Backpropagation: * Backpropagation is a method for training artificial neural networks. * It's like a feedback loop that helps the network learn from its mistakes. © During training, the network calculates the difference between its output and the expected output (error). * Itthen adjusts the network's internal parameters (weights) to reduce this error. © This process is repeated many times until the network gets better at making accurate predictions. Kohonen's Self-Organizing Networks: * Kohonen's Self-Organizing Networks are a type of neural network used for unsupervised learning. * They help find patterns in data without any predefined labels. * They use a grid of neurons, and each neuron represents a cluster in the data, * Neurons compete to be the best match for input data, and the winning neuron adjusts its properties, * Over time, these networks organize themselves to represent data clusters. Advantages of Kohonen's Self-Organizing Networks: * Unsupervised learning. © Clustering. * Topology preservation. * Robustness to noise. Disadvantages of Kohonen's Self-Organizing Networks: * Sensitive to parameters. * Initialization challenges * Computationally intensive. Hopfield Network: * Hopfield Networks are a type of recurrent neural network. © They are used for pattern recognition and optimization problems.* Each neuron in a Hopfield network can be in one of two states (on or off). * Patterns are stored in the connections between neurons. * When given a partial pattern, the network tries to complete it to the nearest stored pattern. Feedforward Network: * A Feedforward Network is the simplest type of neural network. © It's called "feedforward" because data flows in one direction, from input to output. © Itconsists of layers of neurons (input, hidden, and output). * Information is processed layer by layer without any feedback loops. + Feedforward networks are often used for tasks like image classification and regression. Neural network: Instar: * An instar isa type of artificial neural network node or neuron. * It's responsible for receiving and processing input data. * Instars help the network recognize and react to specific patterns in the input. Outstar: * An outstar is another type of neural network node. * It's responsible for producing output based on the information it receives from other neurons. * Outstars help the network generate a response or decision based on the processed data. Weights in Connections: © Weights in connections are values assigned to the links between neurons in aneural network,© These weights determine the strength of the connection or influence between neurons. © They play a crucial role in how information is processed and flows through the network. Threshold Function: * The threshold function is like a simple decision rule used in some neurons. © Ittakes the weighted sum of inputs and compares it to a threshold value. * Ifthe sum is greater than the threshold, the neuron activates or produces an output; otherwise, it remains inactive. These terms are fundamental to understanding how neural networks process and transform information, helping them make decisions or classifications. Applications: ADALINE AND MADALINE: - Adaline (Adaptive Linear Neuron): * Adaline is used for linear regression tasks. * It's applied in problems where you need to predict a continuous output. * Examples include stock price prediction, weather forecasting, or demand forecasting in economics. Madaline (Multiple Adaline): * Madalineis an extension of Adaline and is used for pattern classification tasks. * Itcan be used in situations where you want to categorize data into different classes. * Applications include character recognition in OCR (Optical Character Recognition) systems, speech recognition, or classifying diseases based on medical data. Both Adaline and Madaline are neural network models that find applications in various fields, including data analysis, pattern recognition, and predictive modeling.ANN CONCEPT AND DIAGRAM: - Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs): ANNs are computer programs inspired by the way our brain works. They are used to solve various tasks, like image recognition or predicting stock prices. ANNs consist of layers of artificial neurons (nodes) connected to each other. Neurons process information and make decisions based on input data. Neurons are connected by weights, which control the strength of connections. Learning in ANNs involves adjusting these weights to improve predictions ANNs are great at finding patterns and making decisions based on data. They are a fundamental part of machine learning and Al, used in many applications. linear weights e@ Output eo