AU epter Mh everyelay fe, we see some objects at reat sand others in motion. Birds fly, fish swim, ‘blood flows through veins and arteries €arm move. Atoms, molecules, plants, at and galaxies are all in motion. We often Pereeive an object to be in mo Position changes with time. However. on when Its movement of dust and the mavement of leaves and branches of lat causes the rise, sunset and changing of due to the motion of the Garth? If it ig true. why don't we dircetly Perecive the motion of the earth? An object may appear to be moving for ‘one person and stationary for some other Fer the passengers ina moving bus, the roadsicie frees appear to be moving backwards. A Person standing on the road-side perceives alongwith the passengers as moving. However. a passenger inside the bus sees his fellow passengers to be at rest. What do these ‘observations indicate? Most motions are complex. Some objects ‘may move in a straight line, others may take circular path. Some may rotate and a few others may vibrate. There may be situations involving a combination of these. In this chapter, we shall first learn to describe the ‘motion of objects along a straight line. We ‘shall also learn to express such motions ‘through simple equations and graphs, Later, Wwe shall discuss ways of describing ‘motion. Activity Discuss wi © classroom a Activity ave 30 7 k train in which you are sittir | tomove while itis at rest? BH Discuss and share your experience ‘Think and Act We sometimes are endanger! ita eee tad becrved fr « tonics titer hand, controled motion can bea Service tofnuman beings sich 2s th Benerntion ofticrnclectric poe. fot feel the necessity to study th cratic motion of sone objects arn tearm tocontrol them? 7.1 Describing Motion We describe the location of an object by Specifying a reference point. Let us understand this by an example. Let us assume that a school in a village is 2 km north of the railway station, We have specified the Position of the school with respect to the rallway station. In this example, the railway Station is the reference point. We could have yether the wall are at reat or nm % a ¥ 4 i : irut ded Morin, , Ihe sen Bone # street c r Gewertve this yy ‘of an oy | | ; Pe 7.1: Poatton The total path te OA + AC, that is fs the distance Bath covered by the syec 60 km + 35 kin so covered by the object Ne distance of the from the initial will give you the placement of the Position C of the object O? This difference value of the disp from © to C through A. The shortest measured from the initial to the nal m of an object is known as Can the magnitude of the displacement be to the distance travelled by an object? the example given in (Fig. 7.1). For }of the object from Oto A, the distance is 60 km and the magnitude of ts - sd to describe the overall motion of an and to locate its final position with Teference to its initial position ata given time. Act | ileal re Take a metre scale and a long rope. Walk from one corner of a basket bail court to ts opposite corner along, its sides, 1 Meemure the diatance covered by you and magnitude ofthe doplncemes Beate Giverense woaie sos netice Detmeen the two In this ease? Activity BH N24 mmrereiccrss*/ Automobiles are fitted with a device that shows the distance travelled. Such fa device 1s known as an odometer. A car is driven from Bhubaneshwar to New Delhi. The difference between the final reading and the Initial reading of the odometer is 1850 km, Find the magnitude of the displacement between Bhubaneshwar and New Delhi by using the Road Map of India. 73)1. An object has moved through distance. Can it have zero displacement? If yes, support your answer with an example 9A farmer moves along the boundary ofa square field of side 10m in 408. What will be the magnitude of displacement of the 0 “Tarmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 \ Tend os ntl potion” 3 Which ofthe following ts true for EY :16 am ? aa Ge \ Ata) It cannot be zero. 2 ©) Msimagnitide sgreaternan 3.2 Measuring the Rate 0{ Motion the distance travelled by the wi ce object. - 7.1.2 UNIFORM MOTION AND NON: yb UNIFORM MOTION Consider an object moving along a straight line. Let it travel 5 m in the first second, 5 m more in the next second, 5 m in the third second and 5 m in the fourth second. In this case, the object covers 5 m in each second. As the object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time. it is said to be in uniform motion. The time interval in this motion should be small. in our day-to-day life, we come across motions where objects cover unequal distances in equal intervals of time, for example, when a car is moving ‘on a crowded street or a person is jogging in a park, These are some instances of | non-uniform motion. | Activity 7.5 ‘The data regarding the motion of two different objects A and B are given in ‘Table 7.1 4 Examine them carefully and state ‘whether the motion of the objects is uniform or non-uniform, “” »tite 7.7 5 iam 1000m 1p es tsa a ct ie ay ike 3000: Deleon naeer so noerarg, es Deve ot fnaciar tace come tise to IC ai each you ater you oes the lightning rage speed of re car y Gan you nore: igs happene? 50 Tem! oF satire ths tune tnserval using © —s | Chicniats the dee ee, Example 7.3 Usha swims In a 90 mang | point of lightning. (Speed of soxind in pool. She covers 180 m in one minut mresims') byswimming from one end to thes and back along the same straight et | uestions Find the average speed and aytrny velocity of Usha. | 1. Distinguish between speed and —_gorstions } roe distance covered by Ush: | Pees citinia ithe | ea 7 Vaan ng ne oe Displacement of Usha in 1 min = 0 m paste Total distance coverea 3. What does the odometer of an ‘Average speed = —“Totaltimetaken automobile measure? 4. What does the path of an object a Aisom _ 180m , min ook like when it is tn uniform Tin“ Imin “609 ‘motion? =3ms! 5. During an experiment, a signal Bn from a spaceship reached the Displacement ground station in five minutes. ‘Average velocity = oiatineterey ist Totaltimetaken 2 What was the distance of the £ spaceship from the ground om ‘sation? The signal travels at the speed of light, that is, 3 « 10° 7 Os | ) ms". Da A Ooms" - average speed of Usha is 3 ms ae —. and her average velocity is 0m. 2000 kin at the start of a trip and— 2400 km at the end of the trip. If the trip took 8 h, calculate the average speed of the car in km tr! and ms! “During uniform motion of an abject along : — __ Straight line, the velocity remains consta Solution: — with time. In this case, the change in veloct Distance covered by the car, of the object for any time interval is ze" _ s = 2400 km ~ 2006 km = 400 km However, in non-uniform motion, veloc! ‘Time elapsed, t= 8h varies with time, It has different values « Average speed of the car is, different instants and at different points the path. Thus, the change in veloctty of tt 400 km ves 2-501 object during any time interval is not 22° Can we now express the change in velocit¥' = 50 kmh} an object? 5 0X 4To answer such a another phy wi enion, Jeration, which yi! a ores tn the weiss, ‘ume. That is, my of inceeleration = T™P#® In velocity time taken If the velocity of object ey aninitial value to the nat vanes the acceleration ais, 0 | V*Me vin This kind of mot accelerated motion. The ton ts known as Berean eer negative when it is op; ine - isms? © Man object travels in a straight tine ana “tis velocity increases or decreases by equal {in equal intervals of time, then the ‘acceleration of the object is said to be The motion of a freely falling bod ‘an example of uniformly accelerated On the other hand, an object can with non-uniform acceleration if its eity changes at a non-uniform rate. For ‘acceleration is non-uniform. ‘identify one example each the above type of motion? E tin the =02ms* In the second case ‘nitial velocity, u = 6 ms final velocity (4m s'-6ms") Ten, a=! =-04ms? ‘The acceleration of the bicycle in the first case is 0.2 in sand in the second case, itis -0.4 ms, 1. When will you say 2 body 1s in @ uniform acceleration? (i) non: uniform acceleration? 2, A bus decreases its speed from 0 km tr! f0 60 km h in 5s. Find the acceleration of the bus. ‘A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains a speed 40km hin 10 minutes. Find its ‘acceleration.7.4 Graphical Representation of Motion Graphs provide a convenient method to Present baste information about a varety of events. For example, in the telecast of a one-day ericket match, vertical bar graphs show the run rate of a team in each over, As you have studied in mathematics. a straight line graph helps in solving a linear equation having two variables. To describe the motion of an object. we can use line graphs. In this case, line graphs show dependence of one physical quantity. such as distance or velocity, on another quantity, such as time. 7.4.1 DISTANCE-TIME GRAPHS ‘The change in the position of an object with {time can be represented on the distanee-time graph adopting a convenient scale of choice In this graph, time is taken along the x-axis and distance 1s taken along the y-axis. Distance-time graphs can be employed under various conditions where objects move with uniform speed, non-uniform speed, remain at rest etc. We know that when an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, it moves with uniform speed. This shows that the distance travelled by the object is « proportional fo time taken. Thus. for sy Speed, a graph of distance travelle time 1s a straight line, as shown in Pe ‘The portion OB of the graph shows t) distance ts increasing at a untforn that, you can also use the velocity in place of uniform speed i yy, the magnitude of displacement equn! distance travelled by the object al yraxis. We can use the distance-time graph determine the speed of an abject. To si 4" considera small part AB of the distance i graph shown tn Fig 7.3. