1.1 × 10–5°C–1. Assume that the length of
θ 1ºC the bar does not change.)
0 1 2 3 4 (A) 1.98 × 10–1 mm (B) 1.98 × 10–2 mm
–3
(C) 1.98 × 10 mm (D) 1.98 × 10–4 mm
θ 2ºC
0 1 2 3 Solution: (B)
True measurement = scale reading [1 + a (q - q0)]
at q1 C MV = 3
= 180 × {1+ (10 – 20) × (–1.1 × 10–5)}
at q1 C MV = 2.2
measurement error = true measurement – scale reading
Case III: If both expanded simultaneously
= 180 × {1+ (10 – 20) × (–1.1 × 10–5)} – 180
MV = {1 + (a0 – as) (q2 – q1)
= 1.98 × 10–2 mm
(i) If a0 > as, then measured value is more then actual
value at q1°C
SUPERFICIAL OR AREAL EXPANSION
(ii) If a0 < as, then measured value is less then actual
value at q1°C When a solid is heated and its area increases, then the
l1
thermal expansion is called superficial or areal expansion.
Consider a solid plate of area A0. When it is heated, the
θ 1ºC
change in area of the plate is directly proportional to the
l2 original area A0 and the change in temperature DT.
θ 2ºC L0
Size of object
L0 L at θ1 < θ2
θ 1ºC DL
0 1 2 3 4 5 DL Size of object
at θ2
θ 2ºC
0 1 2 3 4 dA = bA0 dT or DA = b A0 D T
at q1°C MV = 3.4 DA
b= Unit of b is °C-1 or K-1.
A0 D T
q2°C MV = 4.1 A = A0 (1 + b D T)
Measured value = calibrated value × {1 + a D q} where A is area of the plate after heating,
where a = a0 – as
a0 = coefficient of linear expansion of object material, SOLVED EXAMPLE
as = coefficient of linear expansion of scale material
22. A plane lamina has area 2 m2 at 10°C then what is its
Dq = q - qC areal at 110°C. It’s superficial expansion is 2 × 10–5/C
q = temperature at the time of measurement Solution:
qC = temperature at the time of calibration.
For scale, true measurement = scale reading [1 + a (q - q0)] A = A0 ( 1 + b D q )
If q > q0 true measurement > scale reading = 2 {1 + 2 × 105 × (110 – 10)}
q < q0 true measurement < scale reading = 2 × {1 + 2 × 10–3}
SOLVED EXAMPLE VOLUME OR CUBICAL EXPANSION

21. A bar measured with a vernier caliper is found to be When a solid is heated and its volume increases, then the
180 mm long. The temperature during the measurement expansion is called volume expansion or cubical expansion.
Heat and Thermal Expansion 10.11
Let us consider a solid or liquid whose original volume is Solution:
V0. When it is heated to a new volume, then the change DV Percentage change in length with change in tempera-
dV = g V0 dT or DV = g V0 D T ture = % l
Dl
DV ×100 = aDq × 100 = 1
g= Unit of g is°C-1 or K-1. l
V0 D T
Change in area
V = V0 (1 + g D T ),
DA
⇒%A= × 100 = bDq × 100 ⇒ 2 ( a D q × 100)
where V is the volume of the body after heating A
%A=2%
SOLVED EXAMPLE Change in volume
DV
%V= × 100 = V D q × 100 = 3 (a D q × 100)
23. The volume of glass vessel is 1000 cc at 20°C. What V
volume of mercury should be poured into it at this %V=3%
temperature so that the volume of the remaining space
does not change with temperature? Coefficient of cubi-
cal expansion of mercury and glass are 1.8 × 10–4/°C VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH
and 9.0 × 10–6/°C, respectively.
TEMPERATURE
Solution:
As we known that mass = volume × density.
Let volume of glass vessel at 20°C is Vg and volume of Mass of substance does not change with change in temper-
mercury at 20°C be Vm ature, so with increase of temperature, volume increases so
So volume of remaining space is = Vg – Vm density decreases and vice-versa.
It is given constant so that
d0
Vg – Vm = Vg′ – V′m d= .
(1 + g DT )
where Vo′ and Vm′ are final volumes. For solids, values of g are generally small so we can write d
Vg – Vm = Vg {1 + gg Dq } – Vm{1 + gHg Dq } = d0 (1 - g DT ) (using binomial expansion).
⇒ Vg gg = Vm gHg
NOTE
100 × 9 × 10 -6
⇒ Vm =
1.8 × 10 -4 (i) g for liquids are in order of 10-3 .
Vm = 50 cc. (ii) Anomalous expansion of water:
As water density increases from 0°C to 4°C, so g
is negative and for 4°C to higher temperature g is
RELATION BETWEEN a, b, AND g positive. At 4°C, density is maximum. This anomalous
behaviour of water is due to presence of three types
a b
1. For isotropic solids, a : b : g = 1 : 2 : 3 or = of molecules, i.e. H2O, (H2O)2, and (H2O)3 having
g 1 2 different volume/mass at different temperatures.
=
3
Vol./mass (cm3/gm)
2. For non-isotropic solid, b = a1 + a2 and g = a1 + a2

+ a3. Here a1, a2, and a3 are coefficient of linear 1.00025
expansion in X, Y, and Z direction. γ (+)
1.00013 γ (–)
SOLVED EXAMPLE 1.000

0 2 4 6 8
Temp (°C)
24. If percentage change in length is 1% with change in
temperature of a cuboid object (l × 2l × 3l) then what ■ This anomalous behaviour of water causes ice to
is the percentage change in its area and volume. form first at the surface of a lake in cold weather. As
10.12 Chapter 10
In case of expansion of liquid + container system,
winter approaches, the water temperature decreases
initially at the surface. The water there sinks because if gL > gC → level of liquid rise
of its increased density. Consequently, the surface
reaches 0°C first and the lake becomes covered with if gL < gC → level of liquid fall
ice. Aquatic life is able to survive the cold winter as
the lake bottom remains unfrozen at a temperature of Increase in height of liquid level in tube when bulb was
about 4°C. initially completely filled
SOLVED EXAMPLE h A = A0 (1 + 2αsΔT )
25. The densities of wood and benzene at 0°C are 880

kg/m3 and 900 kg/m3, respectively. The coefficients
ΔV = V0 ( γ L – γs)ΔT
of volume expansion are 1.2 × 10–3/°C for wood and
1.5 × 10–3/°C for benzene. At what temperature will a
piece of wood just sink in benzene? Volume of liquid V (1 + g L DT )
h= = 0
Solution: Area of tube A0 (1 + 2a S DT )
At just sink, gravitation force = upthrust force = h0 {1 + ( gL – 2aS) DT}
⇒ mg = FB
h = h0 {1 + ( gL – 2aS) DT}
⇒ Vr1g = Vr2g where h0 = original height of liquid in container
aS = linear coefficient of expansion of container.
⇒ r1 = r2
880 900 SOLVED EXAMPLE
⇒ -3
= -3
1 + 1.2 × 10 q 1 + 1.5 × 10 q
⇒ q = 83°C 26. A glass vessel of volume 100 cm3 is filled with mer-
cury and is heated from 25°C to 75°C. What volume
of mercury will overflow? Coefficient of linear expan-
Apparent Expansion of a Liquid sion of glass = 1.8 × 10–6/°C and coefficient of volume
in a Container expansion of mercury is 1.8 × 10–4/°C.
Initially, container was full. When temperature changes by Solution:
DT,
DV = V0(gL – gC) DT = 100 ×
volume of liquid VL = V0 (1 + gL D T) {1.8 × 10–4 – 3 × 1.8 × 10–6} × 50
volume of container VC = V0 (1 + gC D T) DV = 0.87 cm3
So overflow volume of liquid relative to container
Variation of Force of Buoyancy with
Temperature
If body is submerged completely inside the liquid:
For solid, buoyancy force
FB = V0 dL g
DV = VL - VC DV = V0 (gL - gC) DT V0 = Volume of the solid inside liquid

So, coefficient of apparent expansion of liquid with respect
to container dL = density of liquid
gapparent = gL - gC. Volume of body after increase its temperature
V = V0 [1 + gS Dq] v2
f2 = at q2°C
Density of body after increase its temperature v0 (1 + 3a S Dq )
dL for equilibrium mg = B = v1d1g = v2d2g.
d ′L = .
[1 + g L D q ] so
vd
v2 = 1 1
Buoyancy force of body after increase its temperature, d2
F ′B = V d ′L g, d1
Q d2 = = v1(1 + gL Dq )
1+ g L Dq
FB′ ⎡1 + g S D q ⎤⎦
= ⎣ ,
FB [1 + g L D q ] \ f2 =
v1 (1 + g L Dq )
v0 (1 + 3a s Dq )
if gS < gL then F ′B < FB
where Dq = q2 – q1
Buoyant force decreases or apparent weight of body
in liquid gets increased Case I: Body move downward if f2 > f1
[W - FB′ > W - FB]. means gL > 3aS

Case II: Body move upwards if f2 < f1
SOLVED EXAMPLES means gL < 3aS

Case III: Body remains at same position
27. A body will float inside liquid if we increase tem-
perature then what changes occur in buoyancy force. if f2 = f1
(Assume body is always in floating condition.) means gL = 3aS
B
BIMETALLIC STRIP
a=0 It two strips of different metals are welded together to form
mg
a bimetallic strip, when heated uniformly it bends in form
of an arc, the metal with greater coefficient of linear expan-
Solution: sion lies on convex side. The radius of arc thus formed by
bimetal is:
Body is in equilibrium
⎛ d⎞
l0 (1 + a1Dq ) = ⎜ R - ⎟ q
so mg = B ⎝ 2⎠
and gravitational force does not change with change l0
a2
in temperature. So Buoyancy force remains constant.
By increasing temperature, density of liquid decreases d
so volume of body inside the liquid increases to kept
d
the buoyance force constant for equal to gravitational
force. a2 > a1
a1
28. In previous question, discuss the case when body Lower temperature (at θ1ºC)
move downwards, upwards, and remains at same posi-
tion when we increase temperature.
Solution: t
Let f = fraction of volume of body submerged in liquid.
Volume of body submerged in liquid
f=
Total volume of body
v1
f1 = at q1°C 25°C
v0
10.14 Chapter 10
3. Stopper of a glass bottle jammed in its neck can be
⎛ d⎞
l0 (1 + a2Dq ) = ⎜ R + ⎟ q taken out by heating the neck.
⎝ 2⎠ 4. The pendulum of a clock is made of invar (an alloy of
d zinc and copper).
1 + a 2 Dq R+
⇒ = 2
1 + a1Dq d TEMPERATURE
R-
2
Temperature may be defined as the degree of hotness
or coldness of a body. Heat energy flows from a body at
higher temperature to that at lower temperature until their
temperatures become equal. At this stage, the bodies are
said to be in thermal equilibrium.
Measurement of Temperature
R θ
The branch of thermodynamics which deals with the meas-
urement of temperature is called thermometry. A thermom-
Higher temperature (at θ2ºC) eter is a device used to measure the temperature of a body.
The substances like liquids and gases which are used in the
On thermometer are called thermometric substances.
Different Scales of Temperature

