1.2.ĐỀ NGHE-ĐỌC-VIẾT LĐT 2024-2025
1.2.ĐỀ NGHE-ĐỌC-VIẾT LĐT 2024-2025
1.2.ĐỀ NGHE-ĐỌC-VIẾT LĐT 2024-2025
Part 1: For questions 1-5, listen to podcast about and decide whether each of the following
statements is TRUE (T), FALSE (F) or NOT GIVEN (NG) according to what you hear.
Write T, F or NG in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. (1
pt)
1. When Charles was small, he showed no particular interest in space travel.
2. The hardest part of the training was constantly being afraid of making a mistake.
3. Charles’s reaction when he first found out he was going to the moon was saying “exhilarated”.
4. The loneliness of the place was the feature of the moon made the greatest impact on Charles
5. Charles felt into a crater during his last moonwalk.
Your answers
1. _________ 2. _________ 3. _________ 4. _________ 5. _________
Part 2: For questions 6-10, listen to a podcast about wisdom teeth and answer the following
questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each question. (1 pt)
6. Along with tooth decay and tumors, what is also a serious problem caused by wisdom teeth?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. What did people in ancient times use wisdom teeth for?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. At what age do wisdom teeth normally grow?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. What is usually formed between the teeth which creates the perfect food trap?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. What are two examples for the risks of wisdom’s teeth surgery?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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B. that she is frightened by the ideas of a car having no driver.
C. her doubt that increased road regulations will guarantee safety.
D. her concern that Ken is too optimistic about the future.
13. On what subject do Ken and Maggie share a common view?
A. Non-drivers will use the driving lanes if given the chance.
B. Traditional street lights must not be removed.
C. Automatic breaking systems will save many lives.
D. The job of those in charge will become more difficult.
14. When discussing driverless cars and research, both environmentalists
______
A. acknowledge that various organizations are involved in it.
B. agree that the Google organization is leading the way.
C. suggest there are still many design problems to be solved.
D. admit they cannot predict when driverless cars will be marketable.
15. What can be inferred from Ken’s closing remarks?
A. He feels driverless technology will have a positive effect on cyclists.
B. He is in two minds about how driverless technology will affect cyclists.
C. He is certain that special laws will be needed to make driverless cars
safe.
D. He believes faster cars will pose a threat to both passengers and
cyclists.
Your answers
11. _________ 12. _________ 13. _________ 14. _________ 15. _________
Part 4: For questions 16-25, listen to a piece of news about Apple’s biggest product event
in years. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording for each answer
in the spaces provided. (2 pts)
Apple has just (16) ___________ its most ambitious product in years – a headset that lets
people experience both virtual and (17) ___________ .
Vision Pro which is the biggest new hardware since the Apple Watch allows you to see
through like (18) ___________ ski goggles on your head that (19) ___________ the real
world with the virtual world.
Apple is going for the mainstream consumers. They’re going for fitness, they’re going for
Facetime, they’re going through productivity and they’re looking to expand the pool from
beyond that just (20) ___________ .
Apple still hasn’t (21) ___________ but that is the big question. Rumors are that it should be
around $3,000.
Apple is taking a big risk with this product where their demand isn’t really proven but also
going from on (22) ___________ that is way beyond what’s currently on the market.
Virtually every (23) ___________ is focusing on AI and there are a lot of questions about
how Apple will (24) ___________ it into their software.
Consumers haven’t shown the (25) ___________ for putting a big, expensive thing on top of
their head and stepping into the virtual world.
Your answers
16. 21.
17. 22.
18. 23.
19. 24.
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20. 25.
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SECTION 2: LEXICO-GRAMMAR (2 points)
Part 1: For questions 26-40, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the
following questions. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. (1.5
points)
26. Good professional practice requires ________ to clients of major changes to the composition
of a firm.
A. notoriety B. notification C. notation D. notarial
27. The children in the picture look delicate and ________, as though they had never run or
played.
A. otherworldly B. world-beating C. worldly-wise D. word-perfect
28. After a lengthy debate, the spokesman announced the board had reached a(n) ______
conclusion.
A. unanimous B. uncomplimentary C. uncompromising D. unabashed
29. They have to apologize to Robinson since his name was ______ omitted from the list.
A. pompously B. snobbishly C. inadvertently D. inalienably
30. The delight in treasure finding doesn’t always ______ acquiring tremendous amounts of
valuables.
A. dwell on B. poke around C. lay about D. hinge upon
31. The spokesperson said the information campaign was a ______ to hide the most regressive
tax in history.
