Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

Chapter 10 Congruence and Similarity

Level 1
1. Determine whether each of the following statement is true (T) or false (F).
（Part (a) has been done for you as an example.）
Answer
(a) If △ABC and △XYZ are a pair of congruent triangles, then
we cay say △ABC  △XYZ. T

(b) If △ABC ～ △PQR, then △ABC and △PQR have the same
shape. ______

(c)
If △ABC ～ △PQR, then = = .
______

(d) Each condition for congruence of triangles can be used to

fix a triangle. ______

(e) When we know the length of one side and the size of angle
of a triangle, the size and shape of the triangle can be ______
fixed.

(f) In △ABC, AC = 3 cm、AB = 2 cm and B = 90, there is

enough information to fix the triangle. ______

(g) In △ABC, when we know that A = 123, B = 23 and

C = 34, there is enough information to fix the triangle. ______
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

2 Match each of the following pairs of congruent triangles with the correct condition for congruence.
Write down the letters corresponding to the correct answer in the blanks.
（Part (a) has been done for you as an example. ）
A. SSS B. AAS C. SAS D. ASA E. RHS

(a) (b)

Answer： B Answer：

(c) (d)

Answer： Answer：

(e)

Answer：

3 Match each of the following pairs of similar triangles with the correct condition for similarity, and
write down the letters corresponding to the correct answer in the blanks.
A. 3 sides proportional B. ratio of 2 sides, inc.  C. AAA
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

(a) (b)

Answer： Answer：
(c) (d)

Answer： Answer：

Find the values of the unknowns in each of the following questions: (Questions 4-7)
4. (a) △ABC  △PQR (b) △LMN  △RST

5. (a) △ABC 〜 △PQR (b) △LMN 〜 △RST

 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

6. (a) △ABC  △ADC (b) △LMN  △PQR

7. (a) △ABC 〜 △ADE (b) △ABC 〜 △XYZ

8.
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

(a) Use a protractor and a ruler to draw an angle of 125.

(b) Use a pair of compasses and a ruler to construct the bisector of the angle in (a). (12marks)

Level 2
1. In each of the following, write down a pair of congruent triangles and give reasons.
(a) (b)

(c) (d)
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

2. In each of the following, write down a pair of similar triangles and give reasons.
(a) (b)
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

(c) (d)

3. In the figure, △LMN  △RST. Find the values of x, y and z.

 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

4. In the figure, △ABC 〜 △XYZ. Find the values of r, s and t.

5. In the figure，△ABC  △ADC. Find the values of x, y and z.

6. In the figure, △PQR 〜 △STR. Given that = . Find the values of , m and n.
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

7. In the figure, AB = BC, BM is perpendicular to AC.

(a) Write down a pair of congruent triangles and give reasons.

(b) Find the area of △ABC.

8. (a) Use a pair of compasses and a ruler to construct a triangle ABC with AB = 4 cm, ∠BAC = 90
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

and ∠ABC = 60.

(b) Measure (i) ∠ACB, correct to the nearest degree;
(ii) AC, correct to the nearest cm;
(iii) BC, correct to the nearest cm.

Level 3
1. Given that △XYZ △RQP, ∠X = 50, ∠Y = 90, XY = 3.

(a) Find∠Q and ∠P.

(b) Find QR.

2. In the figure，△LMN  △QMP.

 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

(a) Find ∠Q and MN.

(b) Find the area of △LMN.

3. Given that △ABC 〜 △YXZ，∠B = 40，∠Z = 45，AB = 4，YZ = 14，YX = 10 and BC = 9.

(a) Find ∠X and ∠A.

(b) Find AC and XZ.

4. In the figure，AD=10, DE=6, AE=8, AB=9, CE=4 and BC=15. Write down a pair of similar
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

triangles. Give reasons.

5. In the figure，△XYZ  △PQR.

(a) Find x, y and z.

(b) Find the perimeter of △PQR.

6. In the figure，△ABC 〜 △HKB and △HKB 〜 △PQB。

(a) Find ∠BHK and ∠HBK.