A thermometer can be graduated into following scales.
Bimetallic strip 1. The Centigrade or Celsius scale (°C)
2. The Fahrenheit scale (°F)
3. The Reaumur scale (°R)
4. Kelvin scale of temperature (K)
(Off) 30°C
Comparison between Different
d Temperature Scales
⇒ R=
(a 2 - a1 ) Dq K C F
Water boils 373.15 100 212
Dq = change in temperature = q2 – q1
Body temp. 310.2 37.0 98.6
Room temp. 300 27 80.6
Brass Triple point of water 273.16 0.01
Water freezes 273.15 0 32
Steel
T = T0 T > T0 Solid CO2 195 −78 −109
(a) (b)
Hydrogen boils 20.7 −252.5 −422.5
Fig. 10.8
Absolute zero 0 −273.15 −489.67
A bimetallic strip, consisting of a strip of brass and a strip
of steel welded together, at temperature T0 in shown in The formula for the conversion between different temper-
Fig. 10.8 (a) (b). The strip bends as shown at temperatures ature scales is:
above the reference temperature. Below the reference tem-
K - 273 C F - 32 R
perature, the strip bends the other way. Many thermostats = = =
operate on this principle, making and breaking an electrical 100 100 180 80
constant as the temperature rises and falls. General formula for the conversion of temperature from
one scale to another:
Temp on one scale(S1 ) - Lower fixed point (S1 )
APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL EXPANSION
Upper fixed point (S2 ) - Lower fixed point (S1 )
1. A small gap is left between two iron rails of the railway. Temp. on other scale(S2 ) - Lower fixed point (S2 )
2. Iron rings are slipped on the wooden wheels by heating =
the iron rings. Upper fixed point (S2 ) - Lower fixed point (S2 )
Thermometers 3. High boiling temperature
4. Coefficient of volumetric expansion should be high (to
Thermometer is a device that is used to measure temper- increase accuracy in measurement)
atures. All thermometers are based on the principle that 5. Heat capacity should be low
some physical property of a system changes as the system 6. Conductivity should be high
temperature changes.
Required properties of good thermometric substance. Mercury (Hg) suitably exhibits above properties.
1. Non-sticky (absence of adhesive force)
2. Low melting point (in comparison with room
temperature)
Types of Thermometers (not for JEE)

Type of
thermometer and Thermometric
its range property Advantages Disadvantages Particular Uses
Mercury-in-glass Length of column (i) Quick and (i) Fragile (i) Every laboratory use where high
– 39ºC to 450ºC of mercury in easy to (direct (ii) Small size limits ccuracy is not required.
capillary tube reading) (iii) Limited range (ii) Can be calibrated against constant-
(ii) Easily portable volume gas thermometer for more
accurate work
Constant-volume Pressure of a (i) Very accurate (i) Very large (i) Standard against which others
gas thermometer fixed mass of (ii) Very sensitive volume of bulb calibrated
– 270º to 1500ºC gas at constant (iii) Wide range (ii) Slow to use and (ii) He, H2 or N2 used depending on
volume (iv) Easily inconvenient range
reproducible (iii) can be corrected to the ideal gas
scale
(iv) Used as standard below-183ºC
Platinum resistance Electrical (i) Accurate Not suitable (i) Best thermometer for small steady
–180º to 1150ºC resistance of a (ii) Wide range for varying temperature differences
platinum coil temperature (i.e., is (ii) Used as standard between 183ºC
slow to respond to and 630ºC.
changes)
Thermocouple Emf produced (i) Fast response Accuracy is lost if (i) Best thermometer for small steady
–250ºC to 1150ºC between because of low emf is measured temperature differences
junctions of heat capacity. using a moving- (ii) Can be made direct reading by
dissimilar metals (ii) wide range coil voltmeter calibrating galvanometer
at different (iii) can be (as may be (iii) Used as standard between 630ºC
temperatures for employed necessary for rapid and 1063ºC
measurement of for remote changes when
emfs readings using potentiometer is
long leads. unsuitable)
Radiation Colour of Does not come (i) Cumbersome (i) Only thermometer possible for very
pyrometer above radiation emitted into contact when (ii) Not direct high temperatures
1000ºC by a hot body temperature is reading (needs (ii) Used as standard above 1063ºC.
measured a trained
observer)
The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer in a fixed volume. Fig. 10.9 shows such a constant volume
gas thermometer; it consists of a gas-filled bulb connected
The standard thermometer, against which all other ther- by a tube to a mercury monometer.
mometers are calibrated, is based on the pressure of a gas
10.16 Chapter 10
32. Calculate heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g
Gas-felled Scale
bulb
of water through 1°C?
Solution:
Heat required = 1 × 10–3 × 1 × 1 = 1 × 10–3 kcal
h 33. 420 J of energy supplied to 10 g of water will raise its
temperature by
R
Solution:
420 × 10 -3
= 10 × 10–3 × 1 × Dt = 10°C
4.20
A constant volume gas thermometer, its bulb
immersed in a liquid whose temperature T is to be 34. The ratio of the densities of the two bodies is 3 : 4 and
measured. the ratio of specific heats is 4 : 3. Find the ratio of their
thermal capacities for unit volume?
Fig. 10.9
Solution:
⎛ p⎞
T = (273.16 K) ⎜ lim ⎟ r1 3 s1 4
⎝ gas→ 0 p3⎠
= , =
r2 4 s2 3
P = Pressure at the temperature being measured, P3 = pres- m×s
sure when bulb in a triple point cell. q=
m/r
q1 s r
SOLVED EXAMPLES ⇒ = 1 × 1 = 1 : 1.
q2 s2 r2
29. The readings of a thermometer at 0°C and 100°C are 35. Heat releases by 1 kg steam at 150°C if it is converted
50 cm and 75 cm of mercury column, respectively. into 1 kg water at 50°C.
Find the temperature at which its reading is 80 cm of
mercury column? Solution:
1
Solution: H=1× × 50 + 1 × 540 + 1 × 1 × 50
2
By using formula,
= 540 + 75 = 615 kcal
80 - 50 T -0
= Heat release = 615 kcal.
75 - 50 100 - 0
⇒ T = 120°C 36. 200 gm water is filled in a calorimetry of negligible
heat capacity. It is heated till its temperature increases
30. A bullet of mass 10 gm in moving with speed 400 m/s. by 20°C. Find the heat supplied to the water.
Find its kinetic energy in calories?
Solution:
Solution:
1 10 H = 200 × 10–3 × 1 × 20 = 4 kcal.
Dk = × × 400 × 400 = 800
2 1000 Heat supplied = 4000 cal
800 37. A bullet of mass 5 gm is moving with speed 400 m/s.
= 191.11 Cal.
4.2 strike a target and energy. Then calculate rise of tem-
perature of bullet. Assuming all the loss in kinetic
31. Calculate amount of heat required to convert 1 kg energy is converted into heat energy of bullet if its
steam from 100°C to 200°C steam specific heat is 500J/kg°C.
Solution: Solution:
1 1
Heat required = 1 × × 100 = 50 kcal Kinetic energy = × 5 × 10–3 × 400 × 400
2 2
= 5 × 10–3 × 500 × DT 41. An isosceles triangle is formed with a thin rod of
length l1 and coefficient of linear expansion a1, as the
DT = 160°C
base and two thin rods each of length l2 and coefficient
Rise in temperature is 160°C of linear expansion a2 as the two sides. If the distance
between the apex and the midpoint of the base remain
38. 1 kg ice at –10°C is mixed with 1 kg water at 100°C. unchanged as the temperature is varied show that
Then find equilibrium temperature and mixture
content. Solution:
Solution:
l2α 2
1 l2α 2
Heat given by 1 kg ice = 1 × × 10 = 5 kcal l
2
5K + 1 × 80 + 1 × T = 1 × (100 – T) l1α 1
85 = 100 – 2T 2
⎛l ⎞
l = ⎜ 1 ⎟ + (l 2 )
2
⇒ 2T = 15 ⎝ 2⎠
15 2
q= = 7.5°C, water ⎛l ⎞
l2 = ⎜ 1 ⎟ + (l 2 )
2
2 ⎝ 2⎠
39. 1 kg ice at –10° is mixed with 1kg water at 50°C. Then
find equilibrium temperature and mixture content. l1 2 d l1 dl
O= + 2l 2 × 2
2 dT dt
Solution:
1 l1a1
Heat given by ice = 1 × × 10 = 5 kcal + 80 kcal l1 × × DT = 2l2 × l2 a2DT
= 85 kcal 2 2
Heat taken by water = 1 × 1 × 50 = 50 kcal l1 a l a2
Heat given > Heat taken so, ice will not complete =4 2 = 1 =2 .
l2 a1 l2 a1
melt. Let m g ice melt then
1 42. A concrete slab has a length of 10 m on a winter night
1× × 10 + 80 m = 50 m when the temperature is 0°C. Find the length of the
2
slab on a summer day when the temperature is 35°C.
80 m = 45 The coefficient of linear expansion of concrete is
⇒ m=
45 1.0 × 10–5 /°C.
80
Solution:
⎧ ⎛ 45 ⎞ ⎫
⎪water ⎜⎝1 + ⎟⎠ kg⎪ lt = 10(1 + 1 × 10–5 × 35) 10.0035 m
⎪ 80 ⎪
Content of mixture ⎨ ⎬ and
⎪ ice ⎛ 45 ⎞ ⎪
⎜⎝ 1 - ⎟ kg 43. A steel rod is clamped at its two ends and rests on a
⎪ 80 ⎠ ⎪⎭
temperature is 0°C ⎩ fixed horizontal base. The rod is unstrained at 20°C.
Find the longitudinal strain developed in the rod if the
40. A small ring having small gap is shown in Fig. 10.10. temperature rises to 50°C. Coefficient of linear expan-
On heating what will happen to size of gap. sion of steel = 1.2 × 10–5/°C.
Solution:
Dl l 0aDt
= = – 3.6 × 10–4
l l0
44. If rod is initially compressed by Dl length then what is

Fig. 10.10 the strain on the rod when the temperature
Solution: (a) is increased by Dq
Gap will also increase. The reason is same as in above. (b) is decreased by Dq
10.18 Chapter 10
Solution: 49. A thin copper wire of length L increases in length by
Dl 1%, when heated from temperature T1 to T2. What is
(a) Strain = + aDq
l the percentage change in area when a thin copper plate
Dl having dimensions 2L × L is heated from T1 to T2?
(b) Strain = - aDq
l (A) 1% (B) 3% (C) 4% (D*) 2%
45. A pendulum clock having copper rod keeps correct Solution:

Lf
time at 20°C. It gains 15 seconds per day if cooled to lf = L (1 + aDt) = × 100
0°C. Calculate the coefficient of linear expansion of L
copper. = (1 + aDt) × 100 = 1%
Af
Solution: A = 2L × L (1 + 2 aDt) = × 100
15 1 2L × L
= a × 20 = (1 + 2a Dt) × 100 = 2%
24 × 60 × 60 2
1
⇒ a= = 1.7 × 10–5/°C 50. The density of water at 0°C is 0.998 g/cm3 and at 4°C
16 × 3600 it is 1.000 g/cm3. Calculate the average coefficient of
46. A meter scale made of steel is calibrated at 20°C volume expansion of water in the temperature range 0
to give correct reading. Find the distance between to 4°C.
50 cm mark and 51 cm mark if the scale is used at
Solution:
10°C. Coefficient of linear expansion of steel is 1.1 ×
10–5/°C. d0
dt =
1+ g Dt
Solution:
0.998
⇒ 1= = – 5 × 10–4/°C
lt = 1 (1 – 1.1 × 10–5 × 10) = 0.99989 cm 1+ g × 4
51. A glass vessel measures exactly 10 cm × 10 cm ×
47. A uniform solid brass sphere is rotating with angu- 10 cm at 0°C. It is filled completely with mercury at this
lar speed w0 about a diameter. If its temperature is temperature. When the temperature is raised to 10°C,
now increased by 100°C, what will be its new angular 1.6 cm3 of mercury overflows. Calculate the coeffi-
speed? (Given aB = 2.0 × 10–5/°C) cient of volume expansion of mercury. Coefficient of
w0 w0 linear expansion of glass = 6.5 × 10–6/°C
(A) (B)
1 - 0.002 1 + 0.002
Solution:
w0 w0
(C*) (D) DV = VHg – VV
1 + 0.004 1 - 0.004
Solution: 1.6 = 103 (gl × 10 – 103 × 3 × 6.5 × 10–6 × 10
I0 w0 = It wt Mr02 w0 = Mr02 (1 + 2aDT)wt gL = (1.6 + 0.195) × 10–4
w0 = 1.795 × 10–4 /°C

wt = .
1 + 0.004
52. A metal ball immersed in alcohol weighs W1 at 0°C
48. The volume occupied by a thin-wall brass vessel and and W2 at 50°C. The coefficient of cubical expansion
the volume of a solid brass sphere are the same and of the metal is less than alcohol. Assuming that density
equal to 1,000 cm3 at 0°C. How much will the vol- of the metal is large compared to that of the alcohol,
ume of the vessel and that of the sphere change upon find which of W1 and W2 is greater?
heating to 20°C? The coefficient of linear expansion of
brass is a = 1.9 × 10-5. Solution:
Solution: gM < g l
V = V0 (1 + 3a DT) = 1.14 cm3 FB′ [1 + g S Dq ]
so, = FB′ < FB
FB [1 + g l Dq ]
1.14 cm3 for both
so, apparent weight increased 2. Molecules do not have any preferred direction of
motion; motion is completely random.
so, W2 > W1
3. These molecules travel in straight lines and in free
motion most of the time. The time of the collision
53. In Fig. 10.11, which strip brass or steel have higher
between any two molecules is very small.
coefficient of linear expansion.
4. The collision between molecules and the wall of the
Brass container is perfectly elastic. It means kinetic energy
is conserved in each collision.
Steel 5. The path travelled by a molecule between two colli-
T = T0 T > T0
sions is called free path and the mean of this distance
(a) (b)
travelled by a molecule is called mean free path.
Fig. 10.11 6. The motion of molecules is governed by Newton’s law
Solution: of motion.
Brass strip 7. The effect of gravity on the motion of molecules is
negligible.
54. The upper and lower fixed points of a faulty thermom-
eter are 5°C and 105°C. If the thermometer reads Expression for the Pressure of a Gas
25°C, what is the actual temperature ?
Let us suppose that a gas is enclosed in a cubical box
Solution: having length ℓ. Let there be N identical molecules, each
25 − 5 C – 0 having mass m. Since the molecules are of same mass and
= C = 20°C perfectly elastic, their mutual collisions result in the inter-
100 100
change of velocities only. Only collisions with the walls of
55. At what temperature is the Fahrenheit scale reading the container contribute to the pressure by the gas mole-
equal to twice of Celsius ? cules. Let us focus on a molecule having velocity v1 and
Solution: components of velocity v x , v y , v z along x, y, and z-axis as
1 1 1
shown in Fig. 10.12.

F − 32 C −0
=
180 100 G H
2 x − 32 x−0 D
C Y
= vz1 vy1
180 100 v1
Fm vx1 Z X
1x – 160 = 9x E
x = 160°C ℓ
A ℓ B
56. Temperature of a patient is 40°C. Find the temperature Fig. 10.12
on Fahrenheit scale?
v12 = v x2 + v 2y + v z2
Solution: 1 1 1
F − 32 40 − 0 The change in momentum of the molecule after one colli-

=
180 100 sion with wall BCHE
F = 104° F = mv x − (− mv x ) = 2 mv x .
1 1 1
The time taken between the successive impacts on the face

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES distance 2ℓ
BCHE = =
velocity vx
Kinetic theory of gases is based on the following basic 1
assumptions. Time rate of change of momentum due to collision

1. A gas consists of very large number of molecules. change in momentum 2mv x mv x2
These molecules are identical, perfectly elastic, and = = = 1 1
time taken 2ℓ / v x ℓ
hard spheres. They are so small that the volume of 1
molecules is negligible as compared with the volume Hence, the net force on the wall BCHE due to the
of the gas. impact of n molecules of the gas is:
10.20 Chapter 10
MAXWELL’S DISTRIBUTION LAW
mv x2 mv x2 mv x2 mv x2 m
Fx = 1
+ 2
+ 3
+ ............ + n
=
l l l l l Distribution Curve
dN ( v )
(v )=
mN A plot of (number of molecules per unit speed
2
x1 + v x2 + v x2 + .............. + v x2 < v x2 > dv
2 3 n
l interval) against c is known as Maxwell’s distribution
where < v x2 > = mean square velocity in x-direction. Since curve. The total area under the curve is given by the integral
molecules do not favour any particular direction, therefore ∞ ∞
dN ( v )
< v x2 > = < v 2y > = < v z2 >. But < v2 > = < v x2 > + < v 2y > ∫ dv dv = ∫ dN (v) = N .
+ < v z2 > 0 0
< v2 > dN ( v )
⇒ < v x2 > = . The actual formula of is not in JEE syllabus.
3 dv
Figure 10.13 shows the distribution curves for two
Pressure is equal to force divided by area.
different temperatures. At any temperature, the number of
Fx M M molecules in a given speed interval dv is given by the area
P= 2
=< v 2 >. 3
< v2 > =
l 3l 3V under the curve in that interval (shaded in Fig. 10.13). This
Pressure is independent of x, y, z directions. number increases, as the speed increases, up to a maximum
Where l3 = volume of the container = V and then decreases asymptotically toward zero. Thus, max-
M = total mass of the gas, <c2 > = mean square veloc- imum numbers of the molecules have speed lying within
ity of molecules a small range centered about the speed corresponding the
1 peak (A) of the curve. This speed is called the ‘most prob-
⇒ P = r < v2 > able speed’ vp or vmp.
3
1 A
As PV = n RT, then total translational KE of gas = M
dN(v)
3 3 2 dv T1
<v >2 = PV = n RT
2 2 T2 (Higher)
3
Translational kinetic energy of 1 molecule = kT
(It is independent of the nature of gas.) 2
vp v vrms v
23P 3P 3RT 3kT dv
<v > = or vrms = = =
r r M mole m Fig. 10.13
Where vrms is root mean square velocity of the gas. The distribution curve is asymmetrical about its peak (the
Pressure exerted by the gas is most probable speed vp) because the lowest possible speed
is zero, whereas there is no limit to the upper speed a mol-
1 2 1 2 3 ecule can attain. Therefore, the average speed v is slightly
P= r <v2 > = × r <v2 > or P = E, E = P
3 3 2 3 2 larger than the most probable speed vp. The root-mean-
square speed, vrms, is still larger (vrms > v > vp).
Thus, total translational kinetic energy per unit
volume (it is called energy density) of the gas is numeri- Average (or Mean) Speed
3
cally equal to times the pressure exerted by the gas. 8 kT
2 v = = 1.59 kT / m
p m
I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S (Derivation is not in the course).
1 RMS Speed
■ vrms ∝ T and vrms ∝
Mmole 3kT kT
■ At absolute zero, the motion of all molecules of the gas vrms = < v 2 > = = 1.73 .
m m
stops.
■ At higher temperature and low pressure or at higher Most Probable Speed
temperature and low density, a real gas behaves as an The most probable speed vp or vmp is the speed possessed by
ideal gas. the maximum number of molecules and corresponds to the
maximum (peak) of the distribution curve. Mathematically, Internal Energy
it is obtained by the condition.
The internal energy of a system is the sum of kinetic and
dN ( v )
= 0 [by substitution of formula of dN(v) potential energies of the molecule of the system. It is
dv denoted by U. Internal energy (U) of the system is the func-
(which is not in the course)]
tion of its absolute temperature (T) and its volume (V ), i.e.,
Hence, the most probable speed is
U = f (T, V ).
2kT In case of an ideal gas, intermolecular force is zero.
vp = = 1.41 . kT /m
m Hence, its potential energy is also zero. In this case, the
From the above expression, we can see that internal energy is only due to kinetic energy, which depends
on the absolute temperature of the gas, i.e., U = f (T). For an
vrms > v > vp. f
ideal gas, internal energy U = nRT.
The laws which can be deduced with the help of kinetic 2
theory of gases are as follows:
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Boyle’s law
2. Charles’s law
57. A light container having a diatomic gas enclosed
3. Avogadro’s hypothesis
within is moving with velocity v. Mass of the gas is M
4. Graham’s law of diffusion of gases
and number of moles is n.
5. Regnault’s or Gay Lussac’s law
6. Dalton’s law of partial pressure (i) What is the kinetic energy of gas with respect to
7. Ideal gas equation or equation of state centre of mass of the system?
(ii) What is kinetic energy of gas with respect to
DEGREE OF FREEDOM ground?
Total number of independent co-ordinates which must be Solution:

5
known to completely specify the position and conf igura- (i) KE = nRT
tion of dynamical system is known as ‘degree of freedom 2
f’. Maximum possible translational degrees of freedom are (ii) Kinetic energy of gas with respect to ground =
Kinetic energy of centre of mass with respect to
⎛1 1 1 ⎞
three, i.e. ⎜ mV x2 + mVy2 + mVz2 ⎟ . ground + Kinetic energy of gas with respect to
⎝2 2 2 ⎠ centre of mass.
Maximum possible rotational degrees of freedom are
1 5
⎛1 1 1 ⎞ KE = MV 2 + nRT
three, i.e. ⎜ I x w x2 + I y w 2y + I z w z2 ⎟ . 2 2
⎝2 2 2 ⎠
Vibrational degrees of freedom are two, i.e., kinetic Mass of gas = M
V
Temperature = T
energy of vibration and potential energy of vibration.
Mono atomic: (all inert gases, He, Ar, etc.) f = 3 58. Two non-conducting containers having volume V1 and
(translational) V2 contain monoatomic and diatomic gases, respec-
Diatomic: (gases like H2, N2, O2, etc.) f = 5 (3 translational tively. They are connected as shown in Fig. 10.14.
+ 2 rotational) Pressure and temperature in the two containers are
If temp < 70 K for diatomic molecules, then f = 3 P1, T1, and P2, T2, respectively. Initially, stop cock is
If temp in between 250 K to 5000 K, then f = 5 closed, and if the stop cock is opened find the final
If temp > 5000 K f = 7 (3 translational + 2 rotational pressure and temperature.
+ 2 vibrational)
Solution:
MAXWELL’S LAW OF EQUPARTITION PV PV
n1 = 1 1
n2 = 2 2
OF ENERGY RT1 RT2
1
Energy associated with each degree of freedom = kT.
2 P1 V1 P1 V1
If degree of freedom of a molecule is f, then total kinetic
T1 T1
1
energy of that molecule U = f kT.
2 Fig. 10.14
10.22 Chapter 10
n = n1 + n2 (P, V )
(number of moles are conserved)
Indicator diagram (P, T )
Finally, pressure in both parts and temperature of the
both the gases will be become equal. (V, T )
P (V1 + V2 ) PV PV 1. Every point of indicator diagram represents a unique
= 11 + 2 2
RT RT1 RT2 state (P, V, T ) of gases.
From energy conservation, 2. Every curve on indicator diagram represents a unique
3 5 3 5 process.
n1RT1 + n2RT2 = n1RT + n2RT
2 2 2 2
P1 A (P1, V1)
1 1 + 5 P2V2 ) T1T2
(3PV
⇒ T= Expansion
1 1T2 + 5 P2V2T1
3PV P A
P2 B (P2, V2)
⎛ 3PV 1 1 + 5 P2V2 1 1T2 + P2V2T2 ⎞
⎞ ⎛ PV
⇒ P= ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎠
1 1T2 + 5 P2V2T1 ⎠ ⎝
⎝ 3PV V1 + V2 V1 V2
V
INDICATOR DIAGRAM
A graph representing the variation of pressure or variation
of temperature or variation of volume with each other is
called or indicator diagram.
BRAIN MAP
1. Thermal Expansion 3. Thermometry

l = l0 (1 + α ΔT ) C K − 273 F − 32 R
= = =
S = S0 (1 + β ΔT ) 100 100 180 4
V = V0 (1 + γ ΔT )
α : β : γ ::1:2:3 4. Calorimetry
Heat given = Heat taken
2. C = C′ + 3α Q = ms Δ θ is used for heat given to raise
where C is coefficient of real expansion and temperature.
C′ is coefficient of apparent expansion of Q = mL is used for phase change.
liquid and α is coefficient of linear
expansion of solid
EXERCISES
Single Option Correct Type
1. A steel tape gives correct measurement at 20°C. A 7. The ratio of coefficients of cubical expansion and
piece of wood is being measured with the steel tape at linear expansion is
0°C. The reading is 25 cm on the tape. The real length (A) 1 : 1 (B) 3 : 1
of the given piece of wood must be (C) 2 : 1 (D) None of these
(A) 25 cm (B) Less than 25 cm
8. Minimum amount of steam of 100°C required to melt
(C) More than 25 cm (D) None of these
12 gm ice completely will be
2. Heat required to melt 1 gm of ice is 80 cal. A man (A) 1.5 gm (B) 1 gm (C) 2 gm (D) 5 gm
melts 60 gm of ice by chewing it in 1 minute. Power
supplied by the man to melt ice is 9. Three bodies A, B, and C of masses m, m, and 3 m,
respectively, are supplied heat at a constant rate. The
(A) 4800 W (B) 336 W
change in temperature q versus time t graph for A, B,
(C) 80 W (D) 0.75 W
and C are shown by I, II, and III, respectively. If their
3. The temperature of cold junction of a thermocouple is specific heat capacities are SA, SB , and SC, respectively,
–20°C and the temperature of inversion is 560°C. The then which of the following relation is correct? (Initial
neutral temperature is temperature of each body is 0°C)
(A) 270°C (B) 560°C θ
I
(C) 1120°C (D) 290°C
II
4. Two litres of water at initial temperature of 27°C is
III
heated by a heater of power 1 kW in a kettle. If the lid
of the kettle is open, then heat energy is lost at a con-
π /6
stant rate of 160 J/s. The time in which the temperature π /3 π /4
will rise from 27°C to 77°C is (specific heat of water t
= 4.2 kJ/kg) (A) SA > SB > SC (B) SB = SC < SA
(A) 5 min 20 s (B) 8 min 20 s (C) SA = SB = SC (D) SB = SC > SA
(C) 10 min 40 s (D) 12 min 50 s 10. A container X contains 1 mole of O2 gas (molar mass
5. Graph of specific heat at constant volume for a mono- 32) at a temperature T and pressure P. Another identi-
atomic gas is cal container Y contains 1 mole of He gas (molar mass
(A) (B) 4) at temperature 2T, then
3R
(A) pressure in the container Y is P/8.
C CV (B) pressure in container Y is P.
(C) pressure in the container Y is 2P.
T T
(D) pressure in container Y is P/2.
(C) (D) 11. A 2gm bullet moving with a velocity of 200 m/s is
brought to a sudden stoppage by an obstacle. The total
CV 3R/2 CV
heat produced goes to the bullet. If the specific heat of
the bullet is 0.03 cal/gm-°C, the rise in its temperature
T T will be
6. The average translational kinetic energy of 1 mole of (A) 158.0°C (B) 15.80°C
O2 molecules (molar mass = 32) at a particular tem- (C) 1.58°C (D) 0.1580°C
perature is 0.048 eV. The internal energy of 1 mole of 12. We have a jar A filled with gas characterized by param-
N2 molecules (molar mass = 28) in eV at same tem- eters P, V, and T and another jar B filled with gas with
perature is parameters 2P, V/4, and 2T, where the symbols have
(A) 0.048 (B) 0.003 their usual meanings. The ratio of the number of
(C) 0.0288 (D) 0.080 molecules of jar A to those of jar B is
10.24 Chapter 10
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 density of the liquid and S be the specific heat, the rise
(C) 2 : 1 (D) 4 : 1 in temperature of the drop would be (J = Joule’s equiv-
alent of heat)
13. If g be the ratio of specific heats of a perfect gas, the
number of degrees of freedom of a molecule of the gas s 10s
(A) (B)
is JrS r JrS r
3g - 1
(A) (g -1) (B)
2g - 1 100s 27s
(C) (D)
JrS r 10 JrS r
2 9
(C) (D) (g - 1)
g -1 2 21. A soap bubble in vacuum has a radius of 3 cm and
another soap bubble in vacuum has a radius of 4 cm.
14. The root mean square velocity of the gas molecules is If two bubbles coalesce under isothermal conditions,
300 m/s. What will be the root mean square speed of then the radius of the new bubble is
the molecules if the atomic weight is double and abso- (A) 2.3 cm (B) 4.5 cm
lute temperature is halved? (C) 5 cm (D) 7 cm
(A) 300 m/s (B) 150 m/s
(C) 600 m/s (D) 75 m/s 22. 1 kg water of specific heat 1 cal/gm °C is kept in a
container at 10°C. If 50 gm of ice at 0°C is required
15. 100 g of ice at 0°C is mixed with 100 g of water at to cool down the water from 10°C to 0°C, the water
100°C. What will be the final temperature of the equivalent of container is
mixture? (Latent of fusion for ice = 80 cal/gm and specific heat
(Latent of fusion for ice = 80 cal/gm and specific heat of water is 1 cal/gm °C)
of water is 1 cal/gm °C) 1
(A) 10°C (B) 20°C (A) 1 kg (B) 2 kg (C) 3 kg (D) kg
2
(C) 30°C (D) 0°C
23. The temperature of a monoatomic gas in an uniform
16. The temperature of a substance increases by 27°C. On container of length L varies linearly from T0 to TL as
the Kelvin scale, this increase is equal to shown in Fig. 10.15. If the molecular weight of the gas
(A) 300 K (B) 2.46 K is M, then the time taken by a wave pulse in traveling
(C) 27 K (D) 7 K from end A to end B is
17. The amount of heat required will be minimum when a