A. red tape B. fig leaf C. book cover D. witch cloak
32. Having delivered a thorough and insightful report, Mark deserves a real ______.
A. slap on the wrist B. peck on the cheek
C. pain in the neck D. pat on the back
33. Many diseases that used to be considered ______ of mankind are now easily treatable with
antibiotics.
A. scourges B. tortures C. blights D. thorns
34. If you want to make it in the field of technology, study hard and stay
ahead of the _______.
A. twist B. circle C. spin D. curve
35. Every time I return to my home town, I always _______ base with a few
close friends.
A. tap B. knock C. pat D. touch
36. After months of trying to find a cheap flat in the centre of town, he’s
finally _______ in the
sponge.
A. thrown B. swept C. cleared D. polished
37. You’ve got one last chance to take this exam and pass, so you’d better
_________ and do
some work.
A. take off B. scrape through C. knuckle down D. excel at
38. The orchestra decided to ______ tradition, and wear their everyday clothes
for the concert.
A. flaunt B. flout C. feign D. fend
39. As well as criticizing the omissions in the sample studied, local scientists
______ some of the
health evidence.
A. paid homage to B. paid tribute to C. took issue with D. made
amends for
40. The engineer ______ the machine with a hammer and, miraculously, it
roared back to life.
A. slapped B. smacked C. whacked D. punched
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Your answers
26. ____ 27. ____ 28. ____ 29. ____ 30. ____ 31. ____ 32. ____ 33. ____
34. ____ 35. ____ 36. ____ 37. ____ 38. ____ 39. ____ 40. ____
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Part 2: For questions 41-45, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered
space provided. (0.5 point)
41. They had a guard at the door to ensure that nobody ______ the party. (GATE)
42. The woman complained ______ about her husband’s smoking habit. (CEASE)
43. The management and the union asked a completely ______ party to mediate between them.
(INTEREST)
44. According to the government figures, the ______ of jobs in the next century will be in
service-related fields, such as health and business. (PONDER)
45. I lingered in San Francisco ______ myself after the hardships of the cruise, spending money,
regretting it, continually promising departure for the morrow. (DAMAGE)
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53. A. examined B. inquired C. accounted D.
corroborated
54. A. aggravated B. teased C. persecuted D.
plagued
55. A. far-away B. outlying C. distant D. imminent
Your answers:
46. _________ 47. _________ 48. _________ 49. _________ 50. _________
51. _________ 52. _________ 53. _________ 54. _________ 55. _________
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Part 2: For questions 56–65, read the following passage about the human immune system and
choose the best answer A, B, C, or D according to the text. (1 point)
PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
By charting out the typical cognitive development of children, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget
has heavily influenced how psychiatrists delineate the progress of juvenile psychological
growth. Beginning in the 1920s and up until his death in 1980, he studied the errors
schoolchildren made on various tests and realised that children of the same age made the same
kinds of reasoning errors. Based on these recurring patterns, he identified stages in a child’s
cognitive development, beginning from infancy and extending through adulthood. Essentially, he
proposed that there was a common timetable by which children initially develop simple
cognitive skills and gradually refine them into more abstract ways of thinking. While more
recent theories on the matter suggest that there is more overlap among these stages and that
different environments affect children’s progress, Piaget’s theory was nonetheless extremely
important to initial studies of cognitive development.
According to Piaget, the first stage that children go through is the sensorimotor stage, an
eventful and complex period that Piaget further divided into six sub-stages. The sensorimotor
stage begins at birth and lasts roughly until the child is two years old. During this time, the child
experiences the world through his senses and motor skills, and he will initially develop and
master the basic reflexes of infants, such as grasping, sucking, looking, and listening. Moreover,
the infant begins to develop the fundamentals of basic cognitive functions. He develops
awareness of himself and of objects as separate entities and begins to manipulate his external
environment, usually by kicking, moving objects, and chewing on toys. The child also learns that
certain actions will have certain effects, and he may perform an action to recreate these effects.
For instance, he may accidentally suck his thumb and find it pleasurable, so he repeatedly sucks
his thumb to experience the pleasure again. The child may also experiment with different actions
to test their effects, like making various sounds to get an adult’s attention. Finally, the child also
shows the basic capacity for understanding symbols, and he develops a rudimentary use of
language toward the end of this stage, most notably by identifying parents with words like
“mama” and “dada.”
