SET-‘A’

Section-A
Que.1) Difference between TCP and UDP header.
Ans:
The main differences between TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram
Protocol) are:
Que.2) What is Connection Less and Connection oriented.
Ans:
Connection-oriented Service:
o Connection-oriented service is related to the telephone system. For example,
TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)
o Connection-oriented service is preferred by long and steady communication.
o Connection-oriented Service is necessary.
o Connection-oriented Service is feasible.
o In connection-oriented Service, Congestion is not possible.
o Connection-oriented Service gives the guarantee of reliability.
o In connection-oriented Service, Packets follow the same route.
o Connection-oriented services require a bandwidth of a high range.
Connection-Less Service:
o Connection-less service is related to the postal system. For example, UDP(User
Datagram Protocol)
o Connection-less Service is preferred by bursty communication.
o Connection-less Service is not compulsory.
o Connection-less Service is not feasible.
o In connection-less Service, Congestion is possible.
o Connection-less Service does not give a guarantee of reliability.
o In connection-less Service, Packets do not follow the same route.
o Connection-less Service requires a bandwidth of low range.
Que.3) Difference between HTTP and HTTPs
Ans:
The main differences between HTTP and HTTPs:

Que.4) What is Switching and its types.

Ans:
Switching:
o Switching is the process of transferring data packets from one device to another in a
network, or from one network to another, using specific devices called switches. A
computer user experiences switching all the time.
o For example, accessing the Internet from your computer device, whenever a user
requests a webpage to open, the request is processed through switching of data
packets only.
o Switching takes place at the Data Link layer of the OSI Model. This means that after
the generation of data packets in the Physical Layer, switching is the immediate next
process in data communication.
Types of Switching:
1) Circuit Switching:
o When two nodes communicate with each other over a dedicated
communication path, it is called circuit switching.
o There 'is a need of pre-specified route from which data will travels and no
other data is permitted.
o In circuit switching, to transfer the data, circuit must be established so that
the data transfer can take place.
 o Circuits can be permanent or temporary.

2) Message Switching:
o In message switching, the whole message is treated as a data unit and is switching /
transferred in its entirety.
o A switch working on message switching, first receives the whole message and
buffers it until there are resources available to transfer it to the next hop.
o If the next hop is not having enough resource to accommodate large size message,
the message is stored and switch waits.
o This technique was considered substitute to circuit switching. As in circuit switching
the whole path is blocked for two entities only.
3) Packet Switching:
o Shortcomings of message switching gave birth to an idea of packet switching. The
entire message is broken down into smaller chunks called packets.
o The switching information is added in the header of each packet and transmitted
independently.
o Packet switching enhances line efficiency as packets from multiple applications can
be multiplexed over the carrier. The internet uses packet switching technique.
o Packet switching enables the user to differentiate data streams based on priorities.

Section-B
Que.1) What is IP addressing in brief and its types.
Ans:
IP Addressing:
o An IP address represents an Internet Protocol address. A unique address that
identifies the device over the network.
o It is almost like a set of rules governing the structure of data sent over the Internet
or through a local network.
o An IP address helps the Internet to distinguish between different routers,
computers, and websites.
o It serves as a specific machine identifier in a specific network and helps to improve
visual communication between source and destination.
Types of IP Addressing:
- Private IP addresses:
o Each device connected to a home network or a private network carries a private IP
address.
o Private IP addresses are non-internet facing and are only used on an internal
network.
o Devices with private IP addresses might include computers, tablets,
smartphones, Bluetooth devices, smart TVs and printers.
o With the increasing popularity of internet of things products, the use of private IP
addressing is likely to keep growing.
 - Public IP addressing:
o An ISP assigns these addresses, which enable a router to communicate with the
internet or an outside network.
o Public IP addresses cover the entire network, meaning multiple devices sharing the
same internet connection will also share the same public IP address.
- Static IP Address:
o All public and private addresses are defined as static or dynamic.
o An IP address that a person manually configures and fixes to their device’s network
is referred to as a static IP address.
o A static IP address cannot be changed automatically.
- Dynamic IP Address:
o A dynamic IP address is automatically assigned to a network when a router is set up.
o The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) assigns the distribution of this
dynamic set of IP addresses.
o The DHCP can be the router that provides IP addresses to networks across a home
or an organization.

