Instant Download Electrical Circuits in Biomedical Engineering Problems With Solutions 1st Edition Ali Ümit Keskin (Auth.) PDF All Chapters
Instant Download Electrical Circuits in Biomedical Engineering Problems With Solutions 1st Edition Ali Ümit Keskin (Auth.) PDF All Chapters
Instant Download Electrical Circuits in Biomedical Engineering Problems With Solutions 1st Edition Ali Ümit Keskin (Auth.) PDF All Chapters
com
https://textbookfull.com/product/electrical-
circuits-in-biomedical-engineering-problems-with-
solutions-1st-edition-ali-umit-keskin-auth/
https://textbookfull.com/product/problems-in-quantum-mechanics-with-
solutions-2nd-edition-emilio-demilio/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/fundamentals-of-astronomy-2nd-
edition-cesare-barbieri/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/final-judgment-the-missing-link-in-
the-jfk-assassination-conspiracy-michael-collins-piper/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-government-and-politics-of-the-
european-union-nugent/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/how-the-essay-film-thinks-1st-
edition-laura-rascaroli/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-paradox-of-creativity-in-art-
education-bourdieu-and-socio-cultural-practice-kerry-thomas/
textbookfull.com
Early Study Abroad and Identities Korean Early Study
Abroad Undergraduates 1st Edition Mun Woo Lee (Auth.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/early-study-abroad-and-identities-
korean-early-study-abroad-undergraduates-1st-edition-mun-woo-lee-auth/
textbookfull.com
Ali Ümit Keskin
Electrical Circuits
in Biomedical
Engineering
Problems with Solutions
Electrical Circuits in Biomedical Engineering
Ali Ümit Keskin
Electrical Circuits
in Biomedical Engineering
Problems with Solutions
123
Ali Ümit Keskin
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Yeditepe University
Istanbul
Turkey
v
vi Preface
It is hoped that the book will be helpful for students, as well as for engineers in
analyzing and/or designing practical biomedical instrumentation circuits.
Acknowledgements: The author thanks particularly the research assistants,
Kübra Öztürk, Anil Ozdemirli, Betül Yardibi, Ibrahim Kapici, Ahmet Yetkin,
Surhan Bozkurt, Ercument Cenap Turan, and Sinan Yagcioglu of Biomedical and
Electrical Engineering Departments at Yeditepe, who supported this work with
critical comments and discussions at various stages of its preparation.
Finally, I wish to express my deep appreciation to my wife, Naciye, for her
encouragement, continued support, and understanding.
1 Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Electric Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy,
and Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Laws, Parallel–Series Connection of
Resistors and Sources, Delta–Wye Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3 Resistivity and Resistance, Voltage and Current Division,
Resistive Sensors and Mixture Models, Blood Cell Counting,
Wheatstone Bridge, Infinite Ladders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2 Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.1 Nodal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.2 Mesh Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.3 Linearity and Superposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
2.4 Source Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
2.5 Thévenin–Norton Equivalent Circuits and Maximum Power
Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 165
3 Capacitors and First-Order RC Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
3.1 Capacitors, Permittivity, Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
3.2 First-Order RC Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
4 Inductors and First-Order RL Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
4.1 Inductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
4.2 First-Order RL Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
5 Second-Order Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
5.1 Second-Order RLC Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
vii
viii Contents
ix
The following are trademarks or registered
trademarks of respective holders:
xi
Visit https://textbookfull.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks, textbook
and enjoy exciting offers!
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
Problem 1.1.2 How much charge passes through a cross section of a conductor in
60 s if a dc current value is measured as 0.1 mA?
Solution
q ¼ it ¼ 107 60 ¼ 6 106 C ¼ 6 lC
Problem 1.1.3 How much charge passes through a cross section of a conductor in
60 s if a current value is given as iðtÞ ¼ 5t mA; t in s?
Solution
Problem 1.1.4 Determine the total charge entering a terminal between t = 0 s and
t = 10 s if the current passing the terminal is
1
iðtÞ = pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi A
5t + 2
Solution
Z10 Z10
1
q¼ iðtÞdt ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dt;
5t þ 2
0 0
Let u ¼ 5t þ 2, then
du 1
¼5 ! dt ¼ du
dt 5
Z10
1 2 1 10 2 1 10
u2 du ¼
1
q¼ u2 ¼ ð5t þ 2Þ2 ¼ 2:319 C
5 5 0 5 0
0
60
i¼ ¼ 2A
30
60 Ah 60 5000
t¼ ¼ ¼ 5000 h ¼ ¼ 208:3 days
12 V 12 103 24
1000 X
Problem 1.1.7 A 6 V battery is rated at 2.4 Ah has a lifetime of 10 h.
1.1 Electric Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy, and Sources 3
Solution
(a) The maximum current this battery can supply for 10 h is
2:4
i¼ ¼ 240 mA
10
Problem 1.1.9 To move a charge q from point a to point b, requires (−10) J. Find
the voltage drop if,
(a) q = 2 C, (b) q = −5 C.