In the next stage, the preoperational stage (ages 2–7), the child expands his capacity for
symbolic thinking, and he can envision the environment and manipulate it within his
imagination. Imagination thus develops more fully, as seen in the child’s tendency to role-play
other people (like his parents, firefighters, etc.), and to pretend that objects are other things, like
pretending that a broom is a horse. This stage is marked by two other distinctive characteristics.
The first is egocentrism. While the child’s language develops more fully for the purpose of social
interaction, his thought process is still limited by individual experiences, and these cognitive
limitations exclude any alternative viewpoints. Piaget determined this when he instructed several
children in this age group to look at a three-dimensional model of a mountain from a particular
angle and then pick out a particular scene they saw. All of the subjects correctly fulfilled the
task, but, when asked to pick out what someone else would have seen when looking at a different
angle, they only picked out the respective scenes they saw. Basically, they were oblivious to the
fact that a viewer at a different angle would see a different scene, so they were only able to pick
out only what they saw personally. The other characteristic is that thought occurs in an illogical
and irreversible manner. A child can easily believe that things can magically increase, decrease,
or vanish, as perceptions often dictate their reality. Piaget determined this from an experiment in
which he poured equal amounts of liquid into a short thick glass and a tall thin glass and asked
the children which container had more liquid. The subjects often selected the tall thin glass
because the liquid reached a higher level and made the glass appear fuller. They believed that
liquid magically appeared to fill the taller glass, even though they were told both glasses
contained the same amount.
In the final two stages, the child refines his skills or reasoning and analysis. In the
concrete operational stage (ages 7–11), the child shows evidence for logical thought and
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becomes less egocentric in his thinking. He begins to grasp concepts such as mass, length,
volume, time, and other abstract measurements, and he becomes capable of solving basic logical
problems and understanding reversible logic. He can perform simple arithmetic like addition,
subtraction, and multiplication, and his understanding of how these concepts relate to each other
increased. For instance, he understands that ten minus five equals five, so five plus five equals
ten. He is also able to categorize concepts, such as identifying a tiger as a cat, a cat as an animal,
and thus a tiger as an animal. In the fourth and final stage, the formal operational stage (from
puberty to adulthood), the child is finally able to think in completely abstract terms. He is able to
perform algebra, calculus, and other mathematics that utilize symbols, formulas, and logic, and
he is capable of other complex critical and analytical thought. This also allows him to hypotheses
from experiments and using these to predict the effects of certain actions. The extent to which
people achieve this degree of abstract thinking is always different, and some may never fully or
adequately grasp these skills, even as adults.
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A. He would be adroit to conduct and unravel the elaborate mathematical equations often
wielded in calculus.
B. He would only be able to kick, shriek, and masticate on miscellaneous objects to create
changes in his vicinities.
C. He would most likely flunk Piaget’s test that incorporated a three-dimensional model of
mountain.
D. He would discern that the containers in the liquids-in-two containers test have the same
amount.
Part 3: For questions 66-78, read the text below and do the task that follow. (1.3 points)
WHEN CONVERSATIONS FLOW
We spend a large part of our daily life talking with other people and, consequently, we
are well accustomed to the art of conversing. But why do we feel comfortable in conversations
that have flow, but get nervous and distressed when a conversation is interrupted by unexpected
silences? To answer this question, we will first look at some of the effects of conversational
flow. Then we will explain how flow can serve different social needs.
The positive consequences of conversational flow show some similarities with the effects
of “processing fluency”. Research has shown that processing fluency - the ease with which
people process information - influences people’s judgments across a broad range of social
dimensions. For instance, people feel that when something is easily processed, it is more true or
accurate. Moreover, they have more confidence in their judgments regarding information that
came to them fluently, and they like things that are easy to process more than things that are
difficult to process. Research indicates that a speaker is judged to be more knowledgeable when
they answer questions instantly; responding with disfluent speech markers such as “uh” or “um”
or simply remaining silent for a moment too long can destroy that positive image.
One of the social needs addressed by conversational flow is the human need for
“synchrony” to be “in sync” or in harmony with one another. Many studies have shown how
people attempt to synchronize with their partners, by coordinating their behavior. This
interpersonal coordination underlies a wide array of human activities, ranging from more
complicated ones like ballroom dancing to simply walking or talking with friends.
In conversations, interpersonal coordination is found when people adjust the duration of
their utterances and their speech rate to one another so that they can enable turn-taking to occur,
without talking over each other or experiencing awkward silences. Since people are very well
trained in having conversations, they are often able to take turns within milliseconds, resulting in a
conversational flow of smoothly meshed behaviors. A lack of flow is characterized by
interruptions, simultaneous speech or mutual silences. Avoiding these features is important for
defining and maintaining interpersonal relationships.
