Scribd
Upload
7 views3 pages

PP 26

Uploaded by

dilipkumar896085
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views3 pages

PP 26

Uploaded by

dilipkumar896085
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

PP 26 : Functions of several variables : Sequences, continuity and partial derivatives

1
1. Find the limit of the sequence ((sin n1 , e− n2 , sin( π2 − n1 )).

2. Find
3x2 |y|
(a) lim(x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2
.
1−cos(x+y+z)
(b) lim(x,y,z)→(0,0,0) (x+y+z)2
.
sin(x2 +y 2 )
(c) lim(x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2
.

3. Show that the following limits do not exist.


(x+y+z)2
(a) lim(x,y,z)→(0,0,0) x2 +y 2 +z 2
xy cos y
(b) lim(x,y)→(0,0) 4x 2 +y 2 .

sin(xy)
4. Show that the function f : R2 → R defined by f (x, y) = xy for xy 6= 0 and 1 for xy = 0
is continuous on R2 .
3
5. Let f : R2 → R be defined by f (x, y) = 2xx4 +y
y
2 for (x, y) 6= 0 and 0 for (x, y) = (0, 0).

Show that the function f is continuous at (0, 0).


1
− |x−y|
6. Let f (x, y) = e when x 6= y. How must f be defined for x = y so that f is continuous
on R2 ?

7. Find a function f : R2 → R such that f (0, 0) = 1, f (1, 0) = 0 and 0 ≤ f (x, y) ≤ 1 for all
(x, y) ∈ R2 .

8. Let f : R3 → R be continuous and X0 ∈ R3 . If f (X0 ) > 0 show that there exists an


−neighborhood B (X0 ) = {X ∈ R3 : kX − X0 k < } of X0 such that f (X) > 0 for all
X ∈ B (X0 ).

9. Let f : R2 → R be given by f (x, y) = 1 if x = 0 or y = 0 and f (x, y) = 0 otherwise. Show


that fx (0, 0) = fy (0, 0) = 0 but f is not continuous at (0, 0).

10. Let f, g : R2 → R be defined by f (x, y) = |x| + |y| and g(x, y) = |xy| for (x, y) ∈ R2 . Show
that

(a) fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0) do not exist whereas gx (0, 0) and gy (0, 0) exist.
(b) for x0 6= 0, gy (x0 , 0) does not exist and for y0 6= 0, gx (0, y0 ) does not exist.

3x2 y−y 3
11. Consider the function f (x, y) = x2 +y 2
for (x, y) 6= (0, 0) and f (0, 0) = 0.

(a) Verify whether f is continuous at (0, 0).


(b) Evaluate fy (x, 0) for x 6= 0.
(c) Verify whether fy is continuous at (0, 0).

12. Let f : R2 → R be such that f (X + Y ) = f (X) + f (Y ) and f (αX) = αf (X) for all
X, Y ∈ R2 and α ∈ R. Show that f is continuous on R2 .

13. (*) Let A be a bounded subset of R2 . Suppose (x0 , y0 ) ∈ A whenever a sequence ((xn , yn ))
in A converges to (x0 , y0 ). Let f : A → R be continuous. Show that
(a) f is bounded.
(b) there exists X0 , Y0 ∈ A such that f (X0 ) = sup{f (X) : X ∈ A} and f (Y0 ) =
inf{f (X) : X ∈ A}.

14. (*) Let f : R2 → R be continuous. Let S = {X ∈ R2 : kXk ≤ 1}. Show that the range of
f , f (S) = {f (X) : X ∈ S}, is an interval.

Practice Problems 26 : Hints/Solutions


1
1. (sin n1 , e− n2 , sin( π2 − n1 )) → (0, 0, 1) an n → ∞.
|y| 2 3x2 |y| 3(x2 +y 2 )|y|
2. (a) Since lim(x,0)→(0,0) x3x2 +y 2 = 0, 0 is the possible limit. Now x2 +y 2
−0 ≤ x2 +y 2
=
|y| → 0 as (x, y) → (0, 0). Therefore 0 is the limit.
1−cos(x+y+z)
(b) As (x, y, z) → (0, 0, 0, ), t = x + y + z → 0. Therefore lim(x,y,z)→(0,0,0) (x+y+z)2
=
limt→0 1−cos
t
t
= 21 .
2 +y 2 )
(c) lim(x,y)→(0,0) sin(x
x2 +y 2
= 1.