body is heated through A B
(A) 1 K TL
T0
(B) 1°C L
(C) 1°F
Fig. 10.15
(D) It will be the same in all the three cases
2L 3M 3(TL - T0 )
18. A constant volume gas thermometer shows pressure (A) (B)
reading of 50 cm and 90 cm of mercury at 0°C and TL + T0 5R 5 RML
100°C, respectively. When the pressure reading is 2L 3M M
60 cm of mercury, the temperature is (C) (D) L
TL - T0 5R 2 R(TL - T0 )
(A) 25°C (B) 40°C
(C) 15°C (D) 12.5°C 24. An iron tyre is to be fitted onto a wooden wheel 1.0 m
in diameter. The diameter of the tyre is 6 mm smaller
19. At what temperature will the resistance of a copper than that of wheel. The tyre should be heated so that its
wire become three times its value at 0°C (Temperature temperature increases by a minimum of (coefficient of
coefficient of resistance for copper = 4 × 10–3/°C) volumetric expansion of iron is 3.6 × 10–5/°C)
(A) 400°C (B) 450°C (A) 167°C (B) 334°C
(C) 500°C (D) 550°C (C) 500°C (D) 1000°C
20. 1000 drops of a liquid of surface tension s and radius 25. At what temperature, the Fahrenheit and the Celsius
r join together to form a big single drop. The energy scales will give numerically equal (but opposite in
released raises the temperature of the drop. If r be the sign) values?
(A) –40 °F and 40 °C (A) 0°C (B) –32°C
(B) 11.43 °F and –11.43 °C (C) 100°C (D) –273.15°C
(C) –11.43 °F and +11.43 °C
34. At what temperature, the Fahrenheit and the Celsius
(D) + 40 °F and –40 °C
scales will give numerically equal (but opposite in
26. Two rods of length L1 and L2 are made of materials sign) values?
whose coefficients of linear expansion are a1 and a2. If (A) –40°F and 40°C
the difference between the two lengths is independent (B) 11.43°F and –11.43°C
of temperature (C) –11.43°F and +11.43°C
(A) (L1/L2) = (a1/a2) (B) (L1/L2) = (a2/a1) (D) +40°F and –40°C
(C) L12a1 = L22a 2 (D) a12 L1 = a 22 L2 35. A faulty thermometer has its fixed points body as
27. The ratio of coefficients of cubical expansion and lin- shown on Celsius scale is 55°, then its temperature
ear expansion is shown on this faulty thermometer is
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 3 : 1 (A) 50 (B) 55 (C) 60 (D) 65
(C) 2 : 1 (D) None of these 36. Two rods of length L1 and L2 are made of materials
28. On the Celsius scale, the absolute zero of temperature whose coefficients of linear expansion are a1 and a2 If
is at the difference between the two lengths is independent
of temperature
(A) 0°C (B) –32°C
(C) 100°C (D) –273.15°C (A) (L1/L2) = (a1/a2) (B) (L1/L2) = (a2/a1)
(C) L12a1 = L22a 2 (D) a12 L1 = a 22 L2
29. At what temperature, the Fahrenheit and the Celsius
scales will give numerically equal (but opposite in 37. A substance of mass m kg requires is power input of P
sign) values? watts to remain in the molten state at its melting point.
(A) –40°F and 40°C When the power is turned off, the sample completely
(B) 11.43°F and –11.43°C solidifies in time t second. What is the latent heat of
(C) –11.43°F and +11.43°C fusion of the substance?
(D) +40°F and –40°C Pm Pt m t
(A) (B) (C) (D)
30. Two liquids A and B are at 32°C and 24°C. When t m Pt Pm
mixed in equal masses, the temperature of the mixture 38. Two liquids A and B are at 32°C and 24°C. When mixed
is found to be 28°C. Their specific heats are in the ratio in equal masses, the temperature of the mixture is found
of to be 28°C. Their specific heats are in the ratio of
(A) 3 : 2 (B) 2 : 3 (A) 3 : 2 (B) 2 : 3
(C) 1 : 1 (D) 4 : 3 (C) 1 : 1 (D) 4 : 3
31. The molar specific heats of an ideal gas at constant 39. Two rods of length L1 and L2 are made of materials
pressure and volume are denoted by Cp and Cv, respec- whose coefficients of linear expansion are a1 and a2. If
Cp the difference between the two lengths is independent
tively. Further, = g and R is the gas constant for 1
Cv of temperature.
gm mole of a gas. Then Cv is equal to (A) (L1/L2) = (a1/a2) (B) (L1/L2) = (a2/a1)
R gR (C) L12 a1 = L22a 2 (D) a12 L1 = a 22 L2
(A) R (B) g R (C) (D)
g -1 g -1 40. The number of degrees of freedom for each atom of a
32. If the degree of freedom of a gas molecule is f, then the monoatomic gas is
ratio of two specific heats Cp /Cv is given by (A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 1
2 2 41. If the degrees of freedom of a gas molecule be f, then
(A) +1 (B) 1 -
f f the ratio of two specific heats Cp /Cv is given by
1 1 2 2
(C) 1 + (D) 1 – (A) +1 (B) 1 -
f f f f
1 1
33. On the Celsius scale, the absolute zero of temperature (C) 1 + (D) 1 –
is at f f
10.26 Chapter 10
42. The internal energy U is a unique function of any state (A) Buoyancy will be less in water at 0°C than that in
because change in U water at 4°C
(A) does not depend upon path. (B) Buoyancy will be more in water at 0°C than that
(B) depends upon path. in water at 4°C
(C) corresponds to an adiabatic process. (C) Buoyancy in water at 0°C will be same as that in
(D) corresponds to an isothermal process. water at 4°C
(D) Buoyancy may be more or less in water at 4°C
43. The rms speed of a gas molecule is depending on the radius of the sphere
(A) ( M /3RT ) (B) (M/3RT ) 48. As the temperature is increased, the period of pendulum,
2
(C) (3RT /M ) (D) (3RT/M ) (A) Increases as its effective length increases even
though its centre of mass still remains at the
44. A bimetallic strip is made of aluminium and steel
centre of the bob.
(a Al > a steel ) . On heating, the strip will
(B) Decreases as its effective length increases even
(A) remain straight. through its centre of mass still remains at the
(B) get twisted. centre of the bob.
(C) bend with aluminium on concave side. (C) Increases as its effective length increases due to
(D) bend with steel on concave side. shifting to centre of mass below the centre of the
45. A uniform metallic rod rotates about its perpendicu- bob.
lar bisector with constant angular speed. If it is heated (D) Decreases as its effective length remains same but
uniformly to raise its temperature slightly, the centre of mass shifts above the centre of the
(A) its speed of rotation increases. bob.
(B) its speed of rotation decreases. 49. Heat is associated with,
(C) its speed of rotation remains same. (A) Kinetic energy of random motion of molecules.
(D) its speed in increases because its moment of iner- (B) Kinetic energy of orderly motion of molecules.
tia increases. (C) Total kinetic energy of random and orderly motion
46. The graph between two temperature scales A and B of molecules.
is shown in Fig. 10.16 between upper fixed point and (D) Kinetic energy of random motion in some cases
lower fixed point there are 150 equal division on scale and kinetic energy of orderly motion in other.
A and 100 on scale B. The relationship for conversion 50. The radius of a metal sphere at room temperature T is
between the two scales is given by R and the coefficient of linear expansion of the metal
is a . The sphere heated a little by a temperature DT
180 so that its new temperature is T + DT . The increase in
the volume of the sphere is approximately.
Temperature (°A)
(A) 2p Ra DT (B) p R 2a DT
ΔtA = 150°
(C) 4p R3a DT / 3 (D) 4p R3a DT
51. A sphere, a cube, and a thin circular plate, all of same

Δ tB = 100° material and same mass are initially heated to same
high temperature.
O Temperature (°B) 100
(A) Plate will cool fastest and cube the slowest.
Fig. 10.16 (B) Sphere will cool fastest and cube the slowest.
(C) Plate will cool fastest and sphere the slowest.
t A - 180 t B t A - 30 t B (D) Cube will cool fastest and plate the slowest.
(A) = (B) =
100 150 150 100
52. A cubic vessel (with face horizontal + vertical) con-
t B - 180 t A t B - 40 t A tains an ideal gas at NTP. The vessel is being carried
(C) = (D) =
150 100 100 180 by a rocket which is moving at a speed of 500 ms–1 in
vertical direction. The pressure of the gas inside the
47. An aluminium sphere is dipped into water. Which of vessel as observed by us on the ground
the following is true?
(A) Remains the same because 500 ms–1 is very much (A) Both p and V of the gas will change
smaller than vrms of the gas. (B) Only p will increase according to Charles’ law
(B) Remains the same because motion of the vessel as (C) V will change but not p
a whole does not affect the relative motion of the (D) p will change but not V
gas molecules and the walls.
56. Volume versus temperature graphs for a given mass of
(C) Will increase by a factor equal to
2 an ideal gas are shown in Fig. 10.20. At two different
( vrms + (500) 2 ) /vrms
2
, where vrms was the original
values of constant pressure, what can be inferred about
mean square velocity of the gas.
relation between p1 and p2 ?
(D) Will be different on the top wall and bottom wall
of the vessel. V(l)
p2
53. 1 mole of an ideal gas is contained in a cubical volume V,
ABCDEFGH at 300 K (Fig. 10.18). One face of the cube 40
(EFGH) is made up of a material which totally absorbs
30
any gas molecule incident on it. At any given time,
20 p1
B D 10
A 100 200 300 400 500

C
Fig. 10.20
G
F
(A) p1 > p2 (B) p1 = p2
(C) p1 < p2 (D) Data is insufficient
E H
57. 1 mole of H2 gas is contained in a box of volume
Fig. 10.18 V = 1.00 m3 at T = 300 K. The gas is heated to a tem-
perature of T = 3000 K and the gas gets converted to
(A) The pressure on EFGH would be zero. a gas of hydrogen atoms. The final pressure would be
(B) The pressure on all the faces will be equal. (considering all gases to be ideal)
(C) The pressure of EFGH would be double the pres-
(A) same as the pressure initially.
sure on ABCD.
(B) two times the pressure initially.
(D) The pressure of EFGH would be half that on
(C) ten times the pressure initially.
ABCD.
(D) twenty times the pressure initially.
54. Boyle’s law is applicable for an
58. A vessel of volume V contains a mixture of 1 mole
(A) adiabatic process. (B) isothermal process. of hydrogen and 1 mole oxygen (both considered as
(C) isobaric process. (D) isochoric process. ideal). Let f1 ( v )dv denote the fraction of molecules
55. A cylinder containing an ideal gas is in vertical posi- with speed between v and (v + dv) with f2(v)dv, simi-
tion and has a piston of mass M that is able to move up larly for oxygen. Then,
or down without friction (Fig. 10.19). If the tempera- (A) f1 ( v ) + f 2 ( v ) = f ( v ) obeys the Maxwell’s distri-
ture is increased. bution law.
(B) f1 ( v ), f 2 ( v ) will obey the Maxwell’s distribution
M law separately.
(C) neither f1 ( v ) nor f 2 ( v ) will obey Maxwell’s dis-
tribution law.
(D) f 2 ( v ) and f1 ( v ) will be the same.
59. An inflated rubber balloon contains 1 mole of an ideal
gas, has a pressure p, volume V, and temperature T.
If the temperature rises to 1.1 T, and the volume is
increased to 1.05 V, the final pressure will be
(A) 1.1 p (B) p
Fig. 10.19 (C) less than p (D) between p and 1.1
10.28 Chapter 10
More than One Option Correct Type
60. 10 gm of ice at 0°C is mixed with 5 gm of steam at (A) The region AB represents ice and water in thermal
100°C. If latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/gm and equilibrium.
latent heat of vaporization is 540 cal/gm. Then at ther- (B) At B, water starts boiling.
mal equilibrium (C) At C, all the water gets converted into steam.
(A) temperature of mixture is 0°C. (D) C to D represents water and steam in equilibrium
(B) temperature of mixture is 100°C. at boiling point.
(C) mixture contains 13.33 gm of water and 1.67 gm 63. Mark the correct options
of steam. (A) A system X is in thermal equilibrium with Y but
(D) mixture contains 5.3 gm of ice and 9.7 gm of not with Z. The system Y and Z may be in thermal
water. equilibrium with each other.
61. A bimetallic strip is formed by two identical strips, (B) A system X is in thermal equilibrium with Y but
one of copper and the other of brass. The coefficients not with Z. The system Y and Z are not in thermal
of linear expansion of the two metals are a C and a B . equilibrium with each other.
On heating, the temperature of the strip goes up by (C) A system X is neither in thermal equilibrium with
DT and the strip bends to form an arc of radius of Y nor with Z. The systems Y and Z must be in ther-
curvature R. Then R is mal equilibrium with each other.
(D) A system X is neither in thermal equilibrium with
(A) proportional to DT .
Y nor with Z. The systems Y and Z may be in ther-
(B) inversely proportional to DT . mal equilibrium with each other.
(C) proportional to a B - a C . 64. Gulab jamuns (assumed to be spherical) are to be
(D) inversely proportional to a B - a C . heated in an oven. They are available in two sizes,
one twice bigger (in radius) than the other. Pizzas
62. Refer to the plot of temperature versus time (Fig. 10.21) (assumed to be discs) are also to be heated in oven.
showing the changes in the state if ice on heating (not They are also in two sizes, one twice bigger (in radius)
to scale). Which of the following is correct? than the other. All four are put together to be heated to
oven temperature. Choose the correct option from the
E following.
(A) Both size gulab jamuns will get heated in the
Temperature
100
C D same time.
(°C)
(B) Smaller gulab jamuns are heated before bigger

A B ones.
O tm Time (min) (C) Smaller pizzas are heated before bigger ones.
Fig. 10.21 (D) Bigger pizzas are heated before smaller.
Passage Based Questions

