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DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR FLEXURE (WSD) II. ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD) Stress of steel (fs) based on the strain diagram:
STRESS OF CONCRETE
fs/Es 0.003
where: =
b b fc = 0.45 fc' Mc (kd) A. BEAMS (FLEXURAL STRESS) d-c c
fc = Mc - resisting moment
C
IN.A. of concrete d-c
kd 1. SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM fs = 600 c
N.A. (SRRB)
h
d-kd
STRESS OF STEEL
b 0.85 fc' ec = 0.003 NOMINAL BENDING MOMENT (Mn)
As z nAs fc/n C = 0.85 fc'ab
fs = Ms (d - kd) where:
c
a
c
n IN.A. Ms - resisting moment
d
Beam Section Transformed Stress Diagram of steel d - a/2 Mn = C(d-a/2) or Mn = T(d-a/2)
Section N.A. Mn
d-c Mn = 0.85fc'ab(d-a/2) Mn = Asfs(d-a/2)
e t = e s= fs/Es
where: COMPRESSIVE FORCE OF CONCRETE As T = As fs
h = overall depth of the beam (mm) Beam Section Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
z = steel covering (measure from the centroid of bar) C = 1/2 fc kd b ULTIMATE BENDING MOMENT (Mu)
d = effective depth of the beam (mm) Depth of compression block "a".
d = h -z Mu = fC(d-a/2) = f T(d-a/2)
a = b1 c
As = area of the reinforcement ( square millimeters) TENSILE FORCE OF STEEL
fc' = compressive strength of concrete (MPa) For fc' < 28 MPa , use b1 = 0.85
Mu = f 0.85fc'ab (d-a/2)
fs = tensile strength of steel (MPa) T = As fs For fc' > 28 MPa , Mu = f Asfs (d-a/2)
b = base of the beam (mm)
b1 = 0.85 - 0.05 (fc' - 28) > 0.65
n = modular ratio(always a whole number) where:
7
n = Es /Ec
MOMENT ARM ( jd ) From the stress diagram:
a = depth of equivalent stress block or compression block
As = area of tension reinforcement, square millimeters
d = jd + kd/3 C=T b = width of the compression face of member
LOCATION OF THE NEUTRAL AXIS (kd) j = 1 - k/3 0.85fc'ab = Asfs c = distance from extreme compression fiber to N.A. (mm)

As fs d = distance from extreme compression fiber to

S M N.A. = 0 a = centroid of tension reinforcement (mm)
0.85 fc' b
b(kd)(kd/2) - nAs (d - kd) = 0 Assuming steel yields (fs = fy)
CONSTANT ( k ) MOMENT REDUCTION FACTOR( f )
kd = -------- As fy
n a =
k = ( For Design Only ) 0.85 fc' b
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE TRANSFORMED n + fs/fc TEN I N C NT E
SECTION MINIMUM STEEL RATIO:
If fs > 1000, et > 0.005 use f = 0. 0
The larger value of the ff:
I N.A.= (1/3)(b)(kd)³ + nAs (d - kd)² k = 2rn + (rn)² - rn (For Investigation)
Only ) rmin = 1.40 or rmin = 0.25 fc'
fy fy C MP E I N C NT E
RESISTING MOMENT OF CONCRETE:
STEEL RATIO If fs < fy, et < ey use f = 0. 5
Mc = C(jd) MAXIMUM STEEL RATIO:
Mc = fc/2 (b)(kd)(jd) r = As
bd T AN ITI N C NT E
Mc = (1/2)(fc)(kj)(bd²) rmax = 0.85fc' b1 3
fy 8 If fy < fs < 1000, or ey < et < 0.005 use
RESISTING MOMENT OF STEEL: fs - fy
f = 0. 5 + 0.25
STEEL REINFORCEMENT RATIO: 1000 - fy
Ms = T jd
f = 0. 5 + ( et - ey) 250
ract. = As 3
Ms = As fs jd bd

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b 0.85 fc' 0.003 d'

STEEL REINFORCEMENT INDEX w 5. Compute the reinforcement steel area As 5. Calculate the ultimate moment fMn
a C' e s'
As = rbd As' C
fMn = fC(d-a/2) = f0.85fc ab (d-a/2) c-d' c
w= r fy fMn = fT(d-a/2) = fAsfs (d-a/2) d
6. Check if tension controlled (as initial assumption) for N.A.
fc' d-c
f = 0.90
2. DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM T e t = e s= fs/Es
BEAM COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE (Rn) C=T (DRRB) As
0.85fc'ab = Asfs (assume steel yields)
As fy Beam Section Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
Rn = fc' w ( 1 - 0.59 w) a =
0.85 fc' b b 0.85 fc' From the stress diagram: From the strain diagram:
Mu Solve for fs: a C'
Rn = As' C + C' = T d-c
f bd 2 d-c C fs = 600
fs = 600 0.85fc'ab + As'fs' = Asfy c
c d
c - d'
N.A. fs'= 600 c
If fs ≥ 1000 Mpa, tension controlled, correct assumption
T
ACTUAL VALUE STEEL REINFORCEMENT RATIO: Use: As = r bd As STEPS IN INVESTIGATION PROBLEMS FOR DOUBLY
REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM (DRRB)

