Dot Net 3

Q1. data types in C#

• C# mainly categorized data types in two types:
(a) Value Types: Value types include simple types such as int, float, bool and char also
include Enum types, struct types and Nullable value.
(b) Reference Types: Reference types include class types, interface types, delegate
types and array types.

Q2. Struct type from Value type

• Struct types are a special form of classes having the properties of value types.
• As you know that the value types are stored on the stack; inherently the struct
type are also stored on the stack.
• The struct types can be copied and created efficiently, as stacks are the efficient
and convenient means of storing and accessing the types.
• The struct types encapsulate small group of related variables, they can contain
constructors, methods, properties, operators, events, nested types, indexes,
constants etc.
• While creating the struct type, you should remember that struct members cannot
be declared as protected as they fail to support inheritance.
• User can create struct type by using the struct keyword, when user create a struct
object and assign it to a variable, the variable holds the value of the struct object.

Q3. Enumeration type

• Enumerations are user-defined integer data types that are declared using the
enum keyword.
• Using enumeration, you can define a set of named integral constants that can
be assigned to a variable.
• Enumerations are strongly typed constants, which allow you to assign
symbolic names to integral values.
Q4. c# built-in reference types
1. Dynamics Type
2. Object Type
3. String Type

1. Dynamic Type
• The Dynamic Type performs the type checking of the dynamic type variable at
run time instead of compile time.
• Using the dynamic keyword, one can declare a dynamic type variable.
• Example: dynamic dyn=10;
2. Object Type:
• The object type enables user to assign value of any type to the variable of
object type.
• Object is an alias for the predefined System.
• Object class, type checking of the variable of object type is performed at
compile time.
• Example: Object x; X=15;
3. String Type:
• String type enables you to design string values to the variable of string type.
• The string type is an alias for the System.String class.
• It is an unchangeable sequence of Unicode characters contained within
double quotes.
Q5. Boxing and unboxing
• Boxing and Unboxing are important concepts used in the C# type systems
• They are used to create a link between the two major data types in C# that is
value type and reference type.
• All value types are stored in stack, but in some situations, they need to be
referenced as heap.
• As reference types are stored in heap; therefore, you can convert the value
type into reference type. This conversion is called as Boxing.
• Boxing is required in situations when a value type is converted into a base
object on an interface. The Common Language Runtime (CLR) converts the
value type to reference type.
• CLR allocates memory on heap and then copies the value type instance to it.
• Unboxing is the process of converting an instance of object type or interface
back to value type. This is done explicitly by using unboxing.

Q6.Delegates
• delegate is a type that represents references to methods with a particular
parameter list and return type.
• When you instantiate a delegate, you can associate ts instance with any
method with a compatible signature and return type.
• C# delegates are similar to pointers to functions, in C or C++.
• A delegate is a reference type variable that holds the reference to a method.
The reference can be changed at runtime.
• Delegate is also used to declare an Event and an Anonymous Method

Q7.Method Overloading:
• Method overloading is a concept in which a method behaves according to the
number and types of parameters passes to it.
• In method overloading, user can define many methods with the same name
but different signatures.
• A method signature is the combination of the method's name along with the
number, type and order of the parameters.
• When user call overloaded methods, a compiler automatically determines
which method should be used according to the signature specified in the
method call.
• Method overloading is used when methods are required to perform similar
task but with different input parameters.
Q8. Method Overriding
• Method Overriding in C# is similar to the virtual function in C++.
• Method Overriding is a technique that allows the invoking of functions from
another class (base class) in the derived class.
• Creating a method in the derived class with the same signature as a method in
the base class is called as method overriding.
• In simple words, Overriding is a feature that allows a subclass or child class to
provide a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by one
of its super-classes or parent classes.
• Method overriding is one of the ways by which C# achieve Run Time
Polymorphism

Q9. types of keywords for Method Overriding:

1. virtual keyword: This modifier or keyword use within base class method. It is used
to modify a method in base class for overridden that particular method in the
derived class.
2. override: This modifier or keyword use with derived class method. It is used to
modify a virtual or abstract method into derived class which presents in base class.
3. base Keyword: This is used to access members of the base class from derived class.
It basically used to access constructors and methods or functions of the base class. 0
Base keyword specifies which constructor of the base class should be invoked while
creating the instances of the derived class.

Q10. Inheritance
• The most important reason to use OOP is to promote reusability of code and
eliminate the redundant code.
• To reduce redundancy, the object-oriented languages support Inheritance.
• Inheritance is the property through which a class derives properties from an
class.
• A class that inherits the properties of another class is called a child or derived
• whereas, the class from which the child class inherits properties is known a
parent or base class.
• C# supports single inheritance, hierarchical inheritance and multilevel
inheritance because there is only a single base class.
• It does not support multiple inheritances directly.
• To implement multiple inheritances, you need to use interfaces.
 Types of inheritance:
1. Single Inheritance: Refers to inheritance in which there is only one base
class and one derived class. This means that a derived class inherits properties
from single base class.
2. Hierarchical Inheritance: Refers to inheritance in which multiple derived
classes are inherited from the same base class.
3. Multilevel Inheritance: Refers to inheritance in which a child class is derived
from a class, which in turn is derived from another class.

Q11. Constructors
• A constructor is called when an object is first created.
• The constructor is called with the same name as the class
• You can use a constructor to initialize objects and set any parameters.
• In addition, you can write constructors to accept argument.

Q 12. Why Access Modifiers?

• To control the visibility of class members
• To achieve "Encapsulation", this is the process of making sure that "sensitive"
data is hidden from users.
• Access modifiers help to avoid jumbling of data and methods with the existing
code as well as protect an object of a class from outside interference.
• These modifiers do this by defining a certain scope to access data and
methods in a restricted manner.
• You can declare a class and each of its methods with an access modifier.
List of modifiers:
1. public modifier: Allows public access to members both inside and outside a class
without any restrictions.
2. internal modifier: Allows internal access to members. Only the current assembly
can access these members. If a member of the internal accessibility level is accessed
outside the assembly in which it has been defined, an error is generated.
3. protected modifier: Allows protected access to members. You can access
protected members from either the class in which they are declared or a class
derived from the class in which they are declared
4. private modifier: Allows private access to members. Private members have the
least access permission level; you can either access them within the body of the class
or in the structure in which they are declared.
5. protected internal modifier: Allows access to the members of the current
assembly, the containing class, and the class derived from the containing class.

Q13. Use of 'this' Keyword:

• The this keyword refers to the current instance of a class.
• With the this keyword, you can access an instance of a class and use it with
instance methods, instance constructors and instance properties.

Q14.Properties of an Array:
1. Length Property: User can access the length of an array which specifies the
number of elements that can be stored in the array.
Example: int len X. Length;
2. GetLowerBound(): User can find out lower boundary of an Array, returns an inter
bound value.
Example: X. Get LowerBound();
3. GetUpperBound(): User can find out upper boundary of an Array, returns an
integer bound value.
Example: X. GetUpperBound()