Passage 1 66. After mounting, ring cools down to its initial tempera-
A ring of radius r is to be mounted on a wheel of radius R. ture. The strain in the ring is
The coefficient of linear expansion of the material of the R R-r R-r r
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ring is a, Young’s modulus is Y, area of cross-section is A, r R r R
and mass is m. Initially, ring and wheel are at same temper- 67. The wheel with mounted ring starts rotating with
ature. (r < R) angular velocity w. The value of w for which tension
65. The temperature through which ring should be heated in the ring becomes zero is
so that it can be mounted on the wheel is 2p ( R - r ) YA( R - r )
(A) YA (B)
R-r R-r m Rr R2 m
(A) (B)
ra Ra
YA( R - r ) YA( R - r )2p
R r (C) (D)
(C) (D) Rrm mr 2
ra Ra
Passage 2
k kl + g P0 S0
A non-conducting piston of mass m and area S0 divides a (C) (D)
m ml
non-conducting, closed cylinder as shown in Fig. 10.22.
Piston having mass m is connected with top wall of cylinder 70. If spring is disconnected and top part of cylinder is
by a spring of force constant k. Top part is evacuated and removed, then find the angular frequency for small
bottom part contains an ideal gas at pressure P0 in equi- oscillation. (Assuming pressure of gas at equilibrium
librium position. Adiabatic constant g and in equilibrium position is P1 and length of gas column is l1.)
length of each part is l. (neglect friction)
g P1S0 2g P S0
(A) (B) 1
ml1 ml1
g P1S0 g P1S0
m (C) (D)
P0 4 ml1 2ml1
S0
71. Find the angular frequency of oscillation. If process is
isothermal. Length of gas column at equilibrium posi-
Fig. 10.22
tion is l1 and gas pressure is P1 at equilibrium position.
68. Find compression in the spring at equilibrium position P1S0 2 P1S0
(Assuming S0 P0 > mg ). (A) (B)
2 P0 S0 - mg 4 ml1 ml1
(A) Zero (B)
k P1S0 P1S0
P0 S0 - mg P0 S0 - mg (C) (D)
(C) (D) ml1 2ml1
k 2k
69. Find angular frequency for small oscillation.
kl + g P0 S0 2kl + g P0 S0
(A) (B)
2ml ml
Match the Column Type
72. A cubical block is in a floating equilibrium in a liq- Column-I Column-II

uid with half of its volume submerged as shown in
1
Fig. 10.23 at temperature T. I. The ratio of densities of solid and A.
2
aS → coefficient of linear expansion of block liquid at temperature T is
gL → coefficient of volume expansion of liquid II. If the depth of the block submerged in B. 3
rS → density of block at temperature T the liquid does not change on increas-
rL → density of liquid at temperature T ing temperature, then ratio of as to gL is
III. If fraction submerged does not change C. 2
on increasing temperature, then the
ratio of gL to as is
IV. The ratio of buoyant force to weight D. 1
of body at temperature 2T is
Fig. 10.23
10.30 Chapter 10
Assertion–Reason Type
73. Assertion: A block of ice is placed inside a closed (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
room where only walls of the room radiate heat energy.
76. Assertion: Water cannot be liquefied at a temperature
Reason: If ideal gas is compressed isobarically, then greater than 374.1ºC, no matter how large pressure is.
energy is always rejected by the gas.
Reason: The critical temperature of water is 374.1ºC.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
Water in its gas form at a temperature lower than
74. Assertion: We cannot change the temperature of a 374.1ºC is called water vapour and above 374.1ºC is
body without giving (or taking) heat to (or from) it called water gas.
Reason: According to principal of conservation of (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
energy, total energy is conserved. 77. Assertion: At very high temperatures, molar specific
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D heat at constant volume for an monoatomic ideal gas
75. Assertion: It is convenient to define two specific heats 3
is greater than R (R is gas constant)
CP and CV in case of a gas. However, it is not generally 2
necessary to define two specific heats in case of a solid Reason: At ordinary temperature, the molecules of an
or liquid. ideal gas may have only translational and rotational
kinetic energy, and at high temperature, they may also
Reason: For a given temperature rise, the expansion of
have vibrational kinetic energy.
a solid or liquid is negligible as compared to that of a
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
gas.
Integer Type
78. A copper plate of length 1 m is riveted to two steel Area of each plate = 50 cm2
plates of same length and same cross-section area at
79. Water flows at the rate of 0.1500 kg/min through a
0°C. Calculate tension (in kilo newton) generated in
tube and is heated by a heater dissipating 25.2 W. The
copper plate when heated to 20°C.
inflow and outflow water temperatures are 15.2°C and
1
Ycopper = × Ysteel = 2 × 1011 N/m2 Y = Young’s 17.4°C, respectively. When the rate of flow is increased
2 to 0.2318 kg/min and the rate of heating to 37.8 W, the
modules
inflow and outflow temperatures are unaltered. Find
acopper = 18 × 10–6 K–1 the rate of loss of heat from the tube
asteel = 11 × 10–6 K–1 a = coefficient of linear expansion
Previous Years’ Questions
80. A wire suspended vertically from one of its ends is 82. If S is stress and Y is Young’s modulus of material of
stretched by attaching a weight of 200 N to the lower a wire, then the energy stored in the wire per unit vol-
end. The weight stretches the wire by 1 mm. The elas- ume is [2005]
tic energy stored in the wire is [2003] (A) 2S2Y (B) S2/2Y (C) 2Y/S2 (D) S / 2Y
(A) 0.2 J (B) 10 J (C) 20 J (D) 0.1 J
83. A wire elongates by l mm when a load w is hanged
81. A wire fixed at the upper end stretches by length l by from it. If the wire goes over a pulley and two weights
applying a force F. The work done in stretching is w each are hung at the two ends, then the elongation of
[2004] the wire will be (in mm) [2006]
(A) F/2l (B) Fl (C) 2Fl (D) Fl / 2 (A) l (B) 2l (C) Zero (D) 1/2
84. Two wires are made of the same material and have (A) increase.
the same volume. However, wire 1 has cross-sectional (B) decrease.
area A and wire-2 has cross-sectional area 3 A. If the (C) remain same.
length of wire 1 increases by DX on applying force F, (D) decrease for some, whereas increase for others.
then how much force is needed to stretch wire 2 by the
90. If mass–energy equivalence is taken into account,
same amount? [2009]
when water is cooled to form ice, then the mass of
(A) F (B) 4F (C) 6F (D) 9F water should [2002]
85. A metal rod of Young’s modulus Y and coefficient of (A) increase.
thermal expansion a is held at its two ends such that its (B) remain unchanged.
length remains invariant. If its temperature is raised by (C) decrease.
t°C, then the linear stress developed in it is (D) first increase then decrease.
[2011]
91. A long metallic bar is carrying heat from one end to
at Y 1
(A) (B) Y a t (C) (D) the other under steady state. The variation of tempera-
Y at Y at ture q along the length x of the bar from its hot end is
86. An aluminium sphere of 20 cm diameter is heated best described by which of the following.
from 0°C to 100°C. Its volume changes by (given [2009]
that the coefficient of linear expansion for aluminium (A) e (B) e
a Al = 23 × 10 -6 / °C) [2011]
(A) 28.9 cc (B) 2.89 cc
(C) 9.28 cc (D) 49.8 cc x x
(C) e (D) e
87. A wooden wheel of radius R is made of two semi-
circular parts (see Fig. 10.24). The two parts are held
together by a ring made of a metal strip of cross-
sectional area S and length L. L is slightly less than x x
2p R. To fit the ring on the wheel, it is heated so that 92. A solid body of constant heat capacity 1 J/ °C is being
its temperature rises by DT and it just steps over the heated by keeping it in contact with reservoirs in two
wheel. As it cools down to surrounding temperature, ways:
it presses the semi-circular parts together. If the coef-
(i) Sequentially keeping in contact with 2 reservoirs
ficient of linear expansion of the metal is a and its
such that each reservoir supplies same amount of
Young’s modulus is Y, then the force that one part of
heat.
the wheel applies on the other part is [2012]
(ii) Sequentially keeping in contact with 8 reservoirs
such that each reservoir supplies same amount of
heat.
R In both the case body is brought from initial temperature
100°C to final temperature 200°C. Entropy change of
the body in the two cases respectively is [2015]
(A) ln2, ln2 (B) ln2, 2ln2
Fig. 10.24
(C) 2ln2, 8ln2 (D) ln2, 4ln2
93. A pendulum clock loses 12 s a day if the temperature
(A) 2p SY aDT (B) SY aDT is 40°C and gains 4 s day if the temperature is 20°C.
(C) p SY aDT (D) 2SY aDT The temperature at which the clock will show correct
88. Heat given to a body which raises its temperature by time, and the co-efficient of linear expansion (a ) of
1°C is [2002] the metal of the pendulum shaft are respectively.
(A) water equivalent. (B) thermal capacity. [2016]
-4
(C) specific heat. (D) temperature gradient. (A) 60°C; a = 1.85 × 10 / °C
89. Cooking gas containers are loaded on to a truck mov- (B) 30°C; a = 1.85 × 10 -3 / °C
ing with uniform speed. The temperature of the gas (C) 55°C; a = 1.85 × 10 -2 / °C
molecules inside the containers will [2002]
(D) 25°C; a = 1.85 × 10 -5 / °C
10.32 Chapter 10
ANSWER KEYS

1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (D) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (D) 10. (C)
11. (A) 12. (D) 13. (C) 14. (B) 15. (A) 16. (C) 17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (C) 20. (D)
21. (C) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (C) 25. (B) 26. (B) 27. (B) 28. (D) 29. (B) 30. (C)
31. (C) 32. (A) 33. (D) 34. (B) 35. (A) 36. (B) 37. (B) 38. (C) 39. (B) 40. (A)
41. (A) 42. (A) 43. (C) 44. (D) 45. (B) 46. (B) 47. (A) 48. (A) 49. (A) 50. (D)
51. (C) 52. (B) 53. (D) 54. (B) 55. (C) 56. (A) 57. (D) 58. (B) 59. (D)

60. (B) and (C) 61. (B) and (D) 62. (A) and (D) 63. (B) and (D) 64. (B) and (C)

Passage 1
65. (A) 66. (C) 67. (A)
Passage 2
68. (C) 69. (D) 70. (A) 71. (C)

72. I → A, II → A, III → B, IV → D
Assertion-Reason Type
73. (D) 74. (D) 75. (A) 76. (A) 77. (D)
Integer Type
78. 112 KN 79. P  2 W