STEPS IN INVESTIGATION PROBLEMS FOR SINGLY b 0.85 fc' 1. Calculate the values of r and rmax.
r = 0.85 fc' 1- 1-
2 Rn
REINFORCED RECTANGULAR CONCRETE BEAM a/2
fy 0.85fc' C ract. = As rmax = 0.85fc' b1 3
bd fy 8
d - a/2
As 1 M u1 If r < r max , the beam is SRRB
STEPS IN DESIGN PROBLEMS FOR SINGLY
1. Calculate the values of a and c, assuming steel yields
If r > r max , the beam is DRRB
REINFORCED RECTANGULAR CONCRETE BEAM C=T
T1 = As 1fs
0.85fc'ab = Asfs (assume steel yields, fs = fy) 1st STAGE
As fy 2. Solve for "a"and "c", by assuming steel yields at both
a = tension and compression.
0.85 fc' b d'
1. Compute for the ultimate applied moment As' fs'
Mu = 1.2 M + 1.6 M c = a/b1 C' C + C' = T
As' 0.85fc'ab + As'fs' = Asfy (assume all steel yields)
2. Compute for the coefficient of resistance Rn,
2. Check if steel will yield or not using the calculated values of d - d' 0.85fc'ab + As'fy = Asfy fs'= fs = fy
(assuming f = 0.90 and tension controlled) M u2
Mu a and c. a = _____ c = a/b1 = ______
d-c As 2
Rn = fs = 600
f bd 2 c
T2 = As 2fs 3. Check if compression steel yields.
If fs ≥ fy, steel yields, correct assumption proceed to step 4
3. Calculate the actual value of steel reinforcement: c - d'
Use fs = fy 2nd STAGE fs'= 600 c
fs < fy, steel not yield, wrong assumption,
If fs' ≥ fy, steel yields, correct assumption proceed to step 4
Use fs value computed on step 3
r = 0.85 fc' 1- 1-
2 Rn Use fs' = fy
fy 0.85fc' If fs' < fy, steel not yield, wrong assumption,
3. For fs < fy, calculate the new fs value: 1st STAGE 2nd STAGE
proceed to step 5.
4. Check for the actual r value and compare to rmax and rmin C=T Forces: Forces:
4. Since fs' > fy, compression steel yields (use f = 0.90)
0.85fc'ab = Asfs C = 0.85 fc' ab C' = As' fs'
rmin = 1.40 d-c MU = MU1 + MU2
r 0.85fc' b1 3 0.85fc' b1c = As 600 c T 1 = As 1 fs T2 = As 2 fs
max =
fy
fy 8 choose the c = _____ MU = f 0.85fc'ab(d-a/2) + f As'fy (d-d')
rmin = 0.25 fc' bigger value
Resisting Moment: Resisting Moment:
fy a = b1 c 5. Since fs' < fy, compute the value of fs'
fs = 600
d-c Mu1 = f 0.85fc'ab (d-a/2) Mu2 = f As'fs' (d-d') C + C' = T
Check if rmax < r > rmin c 0.85fc'ab + As'fs' = Asfy
Mu1 = f As1 fs (d-a/2) Mu2 = f As2 fs(d-d')
4. Compute the value of strength reduction factor f using c - d'
0.85fc' b1c + As' 600 c = As fy
If r < rmax, design as singly reinforced, proceed to no. 5 the computed value of fs TOTAL : c - d'
c = _____ fs'= 600 c
r > rmax, design as doubly reinforced If fs > 1000, use f= 0.90 If fs < fy, use f= 0.65
T = T1 + T2 A S = As 1 + As2 a = _____ fs' = _____
fs - fy M = MU1 + MU2
If r < rmin, choose the value of rmin as r If fs > fy and fs<1000, use f = 0.65 + 0.25 MU = MU1 + MU2
1000 - fy MU = f 0.85fc'ab(d-a/2) + f As'fs' (d-d')