Solution
W 10
(a) Vab ¼ ¼ ¼ 5 V
q 2
W 10
(b) Vab ¼ ¼ ¼ 2V
q 5
Problem 1.1.10 Prove the electrical power relationship, P ¼ v i, where v and i are
symbols for instantaneous voltage and current on a load.
4 1 Basic Concepts
Solution
If q represents electric charge, the current is defined by simple differential equation,
@q
i¼
@t
@W
v¼
@q
@q @W @W
iv¼ : ¼
@t @q @t
p ¼ 1 HP ¼ 0:746 kW
E ¼ ð pÞt ¼ 0:746 kW 1 h ¼ 0:746 kWh
cos t ¼ 0:746 10 30 13 ¼ $ 29:09
Problem 1.1.12 A lightning bolt with 10 kA strikes an arrester for 14 ls. How
much charge is transferred to the arrester?
Solution
p 75
p ¼ vi ! i¼ ¼ ¼ 0:341 A
v 220
q ¼ i t ¼ 0:341 10 3600 ¼ 12;272 C
N ¼ 12;272 6:24 1018 ¼ 76;581 1018 ¼ 7:6581 1022 electrons
1.1 Electric Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy, and Sources 5
Solution
P
16
(a) E ¼ Pt ¼ 300 2 þ 600 1 þ 900 1 þ 300 1 þ 600 1 þ 300 2
i¼8
E ¼ 3600 Wh ¼ 3:6 kWh
3:6
(b) Pav ¼ ¼ 0:15 kW
24
Solution
(a) R ¼ R0 ½1 þ aðT T0 Þ ¼ 98½1 þ 0:0004 ð37 20Þ ¼ 98:6664 X
(b) R ¼ 98½1 þ 0:0004 ð0 20Þ ¼ ð1 0:008Þ þ 98 ¼ 97:2160 X
(c) R ¼ 98½1 þ 0:0004 ð500 20Þ ¼ ð1 þ 0:192Þ 98 ¼ 116:8160 X
V 230 VðrmsÞ
R¼ ¼ ¼ 23 X
I 10 AðrmsÞ
R ¼ R 0 ½ 1 þ að T T 0 Þ
Problem 1.1.18 During stimulation of an excitable cell, current and voltage vari-
ation as functions of time are given as
iðtÞ ¼ 3t ½A t 0
vðtÞ ¼ 10 e ; 6t
½V t 0
Determine the energy consumed (in micro joules) between 0 and 2 ms.
1.1 Electric Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy, and Sources 7
Solution
Z 3
210 Z 3
210 Z 3
210
Zb Zb
u dv ¼ u vjba v du
a a
with
1
u ¼ t; du ¼ dt; dv ¼ e6t dt; v ¼ e6t
2 36
2103 Z 3
210
6 1 6t 1 7
W ¼ 304t e e6t dt5
6 0 6
0
" 3 3
#
1 6t 210 1 6t 210
¼ 30 t e e
6 0 36 0
3
2 10 3 1 12103
¼ 30 e 1210
e 1
6 36
¼ 30 3:374 104 3:353 104
¼ 30 0:021 104 ¼ 630 107 J ¼ 63 lJ
1
pn ¼ jsin tj; for np t ðn þ 1Þp; n ¼ 0; 1; 2; . . .
3n
Z1 Z1
1
W¼ pn ðtÞdt ¼ jsintjdt
3n
0 0
1 1 1 X1
1 1 3
pn ðtÞ ¼ 0 jsintj þ 1 jsintj þ 2 jsintj þ ¼ jsintj ¼ jsintj ¼
3 3 3 n¼0
3 n 13 2
1
8 1 Basic Concepts
Note that, inside of the summation above equals to the sum of a geometric series.
Finally,
Zp p
3 3 3 3
W¼ jsin tjdt ¼ jcos tj ¼ ð1 1Þ ¼ 2 ¼ 3 J
2 2 0 2 2
0
Z Zt
w¼ pðtÞdt ¼ AB sin xs cos xs ds
t0
sinð2uÞ ð1:1Þ
sinð2uÞ ¼ 2 sinðuÞ cosðuÞ; ! sinðuÞ cosðuÞ ¼
2
1
Let xs ¼ u; ! xds ¼ du ! ds ¼ du
x
t = 0:0.1:2*pi;
w=1; A=1; B=1; K=(A*B)/(4*w);
i=A*sin(w*t); v=B*cos(w*t); w=K*(1-cos(2*w*t));
plot(t,w,'r',t,i,'b',t,v,'k','linewidth',2.5);
grid on; axis([0 2*pi -A A]); xlabel('time [s]');
title('voltage,current and energy waveforms');legend('w','i','v');
Problem 1.1.21 During an in vitro (petri dish) experiment, the peak electric power
that a group of stem cells can tolerate without some serious functional
1.1 Electric Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy, and Sources 9
0.8
w
0.6
i
0.4 v
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time [s]
Power [mW]
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-0.5
-1
Time [sec]
Solution
22
m v þ gh
1
mv 2
þ mgh 2 mðv2 þ 2 ghÞ
P¼2 ¼ ¼
T T 2T
P ¼ IU
P mðv2 þ 2 ghÞ
I¼ ¼ ½A
U 2UT
Problem 1.1.23 A hospital has a dynamic uninterrupted power system (D-UPS)
consisting of a diesel generator, synchronous machine, and a kinetic energy unit. If
the energy to hospital fails, kinetic energy unit continues to feed the 600 kW
electrical load of the hospital for 20 s, then diesel engine and synchronous machine
take the load over and feed the load.