The need to belong has been identified as one of the most basic of human motivations and it
plays a role in many human behaviors. That conversational flow related to belonging may be most
easily illustrated by the consequences of flow disruptions.
What happens when the positive experience of flow is disrupted by, for instance, a brief
silence? We all know that silences can be pretty awkward, and research shows that even short
disruptions in conversational flow can lead to a sharp rise in distress levels. In movies, silences
are often used to signal noncompliance or confrontation (Piazza, 2006). Some researchers even
argue that “silencing someone” is one of the most serious forms of exclusion. Group membership
is of elementary importance to our wellbeing and because humans are very sensitive to signals of
exclusion, a silence is generally taken as a sign of rejection. In this way, a lack of flow in a
conversation may signal that our relationship is not as solid as we thought it was.
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Another aspect of synchrony is that people often try to validate their opinions to those of
others. That is, people like to see others as having similar ideas or worldviews as they have
themselves, because this informs people that they are correct and their worldviews are justified.
One way in which people can justify their worldviews is by assuming that, as long as their
conversations run smoothly, their interaction partners probably agree with them. This idea was
tested by researchers using video observations. Participants imagined being one out of three people
in a video clip who had either a fluent conversation or a conversation in which flow was disrupted
by a brief silence. Except for the silence, the videos were identical. After watching the video,
participants were asked to what extent the people in the video agreed with each other. Participants
who watched the fluent conversation rated agreement to be higher than participants watching the
conversation that was disrupted by a silence, even though participants were not consciously aware
of the disruption. It appears that the subjective feeling of being out of sync informs people of
possible disagreements, regardless of the content of the conversation.
Because people are generally so well trained in having smooth conversations, any
disruption of this flow indicates that something is wrong, either interpersonally or within the
group as a whole. Consequently, people who do not talk very easily may be incorrectly
understood as being less agreeable than those who have no difficulty keeping up a conversation.
On a societal level, one could even imagine that a lack of conversational flow may hamper the
integration of immigrants who have not completely mastered the language of their new country
yet. In a similar sense, the ever-increasing number of online conversations may be disrupted by
misinterpretations and anxiety that are produced by insuperable delays in the Internet connection.
Keeping in mind the effects of conversational flow for feelings of belonging and validation may
help one to be prepared to avoid such misapprehensions in future conversations.
Questions 66 – 71
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage? In boxes
66-71, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
66. Conversation occupies much of our time.
67. People assess information according to how readily they can understand it.
68. A quick response to a question is thought to show a lack of knowledge.
69. Video observations have often been used to assess conversational flow.
70. People who talk less often have clearer ideas than those who talk a lot.
71. Delays in online chat fail to have the same negative effect as disruptions that occur in
natural conversation.
Your answers
66. ______ 67. ______ 68. ______ 69. ______ 70. ______ 71. ______
Question 72-78
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
SYNCHRONY
There is a human desire to co-ordinate (72) ______ in an effort to be “in harmony”. This co-
ordination can be seen in conversations when speakers alter the speed and extent of their speech
in order to facilitate (73) ______.This is often achieved within milliseconds: only tiny pauses
take place when a conversation flows; when it doesn’t, there are (74) ______ and silences, or
people talk at the same time. Our desire to belong is also an important element of conversation
flow. According to research, our (75) ______ increase even if silences are brief. Humans have a
basic need to be part of a group, and they experience a sense of (76) ______ if silences exclude
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them. People also attempt to co-ordinate their opinions in conversation. In an experiment,
participants’ judgement of the overall (77) ______ among speakers was tested using videos of a
fluent and a slightly disrupted conversation. The results showed that the (78) ______ of the
speakers’ discussion was less important than the perceived synchrony of the speaker.
Your answers
72. _____________ 72. _____________ 74. _____________ 75. _____________
76. _____________ 77. _____________ 78. _____________
Part 4: In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 79-85, read the
passage and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra
paragraph which you do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered space
provided. (0.7 point)
ORIGIN OF ADVERTISING
Advertising has become a major force in our modern world. Through our
airwaves, up in the skies, on walls, streets and along motorways, almost
nowhere can we go and not be bombarded by adverts. It has become so
prevalent that scientists and researchers have analyzed its sociological
effect extensively – how it influences buying habits, desensitizes consumers
and in some cases even repels them.