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4. T-BEAMS
A. Steps in determining the Tension Steel III. a > t B. Steps in Determining Mu of a T-Beam
Reinforced concrete floor systems normally consist of slabs Area As of a T-Beam with given Mu with given As.
and beams that a replaced monolithically. As a result, the
two parts act together to resist loads. In effect, the beams I. Assume that the entire flange is in compression b 0.85 fc' I. Assume steel yields (fs = fy) and compute the
have extra widths at their tops, called flanges, and the and solve for Mu1: t 1 C1 t/2 0.85 fc' area of compression concrete, Ac
a
resulting T-shaped beams are called T beams. Compression force in concrete: z 2 C2
The analysis of T beams is quite similar to the analysis of d' d-t/2 d'-z/2 C=T
rectangular beams in that the specifications relating to the C = 0.85 fc' b ft
As 0.85 fc' Ac = As fy
strains in the reinforcing are identical. To repeat briefly, it is Mu1 = C(d - t/2) T1 = As1 fy T2 = As 2 fy
desirable to have et values ≥ 0.005, and they may not be less bw Mu1 Mu2
Ac = _____
than 0.004 unless the member is subjected to an axial load ≥ Mu1 = 0.85 fc' b t(d
f - t/2)
Area of compression flange, Af = b f tf
0.10 fc Ag. You will learn that et values are almost always
much larger than 0.005 in T beams because of their very Mu1 = _____________ Mu = Mu1 + Mu2 If Ac < Af, a < t, proceed to Step II
large compression flanges. For such members, the values of c Mu1 = the same value in Step 1 If Ac > Af, a > t, proceed to Step III
are normally very small, and calculated et values very large. If Mu1 > Mu, then a < t, proceed to Step II
Mu2 = Mu - Mu1
If Mu1 < Mu, then a > t, proceed to Step III II. a < t
Mu2 = C 2 (d'-a/2) b 0.85 fc'
t a C =0.85 fc' ab
Mu2 = 0.85 fc' bw z (d'-z/2) d d-a/2
II. a < t
b 0.85 fc' z = _______
t a C =0.85 fc' ab T = As fy
d d-a/2
A. T-Beams B. L-Beams T=C
Solve for a:
b should be smallest of the ff. b should be smallest of the ff. T = As fy As fy = C1 + C2
1. bw + 16t 1. bw + 6t As fy = 0.85 fc' b t + 0.85 fc' bw z Ac = bf (a) Mu = As fy (d-a/2)
2. bw + S1/2 + S2/2 2. bw + S1/2 Solve for a: a = ____
3. bw + Ln/4 3. bw + Ln/12 Mu = C (d-a/2) As = _______
Verify if steel yields(this may not be necessary)
where: Mu = 0.85 fc' ab (d-a/2) Solve fo = 1.4 / fy and compare with As
Ln = clear distance between column supports
min c=a/ 1 fs = 600 (d-c) / c
bwd
a = _______ If fs > fy, steel yields (correct assumption)
Dimensional Limits for ffective verhanging Flange If As > min , design is OK! If fs < fy, steel does not yield (seldom happen)
idth for T-Beams ( SC 2015) T=C bw d
As fy = 0.85 fc' ab III. a > t
As = _______ If As < min , use = min (seldom)
bw d b 0.85 fc'
Solve for As C1 t/2
max and compare with t 1 0.85 fc'
bf d As = min b wd a
z 2 C2
d
If As < max , design is OK! d' d-t/2 d'-z/2
bf d Solve for As max.
As
If As
T1 = As 1 fy T2= As 2 fy
> max , beam needs compression 600 d bw
bf d steel (seldom happen) a=
1
Mu1 Mu2
600 + fy Solve for z:
Solve fo min = 1.4 / fy and compare with As As max = 0.75 A sb
bw d Ac = A f + b w z
0.85 fc' ( b f t + (a-t) b w (see Steps I for values of Ac and Af)
If As > min , design is OK! As max = 0.75
bw d fy Verify if steel yields:
a = t + z = _____
If As < min , use = min (seldom) If As < As max, value is OK
bw d c=a/ 1 = ______ fs = 600(d-c)/c = _____
If As > As max, the beam needs If fs > fy, steel yields (correct assumption)
As = min bw d If fs < fy, steel does not yield (seldom happen)
compression steel (seldom happens)
Mu1 = 0.85 fc' A (d - tf / 2)
Mu2 = 0.85 fc' b w z (d' - z / 2)
Mu = Mu1 + Mu2

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ACI MOMENT COEFFICIENTS (NSCP BEAMS) CODE PROVISION FOR MINIMUM THICKNESS
5. Compute for the coefficient of resistance Rn,
Simplified Method of Analysis for Non-prestressed (assuming f = 0.90 and tension controlled)
Continuous Beams and One-way Slabs Code Provisions: Mu
NSCP Table 409-1 – Minimum Thickness of One-way Slabs Rn =
f bd 2
It shall be permitted to calculate Mu and Vu due to gravity Unless Deflections are Computed
loads in accordance with this section for continuous beams 6. Calculate the actual value of steel reinforcement:
and one-way slabs satisfying (a) through (e) Minimum Thickness, h
a. Members are prismatic
b. Loads are uniformly distributed Simply One-end Both end r = 0.85 fc' 1- 1-
2 Rn
c. L < 3D supported continuous continuous Cantilever fy 0.85fc'
d. There are at least two spans Member
e. The longer of two adjacent spans does not extend the shorter Beams with more than 2 spans supported by columns at both ends Members not supporting or attached to partitions
or other construction likely to be damaged by large 7. Check for the actual r value and compare to rmax and rmin
by more than 20 percent.
deflections
rmin = 1.40
r 0.85fc' b1 3 fy
max = 8
fy choose the
rmin = 0.25 fc' bigger value
Mu due to gravity loads shall be calculated in accordance with Solid one-way fy
the table below: L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
slabs
Check if rmax < r > rmin