80. (D) 81. (D) 82. (B) 83. (A) 84. (D) 85. (C) 86. (A) 87. (D) 88. (B) 89. (C)
90. (A) 91. (B) 92. No Option is Correct 93. (D)
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. On heating, the distance between the divisions increases and
N
hence it measures less than actual value. But when tempera- 12. PV = RT
ture decreases, distance between divisions decreases and it NA
measures more than actual value. N1 P1 V1 T2 1
= × × = ×4×2
The correct option is (B) N 2 P2 V2 T1 2
Q mL 60 × 80 × 4.2 N1 4
2. P = = = = 336 W \ =
t t 60 N2 1
The correct option is (B) The correct option is (D)
qi + qc 560 - 20 2 2
3. q n = = = 270°C 13. g = 1 + or f =
2 2 f g -1
The correct option is (A) The correct option is (C)
4. Heat gained by water = Heat supplied – Heat loss
msDq = 1000 t - 160 t 3RT or 300 = 3RT
14. vrms =
M M
2 × 4200 × 50
⇒ t= = 8 min.20 s
840 3R(T / 2) 1
′ =
and vrms = × 300 = 150 m/s
The correct option is (B) 2M 2
5. The correct option is (C) The correct option is (B)
15. Let the final temperature of mixture be q
6. For O2, K = 3 RT = 0.048
T
2 Then 100 × 80 + 100(q – 0) = 100 × 1 × (100 – q )
5 5 Solving, we get q = 10°C
For N2, U = RT = × 0.048 = 0.08 eV
2 3 The correct option is (A)
DTC DTK
The correct option is (D) 16. In case of change of temperature, =
100 100
7. The correct option is (B) \ DTK = DTC = 27 K
8. Heat required = Heat supplied The correct option is (C)
12 × 80 = m[540 + 1 × 100] 17. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature through
12 × 80 ⎛ 5 ⎞
m= = 1.5 gm 1°F ⎜ = °C⎟ is minimum.
640 ⎝ 9 ⎠
The correct option is (C) The correct option is (C)
9. If R is rate of heating, DQ = ms(q ) Pt - P0 60 - 50
18. t = × 100 = × 100 = 25°C
P100 - P0 90 - 50
⎛ R⎞
Rt = msq ⇒ q = ⎜ ⎟ t The correct option is (A)
⎝ ms ⎠
19. By using Rt = R0 (1 + a t )
R
Slope of q – t curve = = tan ϕ
ms 3 × R0 = R0 (1 + 4 × 10 -3 t ) ⇒ t = 500°C
\ S B = SC > S A The correct option is (C)
The correct option is (D)
⎛ 4p ⎞ ⎛ 4p ⎞
20. 1000 × ⎜ ⎟ r 3 = ⎜ ⎟ R3 ⇒ R = 10 r
10. PO =
nRT RT
= (1) [n = 1] ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
2
V V Heat released = s (DA) = ( 4p r 2 × 1000 - 4p R 2 ) × s
PHe =
nRT R( 2T )
= (2) [n = 1] = 3600 p r2s
V V J ( mS DT ) = Heat released
By (1) and (2), PHe = 2 PO 3600p r 2s 3600p r 2s 27s
2
\ DT = = =
mSJ 4 3
( p r × 1000) rSJ 10 JrS r
The correct option is (C)
3
11. The correct option is (A) The correct option is (D)
10.34 Chapter 10
4S 27. The correct option is (B)
21. Pressure inside the bubble in vacuum, P = ; Volume of
4 3 r 28. The correct option is (D)
bubble, V = p r 29. If F = +q then C = – q
3
Under isothermal conditions, PV = PV1 1 + P2V2 F - 32 C F - 32 C q - 32 q
Now, = or = or =-
4S 4 3 4S 4 3 4S 4 2 180 100 9 5 9 5
\ × pR = × p r1 + × p r2
R 3 r1 3 r2 3 \ q = 1.43
Hence, + 11.43°F = – 11.43°C
or R 2 = r12 + r22 = 32 + 4 2 = 25 or R = 5 cm.
The correct option is (B)
The correct option is (C) 30. ms1 × 4 = ms2 × 4 ⇒ s1 : s2 = 1:1
22. ( m + 1000) × 1 × 10 = 50 × 80 The correct option is (C)
31. The correct option is (C)
( m + 1000) = 4000
32. CP – CV = R
m = 3000 gm = 3 kg \ g CV – CV = R
R
23. \ CV =
g RT 5 RT g -1
v= = The correct option is (C)
M 3M
33. The correct option is (D)
5R ⎡ ⎛ TL - T0 ⎞ ⎤ 34. If F = +q then C = – q
dx = C ⋅ dt = ⎢T0 + ⎜⎝ x ⎥ dt
3M ⎣ L ⎟⎠ ⎦
F - 32 C F - 32 C q - 32 q
Now, = or = or =-
2L 3M 180 100 9 5 9 5
t=
TL + T0 5R \ q = 1.43
Hence, + 11.43°F = – 11.43°C
x
dx The correct option is (B)
35. The correct option is (A)
A B 36. ∆L1 = ∆L2
⎛ L ⎞ ⎛a ⎞
T0 TL L1 a1 ∆q = L2a2∆q or ⎜ 1 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 ⎟
L ⎝L ⎠ ⎝a ⎠
2 1
The correct option is (A) The correct option is (B)

37. Heat lost in t second = mL
⎛g ⎞ mL
24. Dd = d ⎜ ⎟ Dq or heat lost per second =
⎝ 3⎠ t
This must be the heat supplied for keeping the substance in
3.6 × 10 -5
0.006 = 0.994 × × Dq molten state per second.
3
mL Pt
\ Dq ≈ 500°C \ = P or L =
t m
The correct option is (C) The correct option is (B)
25. If F = + q then C = – q 38. ms1 × 4 = ms2 × 4 ⇒ s1 : s2 = 1:1
F - 32 C F - 32 C q - 32 q The correct option is (C)
Now = or = or =- 39. DL1 = DL2
180 100 9 5 9 5
\ q = 1.43 ⎛ L ⎞ ⎛a ⎞
L1a1 Dq = L2 a2Dq or ⎜ 1 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 ⎟
Hence, + 11.43°F = – 11.43°C ⎝L ⎠ ⎝a ⎠
2 1
The correct option is (B) The correct option is (B)

26. DL1 = DL2 40. The correct option is (A)
⎛ L ⎞ ⎛a ⎞ 41. The correct option is (A)
L1 a1 Dq = L2a2Dq or ⎜ 1 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ L2 ⎠ ⎝ a1 ⎠ 42. The correct option is (A)
The correct option is (B) 43. The correct option is (C)
44.
t A - ( LFP ) A t B - ( LFP ) B
=
Aluminium (UFP ) 4 - ( LFP ) A (UFP ) B - ( LFP ) B
t A - 30 t -0
⇒ = B
180 - 30 100 - 0
t - 30 t B
Steel ⇒ A =
150 100
where, LFP → Lower fixed point
UFP → Upper fixed point
q
47. Let volume of the sphere be V and r is its density, then we
O
can write buoyant force
F = V rG (g = acceleration due to gravity)
As a Al > a steel , aluminium will expand more. So, it should
⇒ F ∝r (Q V and g are almost constant)
have larger radius of curvature. Hence, aluminium will be on
convex side. F4 C r4 C
o o
⇒ = >1 (Qr4°C > r0°C )

The correct option is (D) F0 C r0 C
o o
⇒ F4 C > F0 C
o o
45.
Hence, buoyancy will be less in water at 0°C than that in
water at 4°C
The correct option is (A)
48.
Rod
L
As the rod is heated, it expands. No external torque is acting
on the system so angular momentum should be conserved.
L = Angular momentum = I w = constant Pendulum
⇒ I1w1 = I 2w 2
As the temperature is increased, length of the pendu-
Due to expansion of the rod, I 2 > I1
lum increases. We know that time period of pendulum
w 2 I1
⇒ = <1 T = 2p
L
w1 I 2 g
⇒ w 2 < w1 ⇒ T ∝ L as L, increases.
So, angular velocity (speed of rotation) decreases. So, time period (T ) also increases
The correct option is (B) The correct option is (A)
46. It is clear from the graph that lowest point for scale A is 30° 49. We know that as temperature increases, vibration of mol-
and lowest point for scale B is 0°. Highest point for the scale ecules about their mean position increases; hence, kinetic
A is 180° and for scale B is 100°. Hence, correct relation is energy associated with random motion of molecules
increases.
(+A) B The correct option is (A)
180 (+B)
C 50.
Temperature (°A)
ΔtA = 150°
– θ
90°
θ
R
Δ tB = 100° 30°
O Temperature (°B) 100 dV

Fig. 10.17
10.36 Chapter 10
Let the radius of the sphere be R. As the temperature 54. Boyle’s law is applicable when temperature is constant
increases, radius of the sphere increases as shown. i.e., pV = nRT = constant
4 ⇒ pV = constant (at constant temperature)
Original volume v0 = p R3
3 1
Coefficient of linear expansion = a i.e., p ∝ [where p = pressure, v = volume]
v
Coefficient of volume expansion = 3a So, this process can be called as isothermal process.
1 dV The correct option is (B)
= 3a ⇒ dV = 3V a dt = 4p R3aDT
V dT 55. Consider the diagram where an ideal gas is contained in a
= Increases in the volume cylinder, having a piston of mass m. friction is absent.
The correct option is (D) M
51. Consider the diagram where all the three objects are heated pa
mass
to same temperature T. We know that density, r =
volume pa Mg/A
as r is same for all the three objects hence, volume will also
be same.
m p
m
A
T T
p
the pressure inside the gas will be

T m
p = pa + Mg /A
Sphere Cube Plate where pa = atmospheric pressure
As thickness of the plate is least, surface area of the plate is A = area of cross-section of the piston
maximum. Mg = weight of piston
We know that, according to Stefan’s law of heat loss H a AT 4 , Hence, p = constant.
where A is surface area of object and T is temperature. When temperature increases
Hence, H sphere : H cube : H plate as pV = nRT ⇒ volume (V ) increases at constant pressure.
= Asphere : Acube : Aplate The correct option is (C)
56. We know for an ideal gas,
As Aplate is maximum
Hence, the plate will cool fastest. ⎛ nR ⎞
pV = nRT ⇒ V = ⎜ ⎟ T
As the sphere is having minimum surface area, the sphere ⎝ p⎠
dV nR
cools slowest. Slope of the V – T graph, m = =
dT p
52. As the motion of the vessel as a whole does not affect the rel- [m = slope of V - t graph ]
ative motion of the gas molecules with respect to the walls of 1
⇒ m∝ [\ nR = constant ]
the vessel, pressure of the gas inside the vessel, as observed p
by us, on the ground remains the same. 1
⇒ p∝
v = 500 m/s m
p1 m2
hence, = <1
p2 m1
⎡ P = pressure ⎤
GAS ⎢V = volume ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ n = number of moles of gases ⎥
⎢ ⎥
The correct option is (B) ⎢ R = gas constant ⎥
⎢T = temperature ⎥
53. In an ideal gas, when a molecule collides elastically with a ⎣ ⎦
wall, the momentum transferred to each molecule will be where m1 is slope of the graph corresponding to p1 and
twice the magnitude of its normal momentum. For the face similarly m2 is slope corresponding to p2.
EFGH, it transfers only half of that. ⇒ p2 < p1 or p1 < p2
The correct option is (D) The correct option is (A)
57. Consider the diagram, when the molecules breaks into 58. For a function f (v), the number of molecules n = f (v), which
atoms, the number of moles would become twice. are having speeds between v and v + dv.
Now, by ideal gas equation, For each function f1( v ) and f 2 ( v ) , n will be different,
P = Pressure of gas, n = Number of moles hence each function f1( v ) and f 2 ( v ) will obey Maxwell’s
R = Gas constant, T = Temperature distribution law separately.
pV = nRT The correct option is (B)
As volume (V ) of the container is constant. 59. We know for an ideal gas, pV = nRT (Ideal gas equation)
⇒ n = Number of moles, p = Pressure, V = Volume
R = Gas constant, T = Temperature
H2 H2 H2
V pV
molecules =
RT
As number of moles of the gas remains fixed, we can write
p1 V1 p2 V2
=
RT1 RT2
⎛ T ⎞
V
H ⇒ p2 = ( p1 V1 ) ⎜ 2 ⎟
Atoms ⎝ V2T1 ⎠
H H ( p)(V )(1.1T )
=
As gases breaks, number of moles becomes twice of initial, (1.05) V (T )
so n2 = 2n1 ⎡ p1 = p ⎤
So, p ∝ nT ⎢ ⎥
V
⎣ 2 = 1 . 05V and T2 = 1 . 1T ⎦
p2 n2T2 ( 2n1 )(3000)
⇒ = = = 20 ⎛ 1.1 ⎞
p1 n1T1 n1(300) = p×⎜
⎝ 1.05 ⎠⎟
⇒ p2 = 20 p1
Hence, final pressure of the gas would be twenty times the = p (1.0476 ) = 1.05 p
pressure initially. Hence, final pressure p2 lies between p and 1.1 p
The correct option is (D) The correct option is (D)