Que.2) Explain OSI Model.

Ans:

OSI Model:

o The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes seven

layers that computer systems use to communicate over a network.
o It was the first standard model for network communications, adopted
by all major computer and telecommunication companies in the early
1980s.
o OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that
describes how information from a software application in
one computer moves through a physical medium to the software
application in another computer.
o OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and manageable
tasks.
o Each layer is assigned a particular task. Each layer is self-contained,
so that task assigned to each layer can be performed independently.

Following are the seven layers of computer system:

Physical Layer (Layer 1):

o This layer deals with the physical connection between devices and the
transmission of raw data bits over a communication channel.
o It defines characteristics such as voltage levels, cable types, data rates, and
physical connectors.

Data Link Layer (Layer 2):

o Responsible for reliable point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication

between devices on the same network segment.
o It ensures error-free transmission over the physical layer by organizing data
into frames, addressing, error detection, and sometimes, correction.

Network Layer (Layer 3):

o Focuses on routing and forwarding data packets between different networks.

o It determines the best path for data transmission, addresses, and handles
logical addressing and traffic control, allowing devices to communicate across
different networks.

Transport Layer (Layer 4):

o Manages end-to-end communication, ensuring data reliability, flow control,

and error-checking between sender and receiver.
o It segments and reassembles data, handles acknowledgment, and ensures
data integrity and sequencing.

Session Layer (Layer 5):

o Establishes, maintains, and terminates communication sessions between

devices.
o It manages dialog control, allowing two devices to synchronize and manage
their data exchange.

Presentation Layer (Layer 6):

o Focuses on data translation, encryption, compression, and formatting.

o It ensures that data exchanged between applications on different systems
can be understood by the receiving system.
Application Layer (Layer 7):

o Provides network services to end-user applications. It is where

communication partners' applications interact directly with the network.
o It includes protocols for file transfers, email, web browsing, and other high-
level functions.

Que.3) Write a Short on FTP, SMIP and POP.

Ans:

FTP:

o FTP stands for File transfer protocol.

o FTP is a standard internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for transmitting the files from
one host to another.
o It is mainly used for transferring the web page files from their creator to the computer that
acts as a server for other computers on the internet.
o It is also used for downloading the files to computer from other servers.
o Advantages of FTP:
- Efficient: It is more efficient as we do not need to complete all the operations to get
the entire file.
- Security: To access the FTP server, we need to login with the username and
password. Therefore, we can say that FTP is more secure.
o Disadvantages of FTP:
- The standard requirement of the industry is that all the FTP transmissions should be
encrypted. However, not all the FTP providers are equal and not all the providers
offer encryption. So, we will have to look out for the FTP providers that provides
encryption.
- It is not compatible with every system.

SMIP:

o SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.

o SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that allow software to transmit an electronic mail
over the internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
o It is a program used for sending messages to other computer users based on e mail
addresses.
o It provides a mail exchange between users on the same or different computers, and it also
supports:
- It can send a single message to one or more recipients. Sending message can include
text, voice, video or graphics.
- It can also send the messages on networks outside the internet.
o The main purpose of SMTP is used to set up communication rules between servers.
o The servers have a way of identifying themselves and announcing what kind of
communication they are trying to perform.
POP:

o POP stands for post office protocol for email.

o Similar to a post office, our approach is just to drop the email over the service mail provider
and then leave it for services to handle the transfer of messages.
o We can be even disconnected from the Internet after sending the email via POP.
o Also, there is no requirement of leaving a copy of the email over the web server as it uses
very little memory.
o POP allows using concentrate all the emails from different email addresses to accumulate on
a single mail program.
o Although, there are some disadvantages of POP protocol like the communication medium is
unidirectional, i.e it will transfer information from sender to receiver but not vice versa.