If r < rmin, decrease thickness of the slab

Beams with more than 2 spans but supported by spandrel beams at Beams or ribbed r > rmax, increase thickness of the slab
the ends. one-way slabs L/16 L/18.5 L/28 L/10
If rmax < r > rmin compute the value of steel area As

As = rbd
Values given shall be used directly for members with normal
weight concrete (wc = 2300 kg/m3) and Grade 415 reinforcement.
For other conditions, the values shall be modified as follows: 7. Compute the spacing of slab main reinforcement, S
· For structural lightweight concrete having a unit weight in S = Area of the bar (Ab) x 1000
the range 1500-2000 kg/m3, the values shall be multiplied As
by (1.65 – 0.0003wc) but not less than 1.09, where wc is the 8. Compute the steel area of slab temperature bars, Ast
unit weight in kg/m3.
Beams with two spans only supported by columns at both ends. Ast = rbd
• For fy other than 420 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by
(0.4 fy/700). a. Slabs with Grade 280 and Grade 530 deformed bars are used . .
use r = 0.002
b. Slabs where Grade 415 def.bars or welded wire fabric are used . . .
use r = 0.0018
c. Slabs where reinforcement with yield stress exceeding 415 MPa
ONE-WAY SLABS measured at a yield strain of 0.35% is used.....
use r = 0.0018(415)/fy

STEPS IN DESIGNING ONE-WAY SLABS 9. Compute the spacing of temp. bar reinforcement, S

Approximate Shears for Non-Prestressed Continuous Beams Beams with two spans only, supported by spandrel beams at both S = Area of the bar (Ab) x 1000
and One way Slabs ends. 1. Assume thickness of slab as required by the code As
2. Consider one meter strip of the slab, where b = 1000 mm
3. Compute factored load and ultimate moment SPACING OF BAR DIAM T R
4. Compute value of d; d= h – clear covering – ½(bar diameter) Main bar : 100 < S < 3t or 450mm
( if S < 100mm, increase bar diameter
Temperature bars : S < 5t or 450mm whichever is smaller
where:

w = total unit load per unit length Slabs with spans not exceeding 3 m.
L = clear span for positive moment and shear
average of adjacent spans for negative moments

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PROBLEM 11
SAMPLE PROBLEMS PROBLEM 5 For the beam shown, if fc'= 34 MPa and fy = 415 MPa,
PROBLEM 16
A 6-m simply supported reinforced concrete rectangular beam is 250 a. Compute the distance from NA to the centroid of the tension steel. A simply – supported beam is reinforced with 4 – 28 mmØ at the bottom
mm wide. The effective depth of the beam is 500 mm. Concrete cover b. Compute the strain in the compression steel. and 2 – 28 mmØ at the top of the beam. Steel covering to centroid of
ANALYSIS/INVESTIGATION ON RECTANGULAR BEAMS c. The design moment in kiloNewton-meter. reinforcement is 70 mm at the top and bottom of the beam. The beam
for tension and compression bars is 100 mm. It is reinforced for
tension only with 3-25mm diameter bars. It carries a 150 mm thick has a total depth of 400 mm and a width of 300 mm. fc’ = 30 MPa fy =
300 415 MPa.
PROBLEM 1 slab which is 5 meters wide. Weight of concrete is 24 kN/m^3. Fy =
248 MPa and fc' = 28 MPa. Using USD, What is the unfactored uniform a. Determine the depth of compression block.
Given the following data for a singly reinforced rectangular beam: b = 300 65
b. Determine the design strength of the beam.
liveload in kN/m.
mm, h = 500 mm, fc' = 21 MPa, fy = 414 MPa. Steel covering is 65 mm. The 3-20Ø c. Determine the live load at the midspan in addition to a DL = 20 kN/m
beam is reinforced with 6-25 mm diameter bars (tension only). Determine including the weight of the beam if it has a span of 6 m. Use U = 1.2D
the following: + 1.6L
a. The reinforcement ratio in percent PROBLEM 6 500
b. The depth of compression concrete block in millimeters. A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 250 mm and a total depth of PROBLEM 17
c. The design moment in kiloNewton-meter. 450 mm. It is reinforced with a total steel area of 1875 mm2 placed at
an effective depth of 375 mm. fc’ = 27.6 MPa, fy = 414.7 MPa. 5-32Ø A reinforced concrete beam 300 mm width has an effective depth of 450
a. Determine the depth of compression block. mm. It is reinforced with 6 - 32mmØ at the tension side and 2 - 28mmØ
PROBLEM 2 65 at the compression side located 65 mm from the top. Fy = 345 MPa, fc'
b. Determine the moment capacity reduction factor.
A rectangular beam has b = 320 mm and h = 550 mm. The beam is = 345 MPa, fc' = 34.5 MPa. Assume all steel yields and the contribution
c. Determine the factored moment capacity of the beam.
reinforced with 3-28mm diameter at the top, Ec = 32 900 MPa, fy = 350 of compression steel may not be neglected. what the nominal moment
MPa and 60mm clear cover from the top and bottom of the beam.
Compute the steel reinforcement index.
PROBLEM 12 capacity of the beam.
A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a width of 350 mm, effective
depth of 650 mm. The steel covering both top and bottom PROBLEM 18
PROBLEM 3 PROBLEM 7 reinforcement is 65 mm. It is reinforced for tension As = 4000 mm²
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the doubly-reinforced beam
and for compression As' = 1000 mm². If fc' = 21 MPa and fy = 400
The beam shown is reinforced with 5-25mmØ at the bottom and A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth section shown if fc’= 34.5 MPa and fy = 345 MPa( Refer to figure)
MPa.
3-20mmØ at the top. of 410 mm. The beam is reinforced for tension with a steel area of 3690 a. What is the depth of compression block? 300
Given data: mm2. fc’ = 27.1 MPa, fy = 414.7 MPa b. What is the nominal moment capacity of the beam?
fc'= 34 MPa fy = 415 MPa fyv = 275 MPa a. Compute the actual tensile stress of the reinforcing bars. c. What is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam?
Lateral ties = 12 mmØ b = 260 mm b. Compute the factored moment capacity of the beam.