(x+y+z)2
3. (a) Along x = y = 0, lim(x,y,z)→(0,0,0) x2 +y 2 +z 2
= 1 whereas, along x = y = z,
2
lim(x,y,z)→(0,0,0) x(x+y+z)
2 +y 2 +z 2 = 3. Therefore the limit does not exist.
xy cos y xy cos y
(b) For x = 0, lim(x,y)→(0,0) 4x 2 +y 2 = 0 and for x = y, lim(x,y)→(0,0) 4x2 +y 2
= 15 . Therefore
the limit does not exist.

4. Let (x0 , y0 ) ∈ R2 and x0 y0 6= 0. The function f is continuous at (x0 , y0 ) as f (xn , yn ) →


f (x0 , y0 ) when (xn , yn ) → (x0 , y0 ). Suppose (x0 , y0 ) ∈ R2 such that x0 y0 = 0 and
(xn , yn ) → (x0 , y0 ). Since xn yn → 0, f (xn , yn ) → 1 = f (x0 , y0 ). Therefore f is continuous
at (x0 , y0 ).
x3 y 2x(x4 +y 2 )
5. By AM-GM inequality, |f (x, y) − f (0, 0)| ≤ x4 +y 2
≤ x4 +y 2
→ 0 as (x, y) → (0, 0).

6. Setting f (x, y) = 0 for x = y makes the function continuous.


|x+y−1|
7. Consider f (x, y) = |x+y|+1 .

8. Suppose that there exists no such -neighborhood. Then for every n, there exists Xn ∈
B 1 (X0 ) = {X ∈ R3 : kX − X0 k ≤ n1 } such that f (Xn ) ≤ 0. Since Xn → X0 , by the
n
continuity of f, f (Xn ) → f (X0 ). Therefore f (X0 ) ≤ 0 which is a contradiction.

9. Easily follows from the definitions.

10. For t 6= 0, f (0+t,0)−f


t
(0,0)
= |t|t and f (0,0+t)−f
t
(0,0)
= |t|t . Therefore fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0) do
not exist. For (x0 , y0 ) ∈ R2 and t 6= 0, g(x0 +t,y0 )−g(xt
0 ,y0 )
= |y0 |(|x0 +t|−|x
t
0 |)
. By allowing
t → 0, we see that fx (0, 0) = 0, fy (0, 0) = 0 and fx (0, y0 ) does not exist if y0 6= 0.
|y||3x2 −y 2 | |y||3x2 +3y 2 |
11. (a) Since |f (x, y) − f (0, 0)| ≤ x2 +y 2
≤ x2 +y 2
≤ 3|y| → 0 as (x, y) → (0, 0), f is
continuous at (0, 0).
f (0,t)
(b) fy (0, 0) = limt→0 t = −1.
(c) Since fy (x, 0) = limt→0 f (x,t)−f
t
(x,0)
= 3 for any x 6= 0, fy (x, 0) 9 fy (0, 0) as x → 0.
Therefore fy is not continuous at (x0 , y) ).
12. Let (x0 , y0 ) ∈ R2 and (xn , yn ) → (x0 , y0 ). Then f ((xn , yn )) = f (xn (1, 0) + yn (0, 1)) =
xn f (1, 0) + yn f (0, 1) → x0 f ((1, 0)) + y0 f ((0, 1)) = f ((x0 , y0 )).

13. (a) If f is not bounded then for every n, there exists (xn , yn ) ∈ A such that f ((xn , yn )) >
n. Since ((xn , yn )) is a bounded sequence, there exists a subsequence ((xnk , ynk ))
such that (xnk , ynk ) → (x0 , y0 ) ∈ A. By the continuity of f , f ((xnk , ynk )) → f (x0 , y0 )
which contradicts the assumption that f (xn , yn ) > n for every n.
(b) For every n, find (xn , yn ) ∈ A such that sup{f (X) : X ∈ A} − n1 ≤ f (xn , yn ). Since
((xn , yn )) is bounded, by Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, there exists a subsequence
(xnk , ynk )) converges, say to X0 = (x0 , y0 ). By the continuity of f , f (xn , yn ) →
f (x0 , y0 ) ≥ sup{f (X) : X ∈ A}, that is f (X0 ) = sup{f (X) : X ∈ A}.

14. Let X0 , Y0 ∈ S be such that f (X0 ) = M = sup{f (X) : X ∈ S} and f (Y0 ) = m =


inf{f (X) : X ∈ S} (see Problem 13). Note that f (X) ∈ [m, M ] for every X ∈ S. Suppose
α ∈ (m, M ). Consider the map g(t) = f ((1 − t)Y0 + tX0 ). Observe that g : [0, 1] → R
is continuous, g(0) = m and g(1) = M . By the intermediate value property, there exists
t0 ∈ (0, 1) such that g(t0 ) = α, that is f ((1 − t0 )Y0 + t0 X0 ) = α. Hence f (S) = [m, M ].

You might also like