SET-‘B’

Section-A

Que.1) Explain Circuit Switching.

Ans:

Switching:
o Switching is the process of transferring data packets from one device to another in a
network, or from one network to another, using specific devices called switches. A
computer user experiences switching all the time.
o For example, accessing the Internet from your computer device, whenever a user
requests a webpage to open, the request is processed through switching of data
packets only.
o Switching takes place at the Data Link layer of the OSI Model. This means that after
the generation of data packets in the Physical Layer, switching is the immediate next
process in data communication.
Types of Switching:
4) Circuit Switching:
o When two nodes communicate with each other over a dedicated
communication path, it is called circuit switching.
o There 'is a need of pre-specified route from which data will travels and no
other data is permitted.
o In circuit switching, to transfer the data, circuit must be established so that
the data transfer can take place.
o Circuits can be permanent or temporary.

5) Message Switching:
 o In message switching, the whole message is treated as a data unit and is switching /
transferred in its entirety.
o A switch working on message switching, first receives the whole message and
buffers it until there are resources available to transfer it to the next hop.
o If the next hop is not having enough resource to accommodate large size message,
the message is stored and switch waits.
o This technique was considered substitute to circuit switching. As in circuit switching
the whole path is blocked for two entities only.
6) Packet Switching:
o Shortcomings of message switching gave birth to an idea of packet switching. The
entire message is broken down into smaller chunks called packets.
o The switching information is added in the header of each packet and transmitted
independently.
o Packet switching enhances line efficiency as packets from multiple applications can
be multiplexed over the carrier. The internet uses packet switching technique.
o Packet switching enables the user to differentiate data streams based on priorities.

Que.2) What is P to P

Que.3) Define IP Address.

Ans:

o An IP address represents an Internet Protocol address. A unique address that

identifies the device over the network.
o It is almost like a set of rules governing the structure of data sent over the Internet
or through a local network.
o An IP address helps the Internet to distinguish between different routers,
computers, and websites.
o It serves as a specific machine identifier in a specific network and helps to improve
visual communication between source and destination.
o Network Part:
- The network part of an IP address identifies the network to which a device belongs.
- It specifies the network infrastructure and is used by routers to route data between
different networks.
- The network part is assigned by regional internet authorities and is common to all
devices within the same network.
o Host Part:
- The host part of an IP address identifies a specific device (such as a computer,
printer, or router) within the network.
- It distinguishes individual devices from each other.
- The host part is assigned by the network administrator or DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol) server within the network.
Que.4) Explain different types of media using in computing. (any two)
Ans:

Section-B

Que.1) Explain TCP/IP Protocol.

Ans:

TCP/IP model:

o The TCP/IP model is not exactly similar to the OSI model.

o The TCP/IP model consists of five layers: the application layer, transport layer, network
layer, data link layer and physical layer.
o The first four layers provide physical standards, network interface, internetworking, and
transport functions that correspond to the first four layers of the OSI model and these four
layers are represented in TCP/IP model by a single layer called the application layer.
o TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, and each of them provides
specific functionality.
o Layers of TCP/IP Model:
• Application Layer:
- An application layer is the topmost layer in the TCP/IP model.
- It is responsible for handling high-level protocols, issues of representation.

• Transport Layer:

- The transport layer is responsible for the reliability, flow control, and correction of
data which is being sent over the network.
- The two protocols used in the transport layer are User Datagram protocol and
Transmission control protocol.

• Internet Layer/Network Layer:

- This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network layer.

- It defines the protocols which are responsible for the logical transmission of data
over the entire network.

• Data link layer:

- The data link layer is the second layer from the bottom in the OSI (Open System
Interconnection) network architecture model.
- It is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of data. Its major role is to ensure
error-free transmission of information.