60
a. Which of the ff. most nearly gives the flexural design analysis of the
beam.
A. SRRB B. DRRB PROBLEM 13 2-28Ø
C. T-beam D. None of the above A reinforced concrete beam having a width of 300mm and an effective
PROBLEM 8 depth of 400mm is reinforced with a total tensile area of 2500 mm2.

560
b. Compute the distance of the centroid of tensile reinforcements to
the neutral axis in millimeters. fc’= 21MPa fy = 415 MPa
A reinforced concrete beam with b = 300 mm and d = 525 mm is reinforced Cover to the centroid of reinforcements = 70mm
c. Calculate the nominal moment capacity of the beam in kN-m. 6-32Ø
with 5-25mmØ bars. Use fc' = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. a. Determine the depth of compression block.
a. Which of the following gives the failure classification of the section. b. Determine the ultimate moment capacity.

100
60 A. Compression Controls c. Determine the compressive force of concrete.
B. Transition Controls allowed by NSCP
C. Tension Controls
D. Transition Controls not allowed by NSCP
b. Calculate the tensile force (kN) of the tension reinforcements.
PROBLEM 14 PROBLEM 19
575 c. Calculate the design moment capacity of the beam
A fixed ended beam with width “b” = 400mm, total depth “h’ = 500mm, is A reinforced concrete beam with b = 300 mm, h = 450 mm, d = 380 mm,
subjected to factored design forces resulting to factored moment at the fc' = 30 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, with simple span of 5 meters carries the
fixed ends 440 kN-m. fc’= 20.7 MPa following loads other than its own weight. Sp.gr. of concrete is 2.4.
fy = 415 MPa ,concrete cover to the centroid of steel = 65 mm Superimposed dead load -------------------- 16 kN/m
PROBLEM 9 a. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of concrete. Live Load ---------------------------------------- 14 kN/m
60 A reinforced concrete beam with width of 380 mm and 520 mm deep must b. Determine the tension reinforcement required for factored moment. a. Compute the maximum moment at the ultimate condition in kN-m?
resist a service live load moment of 150 kN-m and a service dead load c. Determine the compression reinforcement requiredfor factored b. If the design ultimate moment is 200 kN-m, compute the number of
b moment of 250 kN-m. fc'= 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Effective concrete moment 16 mm bars required.
cover is 65 mm and Ø = 0.90. c. If the beam carries only an ultimate concentrated load of 50 kN at
PROBLEM 4 midspan neglecting its weight, what is the number of 16 mm bars
a. Compute the force (kN) of compression steel reinforcements. PROBLEM 15 required.
Beam section is b = 300mm, h = 450 mm. Effective depth is 380 mm. b. Compute the number of 20 mm dia. compression steel. A 12m simply supported beam is provided by an additional support at
Compressive strength of concrete fc’ = 30 MPa, steel strength fy = 415 c. Compute the number of 25 mm dia. tension steel. midspan. The beam has a width of b= 300mm and a total depthh =
MPa. The beam is simply supported on a span of 5m and carries the 450mm. It isreinforced with 4 – 25mm dia. at the tension side and 2 – PROBLEM 20
following loads: 25mm dia. at the compression side with 70mm cover to centroid of A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth
Superimposed dead load = 16 kN/m PROBLEM 10 reinforcements. fc’ = 30 MPa, of 600 mm. Compressive reinforcement (if required) will be placed at d' =
live load = 14 kN/m A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 400 mm and an effective depth fy = 415 MPa. Use NSCP 2015 PROVISIONS 60 mm. fc' = 27.5 MPa, fy = 415 MPa. Use NSCP 2010. The beam is to
U = 1.2D + 1.6L of 600 mm. It is reinforced for tension with 4 – 28 mm ø bars. fc’ = a. Determine the depth of compression block. support a factored bending moment of 670 kN-m.
a. What is the maximum moment at ultimate condition? b. Determine the nominal bending moment.
20.7 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa. a. Calculate the area of of the steel required as tension reinforcement of
b. Find the number of 16mm dia. bars required if the design moment c. Determine the total factored uniform load including
a. Determine the percent increase in nominal moment if the depth is the strain in the extreme tension steel is 0.004.
at ultimate load is 200 kN-m.c the beam’s weight
increased to 700 mm. b. Determine the area of steel required as tension reinforcement if the
c. Find the number of 16mm dia. bars required if the ultimate
b. Determine the percent increase in nominal moment if fc’ is increased minimum strain in the extreme tension steel is limited to 0.005.
concentrated load at the midspan is 50kN to 27.6 MPa.
c. Determine the percent increase in nominal moment if the steel is
change to 4 – 32 mm ø.