(b) Find PQ.
(c) Find the area of △PBC.
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

7. (a) Use a protractor and a ruler to construct a triangle ABC, where AB = 3 cm, AC = 4 cm and∠
CAB = 30.
(b) Using a pair of compasses and a ruler only, construct the perpendicular bisectors of AB, BC
and CA.
(c) Do the three perpendicular bisectors meet at the same point D in the interior of △ABC?

8. In the figure，O is the center of the circle，∠AOB = ∠POQ，AB = 7 cm and OA = 5 cm.

(a) Write down a pair of congruent triangles and give reasons.

(b) Find PQ, OP and OQ.
(c) Find the perimeter of △POQ.
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

Level 4
1 Solve the following equations.

x 4 p 4
(a) = (b) =
7 5 2.5 5

q 6 8 4
(c) 2 = (d) =
3 8 y 18

2 Find the unknown angles in each of the following figures.

(a) (b)

3 Choose a suitable answer for each of the following figures. Write down the
letters corresponding to the answer.
（Part (a) is done for you as an example.）
A. a is a straight angle B. An equilater triangle C. a is a right angle
D. An isosceles triangleE. A right-angled triangleF. a = 45°

(a) (b) (c)

Answer： B Answer： Answer：

 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

(d) (e) (f)

Answer： Answer： Answer：

4 Patterns (a), (b), (c) and (d) can be formed by combining the basic figures A, B, C and D. Match
each pattern with the related figures and write down the letters corresponding to the answers.
A. B. C. D.

(a) (b)

Answer： Answer：
(c) (d)

Answer： Answer：
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

5 Find the unknowns in each of the following figures.

(a) (b) (c)

Level 5
1.

In the figure，∠AOB = 135，OC is the angle bisector of ∠AOB. Find ∠BOC.

A. 77.5
B. 67.5
C. 78.5
D. 68.5

2. Which of the following given information is insufficient to fix a triangle?

A. 2 angles and their included side
B. 2 angles and a non-included side
C. The hypotenuse and one other side of a right-angled triangle
D. 2 sides and one non-included angle.

3.
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

In the figure, the equal sides and equal angles are marked. Write down the names of a pair of
congruent triangles in their corresponding order.
A. △ABC  △XYZ
B. △ABC  △XZY
C. △ABC  △YZX
D. △ABC  △YXZ

4.

In the figure, the two triangles are congruent. The reason is

A. RHS
B. SSA
C. SAS
D. ASA

5. Which of the following is NOT a condition for congruence of two triangles?

A. SSS
B. AAS
C. SAS
D. AAA

6.

In the figure, the two triangles are similar. The reason is

A. AAA
B. SAS
C. 3 sides proportional
D. ratio of two sides, inc. ∠
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

7. Given that △ABC  △PQR, ∠A = 40 and ∠C = 80. Find ∠Q.

A. 40
B. 50
C. 60
D. 70

8. Given that △ABC 〜 △XYZ, ∠A = ∠C and ∠B = 30. Find ∠Z.

A. 30
B. 75
C. 90
D. 130

9.

In the figure, if △PQR 〜 △XYZ, then

A. = =

B. = =

C. = =

D. = =
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

10.

In the figure, △ABC 〜 △PQR. Find x.

A. 15 C. 10
B. 12 D. 9

11.

In the figure, △ABC  △DCB. Find y.

A. 35
B. 45
C. 50
D. 70

12.

In the figure, △LMN 〜 △RST. Find x, y and z.

x y z
A. 88 48 44
B. 48 88 44
C. 48 44 88
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

D. 88 44 48

13. Which of the following pairs of triangles are not congruent to each other?
A. B.

C. D.

14.

In the figure, △ABC 〜 △DEC. Find the area of △DEC.

A. 7.5 cm2
B. 6.25 cm2
C. 12.5 cm2
D. 15 cm2

15.

In the figure，△XYZ 〜 △PQR. Find p and q.

A. p = 6，q = 4

B. p = 2，q = 2

C. p = 9，q = 12
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

D. p = 4 ，q = 6

16.

In the figure，△ABC  △PQR. Which of the following is false?

A. ∠P = 118
B. ∠Q = 34
C. ∠R = 28
D. AB = PR

17.

In the figure, QM = MR, PM┴QR. Then △PMQ  △PMR. The reason is

A. RHS
B. SAS
C. AAS
D. ASA

18.