• Physical Layer:

- Physical layer of TCP/IP model is responsible for physical connectivity of two devices.
Que.2) What is routing and Objectives of routing.

Ans:

Routing:

o A Router is a process of selecting path along which the data can be transferred
from source to the destination. Routing is performed by a special device known
as a router.
o A Router works at the network layer in the OSI model and internet layer in
TCP/IP model
o A router is a networking device that forwards the packet based on the
information available in the packet header and forwarding table.
o The routing algorithms are used for routing the packets. The routing algorithm
is nothing but a software responsible for deciding the optimal path through
which packet can be transmitted.
o The routing protocols use the metric to determine the best path for the packet
delivery. The metric is the standard of measurement such as hop count,
bandwidth, delay, current load on the path, etc. used by the routing algorithm
to determine the optimal path to the destination.

Objectives of Routing:

Routing in a computer network serves several key objectives:

1. Efficient Data Transmission:

- The primary goal of routing is to efficiently transfer data packets from a source to a
destination across a network.
- Routing algorithms determine the best path for data to travel, considering factors
like available bandwidth, network congestion, and latency.
2. Optimal Path Selection:
- Routing algorithms aim to select the most efficient path among multiple possible
routes between the sender and receiver.
- This optimization involves considering various metrics, such as shortest path, least
congestion, or minimum cost.
3. Redundancy and Fault Tolerance:
- Routing protocols often establish redundant paths to ensure network reliability.
- If one path fails due to network congestion or hardware issues, routers can reroute
traffic through alternative paths, maintaining continuous connectivity.
4. Load Balancing:
- Effective routing helps distribute network traffic across multiple paths, preventing
bottlenecks and optimizing resource utilization.
- Load balancing ensures that no single path becomes overloaded while others remain
underutilized.
 5. Scalability:
- Routing protocols are designed to support the growth and expansion of networks.
- They should efficiently handle an increasing number of devices, varying traffic
patterns, and changes in network topology without compromising performance.

Que.3) List and explain components in networking.

Ans:

Components of computer network:

1) Hub:
o Hub is a central device that splits the network connection into multiple devices.
o When computer requests for information from a computer, it sends the request to
the Hub.
o Hub distributes this request to all the interconnected computers.
2) Switches:
o Switch is a networking device that groups all the devices over the network to
transfer the data to another device.
o A switch is better than Hub as it does not broadcast the message over the network,
i.e., it sends the message to the device for which it belongs to. Therefore, we can
say that switch sends the message directly from source to the destination.
3) National interface card:
o NIC is a device that helps the computer to communicate with another device.
o The network interface card contains the hardware addresses, the data-link layer
protocol use this address to identify the system on the network so that it transfers
the data to the correct destination.
o There are two types of NIC:
- Wireless NIC: All the modern laptops use the wireless NIC. In Wireless NIC, a
connection is made using the antenna that employs the radio wave
technology.
- Wired NIC: Cables use the wired NIC to transfer the data over the medium.
4) Cables and connectors:
- Cable is a transmission media that transmits the communication signals.
- There are three types of cables:
 Twisted pair cable: It is a high-speed cable that transmits the data
over 1Gbps or more.
 Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable resembles like a TV installation cable. Coaxial
cable is more expensive than twisted pair cable, but it provides the high
data transmission speed.
 Fibre optic cable: Fibre optic cable is a high-speed cable that transmits the
data using light beams. It provides high data transmission speed as
compared to other cables. It is more expensive as compared to other
cables, so it is installed at the government level.
5) Router:
- Router is a device that connects the LAN to the internet.
- The router is mainly used to connect the distinct networks or connect the internet to
multiple computers.
6) Modem:
- Modem connects the computer to the internet over the existing telephone line.
- A modem is not integrated with the computer motherboard.
- A modem is a separate part on the PC slot found on the motherboard