Chapter 1: Function and graphs

Trần Hoà Phú

Ngày 28 tháng 4 năm 2024

 Contents
Functions
Operations with functions
New functions from old function

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 Functions
(Hàm số)
Definition A function f from a set of elements X to a set of
elements Y is a rule that assigns to each element in X
exactly one element in Y. We denote

f :X → Y
x → y = f (x )

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 Example
The arrow diagram given below is a function from
{1, 2, 3, 4} → {3, 4, 5, 6}

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 Example
The arrow diagram given below is a function from
{0, 1, 2, −2} → {0, 1, 4}

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 Example
The arrow diagram given below is not a function from
{1, 9, 0} → {1, 3, −3, 0}

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 Example
The arrow diagram given below is not a function from
{a, b, c, d} → {x, y, z}

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 Functions defined by formulas
Example
f (x ) = x 2 is a function from R → R
2
f (x ) = is a function from R \ {1} → R
1
√ − x
f (x ) = x − 4 is a function from [4, ∞) → R

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 Domain and Range of a function
(Miền xác dịnh và miền giá trị của một hàm số)
Definition
Domain of a function f(x) is the set of all values for
which the function is defined
Range of a function is set of all values that f takes.

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 Example
√
Find domain and range of a function f (x ) = x +4
Solution
{x : x + 4 ≥ 0} = [−4, ∞)
Domain of f is √
Range of f is { x + 4, x ≥ −4} = [0, ∞)

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 Exercise
1. Find the√domain of each function
a. f (x ) = x + 2
1
b. f (x ) = 2
x −x
x
c. f (x ) = ln(x + 1) − √
x −1
2. Find the√range of each function
a. f (x ) = x − 1
b. f (x ) = x 2 − 2x
c. f (x ) = sin x

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Solution
1
a. f is defined if x + 2 ≥ 0 ⇔ x ≥ −2 ⇒ D = [−2, +∞).
b. f is defined if x 2 − x ̸= 0 ⇔ x ̸= 0, 1 ⇒ D = R \ {0, 1}
c. f is defined if x + 1 > 0, x − 1 > 0 ⇔ x > 1 ⇒ D = (1, +∞)
2 √
a. Since x − 1 ≥ 0∀x ≥ 1, range of f is [0, +∞).
b. Since x 2 − 2x = (x − 1)2 − 1 ≥ −1 ⇒ range of f is [−1, +∞).
c. Since −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ⇒ range of f is [−1, 1].

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 Even and odd function
(Hàm lẻ và hàm chẫn)
Definition
A function f is even if f(x) = f(−x) for all x in the
domain of f
A function f is odd if f(−x) = −f(x) for all x in the
domain of f
Geometrically, a function is even if its graph is
symmetrical about the y-axis. A function is odd if its
graph is symmetrical about the origin.

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 Example
f(x) = x2 is even since f(−x) = (−x)2 = x2 = f(x)

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 Example
The function f(x) = x is an odd function since
f(−x) = −x = −f(x)

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 Example

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 Exercise
Determine whether is even, odd or neither.
x
a) f (x ) = 2
x +1
x2
b) f (x ) = 4
x +1
x
c) f (x ) =
x +1

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Solution
x −x x
a. f (x ) = ⇒ f (−x ) = =− 2
x2
+1 2
(−x ) + 1 x +1
Thus f (x ) = −f (−x ) ⇒ f is odd.
x2 (−x )2 x2
b. f (x ) = 4 ⇒ f (−x ) = =
x +1 (−x )4 + 1 x4 + 1
Thus f (x ) = f (−x ) ⇒ f is even.
x −x
c. f (x ) = ⇒ f (−x ) =
x +1 −x + 1
Thus f is not even and not odd.

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 Operations with functions
(Những phép toán trên các hàm số)

(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

(f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x)
(f.g)(x) = f(x).g(x)
f f(x)
!
(x) = for g(x) ̸= 0
g g(x)

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 Example
Let f (x ) = 2x and g(x ) = x 2 + 1. Find
f
!
(f + g)(x ), (f − g)(x ), (f .g)(x ), (x )
g
Solution
(f + g)(x ) = 2x + x 2 + 1
(f − g)(x ) = f (x ) − g(x ) = 2x − x 2 − 1
(f
 
.g)(x ) = f (x )g(x ) = 2x (x 2 + 1)
f
 (x ) =
f (x 2x
= 2
g g(x ) x + 1
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 Composite function
(Hàm hợp)
Definition Let f : A → B and g : B → C. Then composition
of f and g, f ◦ g, is denoted as
(f ◦ g)(x) = f(g(x))

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Solution

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 Example
Let f (x ) = 2x + 1, g(x ) = x 2 . Find f ◦ g, g ◦ f , f ◦ f , g ◦ g.
Solution
(f ◦ g)(x ) = f (g(x )) = f (x 2 ) = 2x 2 + 1
(g ◦ f )(x ) = g(f (x )) = g(2x + 1) = (2x + 1)2
(f ◦ f )(x ) = f (f (x )) = f (2x + 1) = 2(2x + 1) + 1 = 4x + 3
(g ◦ g)(x ) = g(g(x )) = g(x 2 ) = (x 2 )2 = x 4

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 Vertical and horizontal shift
(Tịnh tiến theo phương ngang và phương đứng)
If c > 0, then
The graph of y = f(x) + c is a vertical shift up c units of
the graph y = f(x)
The graph of y = f(x) − c is a vertical shift down c units
of the graph y = f(x)
The graph of y = f(x + c) is a horizontal shift left c units
of the graph y = f(x)
The graph of y = f(x − c) is a horizontal shift right c
units of the graph y = f(x)
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 Exercise
Describe how the graph y = f1 (x ) is obtained from the graph
y = f2 (x ) in which
1. f1 (x ) = (x − 3)2 + 4, f2 (x ) = x 2 .
2. f1 (x ) = (x + 1)3 −!2, f2 (x ) = (x − 2)3 + 1
π
3. f1 (x ) = sin x + − 2, f2 (x ) = sin x
√ 4 √
4. f1 (x ) = x 2 + 6x + 10 + 2, f2 (x ) = x 2 − 4x + 5

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 Vertical stretch and compression
(Sự giãn và co theo phương đứng )
If c > 1, the graph of y = cf(x) is a vertical stretch of
the graph y = f(x)
If c < 1, the graph of y = cf(x) is a vertical compression
of the graph y = f(x)

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 Horizontal stretch and compression
(Sự giãn và co theo phương ngang)
If c > 1, the graph y = f(cx) is a horizontal compression
of the graph y = f(x)
If c < 1, the graph y = f(cx) is a horizontal stretch of the
graph y = f(x)

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 Exercise
Describe how the graph of y = f (3x ) + 1 is obtained from the
graph y = f (x )
a. Compress horizontally by a factor of 3, and then shift 1 unit
upward
b. Compress vertically by a factor of 3, and then shift 1 unit upward.
c. Stretch horizontally by a factor of 3, and then shift 1 unit upward.
d. Stretch vertically by a factor of 3, and then shift 1 unit upward.
e. None of the other choices is correct.

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 Reflection
(Phép đối xứng)

The graph y = −f(x) is the graph y = f(x) reflected

about the x-axis
The graph y = f(−x) is the graph y = f(x) reflected
about the y-axis

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 Summary

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 Summary

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 Exercise
Explain how the following graphs are obtained
from the graph f(x)
4. A.f(x-4) B.f(x)+3 C. f(x-2)-3 D.
f(x+5)-4
√
5. Suppose that the graph of f (x ) = x is given.
Describe
√ how the graph of the function
y = x − 1 + 2 can be obtained from the graph
of f.
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Solution
4.
a. Shift 4 units to the right
b. Shift 3 units upward
c. Shift 2 units to the right, then shift 3 units downward
d. Shift 5 units to the left, then shift 4 units downward
5.
Shift 1 unit to the right, then shift 2 units upward

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