CECC-483 CE COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ------ CC2 CECC-483
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T-BEAMS SHEAR STRESS ON BEAMS CRACKING MOMENT, LIVELOAD REDUCTION,

NSCP SHEAR AND MOMENT COEFFICIENT PROBLEM 36
The section of a solid one-way slab is shown . The concrete is lightweight
PROBLEM 21 PROBLEM 28 with density of 1950 kg/m³. The reinforcing steel used has a yield
strength of fy = 276 MPa.
T-Beam section with bf = 500mm and tf = 125 mm, bw = 250 mm and d = Refer to figure below, the design of a beam yields the following:
As = 5-28mmØ As' = 4-28mmØ fc' = 34 MPa PROBLEM 33
560 mm if reinforced with 5-28mmØ. Use fc’= 21MPa and fy= 414 MPa. S-01 S-02 S-03
ds = 10 mmØ ties fy = 413 MPa fyv = 275 MPa From the figure shown, the beam carries a service dead load of 1 kN/m and
a. Compute the depth of compression block in mm.
h1 = 110 mm h2 = 490 mm b = 400 mm a service live load of 2.5 kN/m.
b. Determine the nominal moment capacity of the T-beam in kN-m. 4m 8m 6m
a. Effective cover to the centroid of As = 75 mmCompute the shear
strength (kN) provided by 12 mm diameter ties spaced at 120 mm
PROBLEM 22 center to center. a. Compute the minimum thickness of slab S-01.
b. Compute the shear strength provide by concrete in kiloNewtons b. Compute the minimum thickness of slab S-02.
A reinforced concrete T-beam with bf = 813 mm, d = 300mm, bw = considering a lightweight concrete. c. Compute the minimum thickness of slab S-03.
200mm, t = 102mm, fc' = 20.7 MPa and fy = 414 MPa is to be designed to c. The beam is to be redesigned for a shear force of 455 kN. Using 10mm
carry a factored moment of 221 kN-m. Determine the required steel area diameter ties spaced at 100 mm center to center, how much is the
As in square millimeters. required width (mm) of the beam? Assume a normal concrete PROBLEM 37
The one-way slab has a thickness of 200 mm. It is reinforced with 25 mmØ
PROBLEM 23 As' h1
bars spaced at 150 mm on center. Clear covering of 18.75 mm, fc' = 20.7
A floor system shown in the figure consists of a 75 mm concrete slab MPa, fy = 276.5 MPa, wt. of concrete is 24 kN/m³. Span of slab is 3.6 m
a. Which of the following gives the factored uniform load? center to center of support. Compute the service live load in kPa that the
Supported by continuous T beams with a 7.5 m span, 1.2 m on centers. d
b. Which of the following gives the factored moment at C. slab could carry, assuming the only dead load is the weight of the slab.(Use
Web dimensions, as determined are bw=275mm and d=500mm. What h2 c. Which of the following gives the factored moment at H. NSCP 2010)
tensile steel area is required at midspan to resist a factored moment of
725 kN-m if fy=420 MPa and fc’=21 MPa? As

