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IT305 Signals and Systems

Signal Representation

Tamer Emara
Damietta University
Fall 2024

Outline
• Representation of Discrete-Time Signals
• Elementary Discrete-Time signals
• Basic Operations on Sequences
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Recall
• A signal is defined as a single-valued function of one or
more independent variables which contain some
information.
• A signal is also defined as a physical quantity that
varies with time, space or any other independent

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variable.

Recall
• The block diagram of a DSP system
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Outline
• Representation of Discrete-Time Signals
• Elementary Discrete-Time signals
• Basic Operations on Sequences

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Representation of Discrete-Time Signals

• Discrete-time signals are signals which are defined only
at discrete instants of time.
• There are following four ways of representing discrete-
time signals:
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1. Graphical representation
2. Functional representation
3. Tabular representation
4. Sequence representation

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Graphical representation

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Functional representation
• In this, the amplitude of the signal is written against
the values of n. IT305 Signals and Systems - Lecture 02

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Tabular representation
• In this, the sampling instant n and the magnitude of the
signal at the sampling instant are represented in the
tabular form.

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Sequence representation
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Outline
• Representation of Discrete-Time Signals
• Elementary Discrete-Time signals
• Basic Operations on Sequences

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Elementary Discrete-Time signals

There are several elementary signals which play vital
role in the study of signals and systems. These
elementary signals serve as basic building blocks for the
construction of more complex signals. In fact, these
elementary signals may be used to model a large
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number of physical signals, which occur in nature. These

elementary signals are also called standard signals.

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Elementary Discrete-Time signals

The standard discrete-time signals are as follows:
1. Unit step sequence
2. Unit ramp sequence

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3. Unit parabolic sequence
4. Unit impulse sequence
5. Sinusoidal sequence
6. Real exponential sequence
7. Complex exponential sequence

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Unit step sequence

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Unit ramp sequence

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Unit ramp sequence

• The graphical representation of r(n) and r(n – 2)
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Unit parabolic sequence

Unit parabolic sequence

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Unit impulse sequence

Unit impulse sequence

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Sinusoidal sequence
Unit impulse sequence

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Sinusoidal sequence

Real exponential sequence

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Real exponential sequence

Complex exponential sequence

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Complex exponential sequence

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Outline
• Representation of Discrete-Time Signals
• Elementary Discrete-Time signals
• Basic Operations on Sequences
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Basic Operations on Sequences

The basic operations on sequences are as follows:
1. Time shifting
2. Time reversal
3. Time scaling

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4. Amplitude scaling
5. Signal addition
6. Signal multiplication

The first three operations correspond to transformation in independent

variable n of a signal. The last three operations correspond to
transformation on amplitude of a signal

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Time shifting
The time shifting of a signal may result in time delay or time advance. The time
shifting operation of a discrete-time signal x(n) can be represented by
y(n) = x(n – k)
This shows that the signal y(n) can be obtained by time shifting the signal x(n) by k
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units. If k is positive, it is delay and the shift is to the right, and if k is negative, it is
advance, and the shift is to the left.

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Time shifting

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Time reversal
The time reversal also called time folding of a discrete-time signal x(n) can be
obtained by folding the sequence about n = 0. The time reversed signal is the
reflection of the original signal. It is obtained by replacing the independent variable
n by –n.
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•
Example
Time reversal

Sketch the following signals:

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Time scaling
Time scaling may be time expansion or time compression. The time scaling of a
discrete-time signal x(n) can be accomplished by replacing n by an in it.
Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
y(n) = x(an)

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When a > 1, it is time compression and when a < 1, it is time expansion.

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Time scaling
Let x(n) be a sequence as shown
If a = 2, y(n) = x(2n). Then
y(0) = x(0) = 1
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y(–1) = x(–2) = 3
y(–2) = x(–4) = 0
y(1) = x(2) = 3
y(2) = x(4) = 0

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Time scaling

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Amplitude scaling
The amplitude scaling of a discrete-time signal can be represented by
y(n) = ax(n)
where a is a constant.
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The amplitude of y(n) at any instant is equal to a times the amplitude of x(n) at that
instant. If a > 1, it is amplification and if a < 1, it is attenuation. Hence the
amplitude is rescaled. Hence the name amplitude scaling.

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Amplitude scaling

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Signal addition
In discrete-time domain, the sum of two signals x1(n) and x2(n) can
be obtained by adding the corresponding sample values and the
subtraction of x2(n) from x1(n) can be obtained by subtracting each
sample of x2(n) from the corresponding sample of x1(n) as
illustrated below.
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Signal multiplication
The multiplication of two discrete-time sequences can be performed by multiplying
their values at the sampling instants as shown below.

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Thank you IT305 Signals and Systems - Lecture 01 Introduction

for your
attention.

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