In the figure, △ABC 〜 △EDC. Find x and y.

A. x = 7.5，y = 7
B. x = 7.5，y = 10.5
C. x = 7，y = 10.5
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

D. x = 7，y = 7.5

19.

In the figure, △XPQ 〜 △XYZ. Which of the following is correct?

A. =

B. =

C. =

D. =

20.

In the figure, BA = BC. Using A and C as centers and a suitable radius, two arcs PQ and RS are
drawn which meet at T. Which of the following statements MUST be correct?
A. ∠ABC = ∠ATC
B. TA = TB
C. AC bisect BT。
D. BT bisects ∠ABC。
Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

Solution
1. (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) F (f) T (g) F

2. (b) C (c) D (d) E (e) A

3. (a) C (b) A (c) B (d) B

4. (a) = AB = 9 cm，n = AC = 2 cm
(b) x = MLN = 45，
In △LMN，∠M + 45 + 45 = 180 （∠ sum of △）
∠M = 180  45  45
= 90
y = ∠M = 90

5. (a) In △ABC，∠A + 138 + 22 = 180（sum of △）

∴ ∠A = 180  138  22
= 20
x = ∠A = 20
y = ∠B = 138

(b) ∵ = =

∴ = and =

p=  5 and q = 4

= 15 = 12

6. (a) ∵ △ABC  △ADC

∴ ABC = ADC = 35
In △ABC，x + 25 + 35 = 180 （∠ sum of △）
x = 180  25  35
= 120
∵ ∠CAD = ∠CAB
∴ y = 25
(b) P = L
and ∠L + 60 + 60 = 180（∠ sum of △）
i.e. ∠L = 180  60  60
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

= 60
∴ x = ∠P = ∠L
= 60
∵ LN = MN
and MN = RQ = 1 cm
∴ y = LN = MN = 1 cm

7. (a) ∵ △ABC 〜 △ADE

∴ =

i.e. =

r=

= 2.5
∵ △ABC 〜 △ADE
∴ ADE = ABC = 69
In △ADE，s + 31 + 69 = 180 （∠ sum of △）
∴ s = 180  31  69
= 80
(b) In △ABC，x + x + 108 = 180 （∠ sum of △）
2x = 180  108
2x = 72

∴x=

= 36
∵ △ABC 〜 △XYZ

∴ =

y= 4

= 12
∵ Y = B
∴ z = x = 36
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

8. (a), (b)

Level 2
1. (a) △LMN  △RST (SSS)
(b) △ ABC  △ EDC ( ASA )
(c) △ PQR  △ SQR ( SAS )
(d) △ ABC  △ CDA ( RHS )

2. (a) In △ABC，B + 43 + 95 = 180 （ sum of △）

B = 180  43  95
= 42
In △XYZ，Z + 42 + 43 = 180（ sum of △)
Z = 180  42  43
= 95
∴ A = X = 43,B = Y = 42 and C = Z = 95
i.e. △ABC 〜 △XYZ (AAA)

(b) In △ABC，B + 90 + 39 = 180 ( sum of △)

B = 180  90  39
= 51
In △CDE，D + 90 + 39 = 180 ( sum of △)
D = 180  90  39
= 51
∴ A = E = 90，
B = D = 51，
and ACB = ECD = 39。
i.e. △ABC 〜 △EDC (AAA)

(c) = =

= =
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

= =

∴ = =

i.e. △LMN 〜 △RST (3 sides proportions)

(d) Q = S = 90

= =

= =

i.e. △PQR 〜 △PST (ratio of 2 sides, inc. )

Note：The reasoning steps for questions (a) to (d) can be explained to the
students. For marking, award full mark to a student whenever he/she can
give the answer and the reason of the last step.