b
PROBLEM 34
PROBLEM 24 For the framing plan shown, the design live load of the structure is 2.4 kPa.
PROBLEM 38
A T-beam having a span of 6 m has a web thickness of 300 mm and an PROBLEM 29 Using Floor live load reduction in NSCP 2015 A 3-meter one-way slab with more than 2 spans is 100 mm thick and
overall depth of 610 mm with 60 mm steel covering. The beams are A reinforced concrete beam has a simple span of 4.5 meters and carries a a. Compute the concentrated load on beam BC due to live load in KN. supported by 300 mm x 600 mm beam. It is reinforced with 6-10 mmØ
spaced 1.20 m center to center and the slab thickness is 100 mm. Use dead load of 20 kN/m and live load of 35 kN/m. fc' = 28 MPa, fyv = 276 b. Compute the axial load of column G due to live load KN. bars per meter length at the most critical section. Unit weight of concrete
ultimate strength design with fc' = 28 MPa and fy = 400 MPa. If an MPa for stirrups, fy = 415 MPa for main bars. Use steel covering of 75 mm. is 24 kN/m³, fc' = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Clear cover is 20 mm.
ultimate moment is 1300 kN-m, what is the required steel area in The width of the beam is 250 mm. At what point is the web 5m 6m 7m a. Compute the flexural strength (kN-m) of the slab per meter length.
square millimeters? reinforcement no longer required measured from the support in meters? b. Compute the total factored uniform load (kN/m) the slab could
A B C M support per length.
PROBLEM 25 c. Compute the maximum service floor live load (kPa) the slab could
PROBLEM 30 4m support?
A T-beam has the following properties:
bf = 820 mm, bw = 250 mm, A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 320 mm, effective depth of 640
d = 470 mm tf = 100 mm. mm. If the conc. strength is 25 MPa and the reinforcing steel strength fy =
400 MPa, the design shear force which results from the application of
D E F N PROBLEM 39
Concrete compressive strength us 20.7 MPa
yield strength of steel is 414 MPa. factored loads is 200 kN. What is the shear capacity of stirrups. A three-span continuous one-way skab with clear spans of 3.5 meters and
5m thickness of 100 mm is supported on beams 300 mm wide. The slab has an
Compute the require tensile steel area if MDL = 150 kN-m
and MLL = 120 kN-m. effective depth of 74 mm and carries a total factored floor load of 8.54 kPa.
PROBLEM 31 fc' = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Unit wt of concrete is 23.50 kN/m³.
G H I O
A simply supported beam 6 meters long is 300 mm wide with an effective a. Compute the moment at the most critical section of the interior slab
depth of 500 mm. It supports a total factored uniform load of 120 considering 1 m strip.
PROBLEM 26 kN/m. fc'= 28 MPa, fy = 415 MPa and fyt = 275 MPa. 6m
b. Compute the spacing of 12 mmØ main reinforcing bars at at the
A precast concrete T-beam section has a flange width of 600 mm, flange a. Calculate the factored shear at critical section. most critical section of the interior slab.
thickness of 100 mm, width of web of 350 mm, effective depth of 580 mm J K L P
b. Compute the nominal shear strength provided by concrete.
and total depth of 650 mm. Use fc'= 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. The section c. When the shear reinforcement is required, determine the minimum
is reinforced with 5-28mmØ barasin tension. reinforcement area set by the code if the spacing is 250 mm. PROBLEM 40
a. Compute the depth of compression block. d. Find the distance from the supports where stirrups are no longer The figure shown is a continuous beam having given clear spans of
b. Compute the strain tn the tension steel. required. PROBLEM 35 L1 = 6 m., L2 = 7 m and L3 = 8 m. It carries a uniform dead load of 12
c. Compute the design strength of the beam. e. Calculate the theoretical spacing of 10 mmØ stirrups using the shear kN/m and a uniform live load of 30 kN/m. It is required to compute the
The beam is simply supported over a span of 5 m. The concrete following. Use NSCP moment coefficients.
d. Determine the total factored uniform load including the beam's at the critical section. compressive strength is equal to 34 MPa and the ft = 0.10 fc' .The plane
weight if it has a simple span of 8 m. a. Which of the following most nearly gives the moment at A.
concrete beam has the following dimensions: b. Which of the following most nearly gives the moment at B.
b = 300 mm h = 600 mm c. Which of the following most nearly gives the moment at C.
PROBLEM 32 a. Compute the bending moment (kN-m) that will cause the beam to crack.
PROBLEM 27
A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide with an effective depth of 500
A reinforced concrete T-beam has an effective depth of 600mm and has b. If the beam is cast with the provision of 180 mm diameter pipe with its
mm. fc'= 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPs. The section is to be reinforced for
reinforcement of 4,926mm2 at the bottom. The web has a width of pipe center is located 300 mm from the top of the section, by how
shear using 10 mmØ stirrups. much is the cracking moment in kN-m.
300mm and the slab thickness is 100mm. The beam is simply supported a. Compute the required stirrup spacing if the factored shear at critical
beam of 6-m clear span and spaced 1.8m center to center. If the f’c = c. If the beam is replaced with a T-beam with 800mm x 275 mm flange and
section is 60 kN. 250 mm x 825 mm web, compute its cracking moment.
21MPa; Fy = 415MPa
b. Compute the required stirrup spacing if the factored shear at critical
a. Determine the effective width of the flange.
section is 215 kN.
b. Determine the depth of compression block.
c. Compute the required stirrup spacing if the factored shear at critical
c. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
section is 350 kN.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Steel MODULUS OF RUPTURE OF CONCRETE, fr CALCULATION OF TIME-DEPENDENT DEFLECTIONS