79. _______________________
Such rudimentary content is also believed to be present in the first printed
adverts, used by ancient Egyptians to communicate sales messages through
the use of papyrus. In contrast with the ephemeral nature of today’s
advertising, they would also carve messages of commerce into stone or on
steel plates, which would remain visible for a lifetime.
80. _______________________
Naturally, we cannot know for sure, but one would guess that the power of
persuasion was present in the spoken adverts of ancient times. You could
suppose that the loudest, most colorful, most entertaining crier garnered the
most business. Although we do not experience this form of advertisement
often today, sellers in public markets in Europe and the Middle East still
employ this method.
81. _______________________
The specific message on the printing plate was ‘We buy high-quality steel
rods and make fine- quality needles to be ready for use at home in no time',
and the seller also placed a rabbit logo and the name of his shop in the
center. The plate, made of copper and dating back to the Song dynasty of
the 10th-century China, was used to print posters the dimensions of which
were nearly perfect squares roughly the size of a window frame.
82. _______________________
It was not until the rise of newspapers did advertising makes its next big
leap. During this time, targeted slogans and catchphrases became popular.
The first such instance of a paid newspaper advert appeared in the French
newspaper La Presse in 1836 and what was so revolutionary about it was
that the seller paid for its placement, allowing the newspaper to charge its
readers less.
83. _______________________
Known as quackery, such messages boasted cures for common ailments that
went above and beyond what traditional remedies could provide. Naturally,
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an unsuspecting and undereducated public was particularly susceptible to
such fabrications. Much as how quackery would be dispelled today, doctors
went out of their way to publish medical journals debunking the claims made
by these adverts.
84. _______________________
In the advert, a painting of a child blowing bubbles – a work of art literally
entitled Bubbles, by English artist Sir John Everett Millais – was used as the
background of a poster, with the product visible in the foreground. The visual
immediately linked the product with high – class society and it is a tactic that
is undeniably still very much used today.
85. _______________________
Along with the staggering investment is the use of a broad range of tactics to
maximize impact, such as focus groups, evocative imagery, storytelling, and
seemingly boundless product placement. So psychological is the effect that it
has given rise to the belief that companies know everything about you.
Nevertheless, with such creativity poured into the field, one can still
appreciate its art form and its place in history.
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H. That formula was soon copied by other publishers looking to increase their profits while
expanding their circulation. British newspapers, which had been using newspaper
advertising since the 18th century, used adverts to promote books and newspapers
themselves. The printing press had made their production much more affordable and
advertising content expanded to include medicines, in what would prove to be the first
instances of false advertising.
Part 5: The passage below consists of four paragraphs marked A, B, C, and D. For questions
86-95, read the passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes provided. (1 point)
HEALTH DRINKS
A. Coconut water
Coconut water is billed as Mother Nature's sports drink, as a dehydration-slaking, nutrient-
restoring alternative to plain water or more synthetic workout recovery beverages. The truth,
however, is a little different. “Coconut water contains a lot of potassium, more than a medium-
sized banana, as well as electrolytes, which help your body absorb water,” explains Manuel
Villacorta, MS, RD, author of Peruvian Powerfoods. “But if you're refueling after a serious
workout, coconut water alone won't be enough to replenish what your body has lost,” he adds.
“And if you haven't been exercising, don't let the word “water” fool you into thinking this
beverage isn't caloric,” Zeratsky warns. 'People tend to lose track of the calories they consume in
beverages. But if you're drinking a bottle or two of coconut water a day instead of water, that
extra 100 or 200 calories will add up,” she stresses.
B. Almond milk
“This is often sold as a healthy, humane alternative to cow's milk, but all “milks” are not created
equal - especially when it comes to protein,” explains Jennifer Koslo, PhD, RD. “Almond milk
has about one gram of protein per serving, compared to eight or nine grams in cow's milk,”
Koslo says. “Almond milk also lacks dairy's branch amino acids, which, along with protein, aid
muscle health and growth,” Villacorta adds. “If you're lactose intolerant and need something to
splash on your morning cereal or in your coffee, almond milk is a good choice,” Koslo says.
“But even if your almond milk is fortified with vitamin D and other nutrients, you're not getting
the same benefits you would from cow's milk,” she adds. For those worried about the humane
treatment of cows, stick to local and organic dairy products.