3. ∵ △LMN  △RST
∴ ∠M = ∠S
i.e. x = 36
In △LMN，y + x + 64 = 180（ sum of △）
i.e. y + 36 + 64 = 180
∴ y = 180  36  64
= 80
∵ ST = MN
i.e. z cm = 2.8 cm
∴ z = 2.8

4. ∵ △ABC 〜 △XYZ
∴ B = Y
In △XYZ，Y + 43 + 67 = 180 （ sum of △）
∴ Y = 180  43  67 = 70
r = B = Y = 70
s = A = X = 67

∵ =

∴ =
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

t =  4.5

= 6.75

5. ∵ △ABC  △ADC
∴ ∠DAC = ∠BAC
i.e. y = 55
In △ADC，x + y + 90 = 180（ sum of △）
∴ x = 180  y  90
= 180  55  90
= 35
∵ BC = DC
∴ z cm = 6.5 cm
z = 6.5

6. ∵ △PQR 〜 △STR

∴ = =

Given = ，

∴ = = =

∵ =

∴ =33
=9

∵ =

∴ m =43
= 12

∵ =

n =53
= 15

7. [Reasoning steps: （Not required for students）

Given that AB = BC and BM  AC

 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

∴ ∠AMB = ∠CMB = 90

BM is common side]
(a) △AMB  △CMB (RHS)
(b) ∵ △AMB  △CMB
∴ AM = CM = 7 cm
AC = 7  2 cm
= 14 cm

∴ Area of △ABC =  AC  BM

=  14  6 cm2

= 42 cm2

8. (a)

(b) (i) ∠ACB = 30

(ii) AC = 7 cm
(iii) BC = 8 cm

Level 3
1. (a) ∵ △XYZ  △RQP and ∠Y = 90
∴ ∠Q = ∠Y = 90
In △XYZ ，∠Z + 90 + 50 = 180 (∠ sum of △)
i.e. ∠Z = 180 – 90 – 50 = 40
∴ ∠P = ∠Z = 40
(b) ∵ △XYZ  △RQP and XY = 3，
∴ QR = XY = 3
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

2. (a) In △LMN ，∠LMN = 56 and∠LNM = 90

∴ ∠L + 56 + 90 = 180 (∠ sum of △)
∠L = 180 – 56 – 90 = 34
∵ △LMN  △QMP
∴ ∠Q = ∠L = 34
MN = MP = 8 cm

(b) Area of △LMN =  MN  LN

=  8  12 cm2

= 48 cm2

3. (a) ∵ △ABC 〜 △YXZ，∠B = 40 and ∠Z = 45

∴ ∠X = ∠B = 40
∠C = ∠Z = 45
In △ABC ，∠A + 40 + 45 = 180 (∠ sum of △）
∴ ∠A = 180 – 40 – 45
= 95
(b) ∵ △ABC 〜 △YXZ

∴ =

i.e. =

∴ AC =  14

= 5.6

Also, =

i.e. =

∴ XZ = 9

= 22.5

4. = =

= =
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

= =

∵ = = =

∴ △ABC 〜 △EDA (3 sides

proportional)

5. (a) In △XYZ，x + x + 108 = 180 (∠ sum of △）

∴ 2x = 180 – 108
2x = 72

x=

= 36
∵ △XYZ  △PQR
∴ y = x = 36
and z = ∠X = 108
(b) ∵ △XYZ  △PQR
∴ PQ = XY = 6.6 cm
∴ Perimeter of △PQR = PQ + QR + PR
= (6.6 + 12 + 6.6) cm
= 25.2 cm

6. (a) ∵ △ABC 〜△HKB

∴ ∠BHK = ∠BAC = 58
In △HKB，∠HBK + 90 + 58 = 180 (∠ sum of △)
i.e. ∠HBK = 180  90  58
= 32
(b) ∵ △HKB 〜 △PQB

∴ =

PQ =  9 cm

= 3 cm

(c) Area of △PBC =  BC  PQ

 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

=  (4 + 4)  3 cm2

=  8  3 cm2

= 12 cm2

7. (a), (b)

(c) No, the point of intersection D lies in the exterior part of △ABC.

8. Solution [Reasoning steps（not required for students）

Given that ∠AOB = ∠POQ and O is the center.

∴ OA = OB = OP = OQ （radii）]
(a) △AOB  △POQ (SAS) (or △AOB  △QOP (SAS))
(b) ∵ △AOB  △POQ，AB = 7 cm and OA = 5 cm
∴ PQ = AB = 7 cm
OP = OA = 5 cm
OQ = OP = 5 cm
(c) Perimeter of △POQ = PQ + OP + OQ
= (7 + 5 + 5) cm
= 17 cm
Level 4
x 4
1. (a) =
7 5

4
x = q7
5

28
=
5
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

3
=5 （or5.6）
5
p 4
(b) =
2.5 5

4
p= q 2.5
5
=2
q 6
(c) 2 =
3 8

6 2
q= q
8 3
1
=
2

8 4
(d) =
y 18

8 q 18 = 4 q y

8  18
=y
4

∴ y = 36

2. (a) a + 40° + 55° = 180° ( sum of △）

a = 180°y 40°y 55°
= 85°
(b) b + 90° + 44° = 180°（ sum of △）
b = 180°y 90°y 44°
= 46°

3. (b) D (c) E (d) A (e) F (f) C

4. (a) C (b) D (c) B (d) A

 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

5. (a) x + x + 48° = 180° （ sum of △）

2x = 180°y 48°
= 132°
132
x=
2
= 66°
(b) y + y + y = 180° （ sum of △）

3y = 180°
180
y=
3

= 60°

(c) z + z + 90° = 180° （ sum of △）

2z = 180°y 90°
= 90°

90
z =
2
= 45°

Level 5
1. ∠BOC = ∠AOB  2
= 135  2
= 67.5
The answer is B

2. The answer is D

3. ∠B = ∠X，
∠C = ∠Z，
AB = XY，
∴ A←→ Y、B ←→ X and C ←→ Z. We write △ABC  △YXZ.
The answer is D
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

4. ∠C = ∠R = 90
AC = PR = 4
AB = PQ = 5
2 sides equal, but included angle may not be equal, so it is not SAS; but the equal angle is 90
and hypotenuses are equal, therefore it is RHS.
The answer isA

5. The answer is D

6. ∠X = ∠P = 40
∴ inc. ∠s are equal

= =

= =

∴ = =

ratio of 2 sides are in proportion.

The answer is D

7. ∵ △ABC  △PQR
∴ ∠P = ∠A = 40
∠R = ∠C = 80
In △PQR, ∠P + ∠Q + ∠R = 180 (∠ sum of △)
∠Q + 40 + 80 = 180
∴ ∠Q = 180  40  80
= 60
The answer is C

8. In △ABC, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180 (∠ sum of △)

∵ ∠B = 30
∴ ∠A + 30 + ∠C = 180
∠A + ∠C = 180  30
∵ ∠A = ∠C
2  ∠C = 150

∠C =  150

= 75
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

∠Z = ∠C = 75
The answer is B

9. ∵ △PQR 〜 △XYZ

∴ = =

= =

The answer is D

10. ∵ △ABC 〜 △PQR

∴ =

x= 5

= 15
The answer is A

11. ∵ △ABC  △DCB

∴ DCB = ABC = 35
In △DCB，y + 35 + 75 = 180
∴ y = 180  35  75
= 70
The answer is D

12. ∵ △LMN 〜 △RST

∴ x = L = 88
z = M = 48
In △LMN, N + 88 + 48 = 180 (∠ sum of △)
∴ N = 180  88  48
= 44
y = T = N = 44
The answer is D

13. ∵ A satisfies SSS，

B satisfies ASA，
D satisfies RHS，
But only C satisfies SSA.
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

The answer is C

14. ∵ △ABC 〜 △DEC

∴ =

DC =  12 cm

= 6 cm

Area of △DEC =  DC  DE

=  6  2.5 cm2

= 7.5 cm2
The answer is A

15. ∵ △XYZ 〜 △PQR

∴ =

p= 3

∴ =

q= 4

=6
The answer is D

16. ∵ AB = PQ
The answer is D

17. ∵ QM = MR，
∠PMQ = ∠PMR = 90，
 Form 1/ Exploring / Congruence and Similarity

PM is common side，
∴ It satisfies the
condition of congruence for SAS.
The answer is B

18. ∵ △ABC 〜 △EDC

∴ =

x=  10.5

=7

y= 5

= 7.5
The answer is D

19. ∵ △XPQ 〜 △XYZ

∴ =

The answer is C

20. Only when AB = AT, we

have ∠ABC = ∠ATC,
AC bisects BT and AC
bisects ∠BAT.
The answer is D