60. Heat required to raise the temperature of ice from 0°C to 63. According to question,
100°C Tx = Ty (Qx and y are in thermal equilibrium)
= 10 × 80 + 10 × 1 × 100 = 1800 cal Tx ≠ Tz (Qx is not in thermal
Heat given by steam when it converts into water at 100°C equilibrium with z)
= 5 × 540 = 2700 cal
Clearly, Ty ≠ Tz
\ temperature of mixture is 100°C at thermal equilibrium
Hence, y and z are not in thermal equilibrium.
Amount of steam converted into water at 100°C by 1800 cal
1800 (D) Given, Tx ≠ Ty
= = 3.33 gm
540 and Tx ≠ Tz
The correct option is (B) and (C) We cannot say about equilibrium of Y and Z, they may or
l may not be in equilibrium.
61. R = The correct option is (B) and (D)
a B - a C Dt
64. Smaller gulab jamuns are having least surface area hence
The correct option is (B) and (D)
they will be heated first.
62. During the process, AB temperature of the system is 0°C.
As in case of smaller gulab jamun, heat radiation will be less
Hence, it represents phase change, that is, transformation of
ice into water while temperature remains 0°C. Similarly, smaller pizzas are heated before bigger ones
BC represents rise in temperature of water from 0°C to because they are of small surface areas.
100°C (at C). The correct option is (B) and (C)
Now, water starts converting into steam which is represented
by CD.
The correct option is (A) and (D)
10.38 Chapter 10
Passage 1 69. PV g = c
65. R = r (1 + aDq ) dP dV g P0
+g =0 ⇒ dP = - dV
R-r P V V
Dq =
ra Restoring force F = – kdx + S0 dP
⎛ kl + g S0 P0 ⎞
2p R - 2p r R - r ⇒ a = -⎜ ⎟⎠ dx
66. Strain = = ⎝ ml
2p r r
kl + g P0 S0
The correct option is (C) w=
ml
YA( R - r )
67. Tension = YA strain = The correct option is (D)
r
If wheel starts rotating, then tension becomes zero 70. PV g = C
dP dV
dq +g =0
2T sin = dmw 2 R P V
2
gP gP
m 2 dP = - dV = - dx
T= w R V l0
2p
( R - r) m 2 g P1
YA = w R Restoring force is = - S0 dx
r 2p l1
2pYA ⎛ R - r ⎞ g P1S0
w= ⎜ ⎟ w=
m ⎝ Rr ⎠ ml1
dmω2R
71. PV = c
T cos dθ /2 T cos dθ /2
PdV + VdP = 0
T dθ dθ T dV dx
2 2 dP = - P = - P1
V l1
T sin dθ /2 T sin dθ /2 P1S0

Restoring force = - dx
l1
P1S0
a=- dx
ml0
P1S0
w=
Passage 2 ml1
68. kx0 + mg = P0 S0 The correct option is (C)
P0 S0 - mg
x0 =
k

v v r rL
72. mg = r L g , vrs g = r L g, rs = L Ar L = A(1 + 2a s DT )
2 2 2 1 + g L DT
mg = v ′r L g, mg = Axr L g
rs rs′
(1) g L = 2a s for fraction inside the liquid to be same =
r L r L′
when temperature is raised by DT, mg = A′ xr L′ g (2) rs r (1 + g L DT )
= s \ r L = 3a s
From (1) and (2), Ar L = A′r L′ r L r L (1 + 3a s DT )
\ I → A , II → A, III → B, IV → D
Assertion-Reason Type
73. The correct option is (D) 76. The correct option is (A)
74. The correct option is (D) 77. The correct option is (D)
75. The correct option is (A)
Integer Type
78. Copper expands more than steel, so increase in temperature Let P be the rate of loss of heat from the tube, and C be the
will lead to elastic compression of the copper. Let F be the specific heat capacity of water, then
force with which the copper plate is controlled. P + ∆m × C × (17.4 – 15.2) = 25.2 (1)
Fl Also, P + ∆m′ × C × (17.4 – 15.2) = 37.8 (2)
Net expansion of copper, x = la c Dq -
YC A 0.2318
where ∆m′ = = 3.8633 × 10–.3 kg/s
Fl 60
Net expansion of steel, x = la s Dq +
YS 2 A Equation (2) – Equation (1)
2(a c - a s ) ADqYsYc 2.2 × C [3.86 –2.5] × 10–3 = 12.6
On solving, F = = 112 × 103 N
Yc + 2Ys C = 4.2 × 103 J/kg –°C
= 112 kN Putting the value of C in Equation (1)
0.15 P + 23.1 = 25.2
79. ∆m = kg/s = 2.5 × 10–3 kg/s
60 P  2W

80. Elastic energy stored in the wire is Case 1 Case 2
1
U = × stress × strain × volume
2
1 F Dl
= × × AL L L
2A L 2 2
1 W
= F Dl W W
2
1
= × 200 × 1 × 10 -3 = 0.1 J Tush, DL is also same.
2
81. Work done in stretching the wire = potential energy stored 84. A1l1 = A2l2
1 A1l1 A × l1 l1
= × stress × strain × volume ⇒ l2 = = =
2 A2 3A 3
1 F l 1
= × × × AL = Fl l1
2 A L 2 ⇒ =3
The correct option is (D) l2
1 It is given that Dx is same, thus using

82. Energy per unit volume = stress × string
2 F Dx
=Y
⎛ Stress ⎞ A l
Putting strain =
⎝⎜ Y ⎠
⎟
F2 F
2
Dx = l2 = 1 l1
U 1 S S 3 Ay Ay
= S× =
V 2 Y 2Y l1
The correct option is (B) Thus , F2 = 3F × = 3F1 × 3 = 9 F
l2
83. In the both cases, tension in wire is W. Also, the length L and
area A are equal in both.
10.40 Chapter 10
does not affect its temperature. Hence, the temperature of
FL
85. ΔL = α LΔT = gas will remain same.
AY
F 90. When water is cooled to form ice, it loses energy. Since
⇒ Stress = = Y αΔT
A energy and mass are equivalent, it loses mass, and thus, mass
The correct option is (C) decreases.
86. Given d = 20 cm The correct option is (A)
V = V0 (1 + γ t ) = V0 (1 + 3at ) (since = γ = 3α ) 91. Rate of heat flow is given by
Change in volume = V − V0 dQ dT
= − KA
dt dx
= 3V0α t
dT −1 dQ
4 ⎛ d⎞
3 ⇒ =
3 × π ⎜ ⎟ × 23 × 10 −6 × 100 dx KA dt
3 ⎝ 2⎠ dQ
3 Since K and A are constants and is same at all points in
4 ⎛ 0.2 ⎞ −6 dt
3× π⎜ ⎟ × 23 × 10 × 100 steady state.
3 ⎝ 2 ⎠
dT
= 28.9 cc (1 cc = 10 −6 m3 ) Thus, or slope is constant (negative)
dx
The correct option is (A) The correct option is (B)
87. Increase in length
ΔL = α LΔT 92. Change in Entropy
T2
ΔL dq CdT T 473
= αΔT ( Δs) = ∫ =∫ = C ℓn 2 = 1 × ℓ n J/K
L T T T T1 373
1
The thermal stress developed is
No Option is Correct
F ΔT 1
93. = α Δθ
T 2
12 1
= α ( 40 − T ) (1)
1day 2
T T 4 1
= α (T − 20) (2)
T ΔL 1day 2
=Y = Y αΔT
S L (1) / (2)
T = SY αΔT 12 40 − T
=
From FBD of one part of the whell, F = 2T 4 T − 20
Where F is the force applied by one part of whell on the 3T − 60 = 40 − T
other part 4T = 100
F = 2SY αΔT
T = 25 °C
From (1)
88. The thermal capacity of a substance is defined as the amount
12 1
of heat required to raise its temperature by 1°C. = α ( 40 − 25)
24 × 3600 2
1
89. Temperature of a gas is determined by the total translational α= = 1.85 × 10 −5 / ° C
kinetic energy measured with respect to the centre of mass 3600 × 15
of the gas. Therefore, the motion of centre of mass of the gas

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AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

HEAT temperature of a body or to change its phase. Calorie

1 calorie: The amount of heat needed to increase the tem- Solution:

SOLVED EXAMPLE Relation between Specific Heat and

Latent heat of vaporization (Lv ) Solution:

OA - solid state, AB - solid + liquid state (Phase Law of Mixture

where mass (m) of substance constant slope of T – Q

so mixture content vibrations increases and the average position is located at a

2. If a varies with temperature, a = f (T ). Then DL = ∫ a l0

x dx length of the rod at new temperature

where n is the amount of the gas in number of moles and

SOLVED EXAMPLE VOLUME OR CUBICAL EXPANSION

2. For non-isotropic solid, b = a1 + a2 and g = a1 + a2

SOLVED EXAMPLE 1.000

SOLVED EXAMPLE h A = A0 (1 + 2αsΔT )

25. The densities of wood and benzene at 0°C are 880

DV = VL - VC DV = V0 (gL - gC) DT V0 = Volume of the solid inside liquid

[W - FB′ > W - FB]. means gL > 3aS

SOLVED EXAMPLES means gL < 3aS

Different Scales of Temperature

Types of Thermometers (not for JEE)

44. If rod is initially compressed by Dl length then what is

45. A pendulum clock having copper rod keeps correct Solution:

Solution: 1.6 = 103 (gl × 10 – 103 × 3 × 6.5 × 10–6 × 10

I0 w0 = It wt Mr02 w0 = Mr02 (1 + 2aDT)wt gL = (1.6 + 0.195) × 10–4

w0 = 1.795 × 10–4 /°C

shown in Fig. 10.12.

F − 32 40 − 0 The change in momentum of the molecule after one colli-

The time taken between the successive impacts on the face

assumptions. Time rate of change of momentum due to collision

Total number of independent co-ordinates which must be Solution:

1. Thermal Expansion 3. Thermometry

Single Option Correct Type

17. The amount of heat required will be minimum when a

51. A sphere, a cube, and a thin circular plate, all of same

A 100 200 300 400 500

(B) Smaller gulab jamuns are heated before bigger

Passage Based Questions

Match the Column Type

72. A cubical block is in a floating equilibrium in a liq- Column-I Column-II

Previous Years’ Questions

Single Option Correct Type

More than One Option Correct Type

Passage Based Questions

Match the Column Type

Previous Years’ Questions

The correct option is (A) The correct option is (B)

The correct option is (B) The correct option is (B)

⇒ = >1 (Qr4°C > r0°C )

O Temperature (°B) 100 dV

the pressure inside the gas will be

More than One Option Correct Type

T sin dθ /2 T sin dθ /2 P1S0

Match the Column Type

Previous Years’ Questions

1 It is given that Dx is same, thus using

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