C. Kombucha tea
The advertising suggests that thanks to its bacteria content, this fermented “probiotic” tea
bolsters your immune and digestive systems by supporting the microorganisms that live in your
gut. “More and more, we're learning about the value of bacteria and probiotics to maintain a
healthy population of microorganisms in our digestive systems,” explains Stephanie Maxson,
MS, RD, a senior clinical dietician at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
“Kombucha tea, as well as other fermented foods like yogurt and kefir, is a good source of
probiotic microorganisms, so they may support your digestive or immune systems. But at this
point, it's not clear which types of bacteria are necessary for optimal digestive health, ” Maxson
says. “Because everyone's microbiome is unique, people will react differently to different strains
of bacteria.” Also, “there's some concern that people living with illness, particularly AIDS or
cancer, may be at greater risk for infection from the bacteria in unpasteurized, fermented drinks
like kombucha tea,” Maxson says. If you're healthy and don't mind the cost, she recommends
drinking no more than an ounce or two of kombucha a day. “It usually comes in a big bottle,
which has enough bacteria to last you a week,” she says.
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D. Green juice
There are many varieties of this “super” beverage, but nearly all tout the same benefit: a huge
helping of healthful fruits and veggies packed into a convenient, easy-to-swig package. The truth
is not that clear. Plant enzymes oxidate quickly, so your drink has to be really fresh for you to get
all the ingredients' nutritional benefits. As a result, a lot of pre-bottled, commercially sold green
juices aren't fresh enough to offer you the most bang for your buck. And even the freshly-
squeezed options won't provide the full range of nutrients you'd get from eating whole fruits and
vegetables.
E. Juice cleanses
The latest health food gurus claim that a juice cleanse can supercharge your energy levels, help
you lose weight, flush out your clogged digestive system, and sharpen your brain, but let's be
clear. Drinking the juice of a fruit or vegetable is not as good for you as eating it whole, because
nearly all the fiber and a lot of the nutrients are contained in the flesh, so don't let the marketing
fool you into thinking drinking a juice is the same as eating the whole vegetable. And while
these cleanses are convenient, they're also a lot more expensive than buying whole fruits and
vegetables. If people can afford cleanses and they want to drink them once in a while to
supplement their regular diet, that's fine. But they shouldn't be consumed on their own for
extended periods, because they're not nutritionally complete.
D. WRITING (6 points)
Part 1: Read the following passage and use your own words to summarise it. You MUST NOT copy
or re-write the original. Your summary should be about 100-120 words long. (1.5 points)
Alternative energy sources are resources that are constantly replaced and are usually less
polluting. They are not the result of the burning of fossil fuels or splitting of atoms. The use of
renewable energy is contributing to our energy supply. Some alternative energy sources are:
biomass energy, geothermal energy and hydroelectric power.
Biomass is renewable energy that is produced from organic matter. Biomass fuels include
wood, forest and mill residues, animal waste, grains, agricultural crops, and aquatic plants. These
materials are used as fuel to heat water for steam or processed into liquids and gases, which can
be burned to do the same thing. With more use of biomass at lower production costs and better
technology, the United States could generate as much as four-and-a-half times more biopower by
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2020. It is estimated that biomass will have the largest increase among renewable energy
sources, rising by 80 percent and reaching 65.7 billion KW in 2020.
Geothermal energy uses heat from within the earth. Wells are drilled into geothermal
reservoirs to bring the hot water or steam to the surface. The steam then drives a turbine-
generator to generate electricity in geothermal plants. In some places this heat is used directly to
heat homes and greenhouses, or to provide process heat for businesses or industries. Reykjavik,
Iceland, is heated by geothermal energy. Most geothermal resources are concentrated in the
western part of the United States. Geothermal heat pumps use shallow ground energy to heat and
cool homes, and this technique can be employed almost anywhere. With technological
improvements much more power could be generated from hydrothermal resources. Scientists
have been experimenting by pumping water into the hot dry rock that is 3-6 miles below the
earth's surface for use in geothermal power plants.
Hydroelectric (hydropower) energy employs the force of falling water to drive turbine-
generators to produce electricity. Hydropower produces more electricity than any other
alternative energy source. It has been estimated that hydroelectric power will decline from 389
billion KW in the US in 1999 to 298 billion KW in 2020. This decline is expected because most
of the best sites for hydropower have already been developed and because of concerns about the
adverse impact that large-scale hydroelectric facilities may have on the environment.
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Part 2: The bar chart and pie charts below provide information about the years at school of
two sex and the education level in Singapore from 2000 to 2020. (2 points)
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant. You should write about 150 words.
16 | P a g e
The years at school of two sex in Singapore
12
10
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Male Female
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_________ THE END ________
19 | P a g e