fs - allowable tensile stress of steel (MPa) Modulus of rupture, fr, for concrete shall be calculated by:
CONCRETE Unless values from a more comprehensive analysis, additional
fs - 0.50 fy ( beams/slabs/footings) time dependent deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of
a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock or other aggregates held fs - 0.40 fy ( columns) fr = 0.62 l fc' (MPa)
flexural members shall be calculated as the product of the immediate
together in a rock-like mass with a paste of cement and water. where the value of λ is modification factor deflection caused by the sustained load and the factor λΔ.
fy - yield stress of steel (MPa)
ADMIXTURES gsteel - unit weight of steel Lightweight Concrete x
materials added to concrete to change certain characteristics - 77 KN/m3 To account for the properties of lightweight concrete, a modification lD =
such as workability, durability and time of hardening. factor λ is used as a multiplier of fc' in all applicable provisions of 1 + 50 r '
Ec - modulus of elasticity of concrete
this Code.
- 200,000 MPa
JOSEPH ASPDEN Modification Factor
where:
lD = Time-dependent factor for sustained load
an English bricklayer who obtained a patent for Portland WSD & SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS - BEAMS Concrete l x = Multiplier used for additional deflection due to long-term
cement All-lightweight 0.75 effects
PERMISSIBLE SERVICE LOAD STRESSES Lightweight, fine blend 0.75 to 0.85 p'= shall be calculated at mid-span for simple and
JOSEPH MONIER Sand-lightweight 0.85 continuous spans, and at the support for cantilevers.
Stresses in concrete shall not exceed:
a Frenchman who invented reinforced concrete a received a
patent for the const. of concrete basins and tubs and reservoirs
Flexure ---------------- 0.45 fc' Sand-lightweight, coarse blend 0.85 to 1.00
p' = As'
bd
at midspan for simple and continuous beams
Tensile stress in reinforcement fs shall not exceed Normal-weight 1.00
reinforced w/ wire mesh and iron wire in 1867.
For rade 280 MPa ---------- 140 MPa As
If the measured average splitting tensile strength of lightweight p = for cantilever beams
For rade 420 MPa ---------- 170 MPa concrete, fct, is used to calculate λ, laboratory test shall be
bd

DESIGN METHODS: conducted in accordance with ASTM C330M to establish the value of In the equation above, values of the time dependent factor for
fct and the corresponding value of fcm and λ shall be calculated by: sustained load, ξ
1. WSD - Working Stress Design, Alternate
fct Time-Dependent Factor for Sustained Loads
Stress Design,or Straight-Line Design For investigation of stresses at service loads, straight-line theory (for l = < 1.0
flexure) shall be used with the following assumptions. 0.56 fcm Sustained Load Duration Time-Dependent factor, x
2. USD - Ultimate Stress Design or Strength Design a. Strains vary linearly as the distance from the neutral axis, 3 months 1.0
except for deep flexural members with overall depth-span The concrete mixture tested in order to calculate λ shall be 1.20
6 months
ratios greater than 2/5 for continuous spans and 4/5 for representative of that to be used in the Work.
I. WORKING STRESS DESIGN simple spans, a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be where: 12 months (1 year) 1.40
considered. fcm = measured average compressive strength of 60 or more months (5 years) 2.0
b. Stress-strain relationship of concrete is a straight line under concrete, MPa.
PERMISSIBLE SERVICE LOAD STRESSES service loads within permissible service load stresses.
c. In reinforced concrete members, concrete resists no tension. CALCULATION OF IMMEDIATE DEFLECTIONS
a. Stresses in concrete shall not exceed: d. It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio n = Es/Ec, as FACTORED LOAD COMBINATION
Flexure ------ 0.45 fc' the nearest whole number (but NOT less than 6). Except for For non-prestressed members, effective moment of inertia, Ie, shall
calculations for deflections, value of n for lightweight concrete be calculated (show below) unless obtained by a more (1) 1.4D
b. Tensile stress in reinforcement fs shall not exceed
shall be assumed to be the same as for normal weight comprehensive analysis, but Ie shall not be greater than Ig. (2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R )
For Flexural reinforcement ------0.50fc'
concrete of the same strength.
e. In doubly reinforced flexural members, an effective modular (3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R ) + ( 0.5L or 0.8W )
3 3
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: ratio of 2Es/Ec shall be used to transform compression Icr < Ie = Mcr Ig + 1 - Mcr Icr < Ig (4) 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 0.5( Lr or S or R )
reinforcement for stress computations. Compressive stress in Ma Ma
Concrete such reinforcement shall NOT exceed permissible tensile (5) 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S
stress. (6) 0.9D + ( 1.6W or 1.0E )
fc - allowable compressive stress of conc. where:
Icr = Moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to
- 0.45 fc' ( beams/slabs/footings) concrete.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY DL - Dead Load E - Earthquake Load
- 0.25 fc' ( columns) Ie = Effective moment of inertia for computation of
deflection. LL - Live Load H - Earth Pressure
fc' - specified compressive strength of conc.
For concrete shall be permitted to be taken as Ig = Moment of inertia of gross concrete section about the W - Wind Load
at 28 days curing (MPa)
1.5 centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement.
- unit weight of concrete Wc 0.043 fc' (MPa) Mcr = Cracking moment.
conc.
for values of Wc between 1,440 and 2,560 kg/m³. Ma = Maximum moment in member at stage deflection is
- 23.54 KN/m 3 computed.
Ec - modulus of elasticity of concrete For normal weight concrete, Ec shall be permitted to be taken as
Cracking Moment, Mcr, is calculated by:
4700 fc' (MPa)
for values of W��between 1,440 and 2,560 kg/m³.
fr Ig
1.5 Mcr = yt
Ec - Wc 0.043 fc' (MPa)

For normal weight concrete,

where:
yt = Distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting
Ec - 4700 fc' (MPa)
reinforcement.

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