N U M B E R

Practice 6

Objective: C. Communicating

v. organize information using a logical str ucture

These questions encourage students to use Venn diagrams (and a table in Question 1)

to organize information logically. The students should be able to draw and interpret

Venn diagrams.

1 a i For the Venn diagram, describe the

Sea creatures

characteristics of only whales, of only sh,

and those of both whales and sh.

WHALES FISH

live in
ii Explain how the diagram has helped you with your

lay eggs
water

descriptions and whether a dierent form could be

live births

more useful. have ns

have scales

breathe air

b i Below is a table describing some characteristics of

can swim

breathe water
whales, sh, and shrimp. Create a Venn diagram

that illustrates these characteristics. Make sure to

choose an appropriate universal set.

live ns have lay live in breathe breathe have

births scales eggs water air water legs

whales ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

sh ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

shrimp ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

ii Explain whether the table form or the Venn diagram form is best to

illustrate the given information.

2 In a year group of 50 students, 18 are enrolled in Music, 26 in Art, and

2 in both Music and Art. By drawing a Venn diagram, determine how

many students are not enrolled in either Music or Art.

3 In a school of 350 students, 75 are involved in community service

projects, 205 in athletics, and 62 are involved in both. By drawing a

Venn diagram, determine how many students are involved in either one

of these two activities.

4 In a school cafeteria at lunchtime, 93 students chose a soft drink and

47 students chose bottled water. 25 students chose both drinks. If each

student chose one of these drinks, determine the total number of students

in the cafeteria by drawing a Venn diagram.

5 Of 150 new university students, 85 signed up for Mathematics and 70 for

Physics, while 50 signed up for both subjects. By drawing a Venn diagram,

determine how many students signed up for:

a only Mathematics

b only Physics

c neither Mathematics nor Physics.

6 There are 30 students enrolled in three dierent school clubs: chess, archery

and cookery. Of these, 5 students are in all three clubs, 6 of them are only in

the cookery club, 2 are in chess and cookery but not archery, 15 belong to

cookery in total, 2 are only in chess, and 3 are only in archery. By drawing a

Venn diagram, determine how many students are in:

a the archery and cookery clubs only

b the chess club.

1.1 Mathematically speaking 3 3

7 In a class of 32 students, 5 live in the school town and travel to school

by bus, and they have school lunches. 3 live in the school town and travel

to school by bus, but do not have school lunches. 9 students do not live in

the school town, do not travel to school by bus, and do not have school

lunches. 11 students live in the school town and have school lunches.

A total of 16 students live in the school town. 9 students travel to school

by bus and have school lunches. 13 students travel to school by bus.

By drawing a Venn diagram, determine how many students in total have

school lunches.

Problem solving

8 The Venn diagrams below represent participants in an after school sports

program. The students can choose to select table tennis (T ), basketball (B),

or squash (S ).

a c
b

S S S

Write in words what each diagram represents.

Exploration 4

1 n(U ) = 105, n(A) = 37, and n(B ) = 84. All of the elements of U are either

in A or B or both.

a Draw a Venn diagram showing A, B and U

b Find a rule connecting the number of elements in A ∪ B with the

number of elements in sets A, B, and the intersection of A and B.

c Justify your rule.

2 Apply your rule to the following situation. Your student council held a

vote on which charity to support. A mobile library received 47 votes, and

a neighborhood watch committee received 36 votes. 24 students voted for

both charities. Determine how many students actually voted.

Reect and discuss 4

In Exploration 4:

●
How have you used sets to model the situation in step 2?

●
Why was it easier to consider sets of students rather than considering

the students individually?

●
What set operation models the fact that some students voted for

both charities?

34 1 Form
 N U M B E R

Reect and discuss 5

Working with one or more of your classmates, discuss how Venn diagrams

can be used to organize and categorize some of the following situations:

your school timetable, your household chores, your homework for

dierent subjects, your test schedules. Create two Venn diagrams with at

least three circles to illustrate the dierent situations you have chosen.

Summary

A set is a collection of objects. Each member of Written in mathematical form,

⊆
a set is called an element of the set. if for all x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ B, then A B.

The symbol ∈ means ‘is an element of ’. The empty set is a subset of any set. So, for any

set A, .

The symbol ∉ means ‘is not an element of ’.

Every set is a subset of itself.

The number of elements in a set A is written n(A).

It is called the cardinality of the set. Two sets are equal if they contain exactly the

same elements.

The universal set, U, is the set that contains all

sets being considered. Union and intersection of sets

●
The empty set, { } or , is the set with no Union:

elements, so n( ) = 0.
●
Intersection:

The set A is a subset of a set B if every element

The complement of a set A is denoted by A′, and

⊆
inA is also in B. The symbol for subset is .
described in set notation as .

Mixed practice

1 Write down the elements of each set in list 3 Write down these sets using set builder notation:

form.

a F is the set of integers greater than zero

a A is the set of names of all continents.

b G = {3, 6, 9, …, 21}

b B is the set of names of the three tallest

c H = {1, 4, 9, 16, …}

mountains in the world.

d J = {1, 8, 27, …, 1000}

c C is the set of names of the three tallest

buildings in the world. 4 U = {x x ∈ } ,

A = {x x ∈ , x is a multiple of 7} ,

d D is the set of positive integers between

B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …, 19} and

20 and 50, including 20 and 50, that are

C = {x x ∈ primes 5 < x ≤ 20}

multiples of 5.

Find:

2 State whether each set is nite or innite. If the

set is nite, state its cardinality. a A ∩ B

a {x x ∈ , x is a multiple of 4} b A′ ∩ C

b {x x ∈ , −2 ≤ x ≤ 5} c A ∩ B ′

c { y y ∈ , −3 < y ≤ 2} d ( A ∩ C )′

d {b b ∈ , b < 7} 5 Create Venn diagrams to represent the sets:

a A ∩ B ′ b A′ ∪ B

1.1 Mathematically speaking 3 5

 6 The table shows the facilities at three hotels in a
Problem solving

resort.

11 In a school sports day, medals were awarded as

follows: 36 in running, 12 in high jump, and 18 in

Hotel A Hotel B Hotel C

discus. The medals were awarded to a total of 45

Pool ✓ ✓

students, and only 4 students received medals in

Bar ✓ ✓ ✓
all three events. Determine how many students

received medals in exactly two out of three

Jacuzzi ✓

events.

Sauna ✓

12 A survey of 39 university students found:

Tennis ✓ ✓

●
10 worked par t-time while studying

Gym ✓

●
18 received nancial help from home

Draw a Venn diagram to represent this

●
information. 19 withdrew money from their savings

as needed

7 Create a Venn diagram to illustrate the

●
relationships of the following number sets: 2 nanced themselves from all three sources

 = {real numbers},  = {integers},

●
12 received nancial help from home only

 = {rational numbers}, I = {irrational

●
numbers},  = {natural numbers}, and 5 received nancial help from home and

P = {prime numbers} withdrew money from savings

●
8 Create a Venn diagram illustrating the 6 nanced themselves only by working

relationships of the following geometric gures: par t-time and withdrawing money from

U = {all quadrilaterals}, P = {parallelograms}, savings.

R = {rectangles}, S = {squares}, K = {kites},

Determine how many students:

T = {trapezoids}

a did not nance themselves using any of the

9 If U = {−10, 9, …, 9, 10}, A = {0, 1, 2, …, 9},

three resources

B = {−9, 8, …, 0} and C = {−5, 4, …, 4, 5},

list the elements of the following sets: b worked part-time and received money

from home
a A ∩ B b (B ∪ C )′

c received nancial help from home and

c (A ∪ B ) ∩ C d A′ ∩ (B ∪ C )

withdrew money from their savings

e (A ∩ B ) ∪ (A ∩ C )

d nanced themselves using only one of the

10 Determine whether the following statements

three ways surveyed.

are true or false. If false, explain why.

a 0 ∈ 

⊆
b {primes} {odd integers}

c If U = , then ( ∩  )′ = {0}

⊆
d 2 {primes}

3 6 1 Form