(a) Determine total energy capacity of the kinetic energy unit.
(b) If the load is 240 kW at a specific power failure instant, how long the unit can
feed load?
Solution
(a) Assuming no energy losses,
E ¼ P t ¼ 600 kW 20 s ¼ 12;000 kJ ¼ 12 MJ
Visit https://textbookfull.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks, textbook
and enjoy exciting offers!
1.1 Electric Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy, and Sources 11
(b) Since actual load is less than the available power, it takes longer to feed the
load,
12;000 kJ ¼ 240 kW t s ! t ¼ 50 s
Solution
(a) q ¼ I t ¼ 5 A 2 h ¼ 5 A 2 3600 s ¼ 36;000 C
The number of moles of electrons transferred when 36,000 coulombs of electric
charge flow through the electrolytic cell
36;000
n¼ ¼ 0:373 mol electrons
96;500
Balanced equation at the cathode of this cell gives one mole of sodium for
every mole of electrons,
Na þ þ e ! Na
m ¼ 0:373 23 ¼ 8579 g
12 1 Basic Concepts
36;000
n¼ ¼ 0:373 mol electrons
96;500
Balanced equation at the cathode of this cell gives 1 mol of copper for 2 mol of
electrons,
Cu þ 2 þ 2e ! Cu
(c) Balanced equation at the anode of this cell gives one mole of chlorine gas for
2 mol of electrons,
1000 g
n¼ ¼ 14:085 mol
g
35:5 mol 2
Electrical charge,
Current is calculated as
2;718;405 C 2;718;405
I¼ ¼ ¼ 75:511 A
3600 10 s 36;000
Power,
Energy,
1.1 Electric Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy, and Sources 13
Solution
R1 :R2
Req ¼ ; 10 kX ¼ 10 103 X; 3:3 kX ¼ 3:3 103 X
R1 þ R2
33 106 X2
Req ¼ ¼ 2:48 kX
13:3 103 X2
Problem 1.2.2
(a) What is the equivalent resistance of three parallel-connected resistors with
equal values?
(b) If R ¼ R1 ¼ R2 ¼ R3 ¼ 10 kX, Req = ?
Solution
1 1 1 1 3 R
(a) ¼ þ þ ¼ ; ! 3Req ¼ R ! Req ¼
Req R R R R 3
10 kX
(b) Req ¼ ¼ 3:333 kX
3
1 1 1 1 1
¼ þ þ þ ¼ 104 þ 103 þ 0:2 103 þ 0:3333 103
Req R1 R2 R3 R4
¼ ð0:1 þ 1 þ 0:2 þ 0:3333Þ 103 ¼ 1:6333 103
1 103
Req ¼ ¼ ¼ 612:26 X
1:6333 103 1:6333
Problem 1.2.4 Find the values of equivalent resistors in the circuit of Fig. 1.6
ðY ! D conversionÞ.
R1 ¼ 10 X; R2 ¼ 10 X; R3 ¼ 5 X:
1.2 Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Laws, Parallel–Series Connection … 15
Solution
Y ! D conversion,
R1 R2 þ R2 R3 þ R1 R3 10 10 þ 10 5 þ 10 5
Ra ¼ ¼ ¼ 20 X
R1 10
R1 R2 þ R2 R3 þ R1 R3 10 10 þ 10 5 þ 10 5
Rb ¼ ¼ ¼ 20 X
R2 10
R1 R2 þ R2 R3 þ R1 R3 10 10 þ 10 5 þ 10 5
Rc ¼ ¼ ¼ 40 X
R3 5
Problem 1.2.5
(a) In the circuit shown in Fig. 1.7, use delta–wye transformation rule, and
determine the power dissipated by resistor R1 :ðR1 ¼ 10 X; R2 ¼ R3 ¼
R4 ¼ 20 X; R5 ¼ R6 ¼ 40 X; U ¼ 40 VÞ:
(b) Find the voltage at node a.
(c) Check the results using SPICE and print a netlist (delta_wye1.cir).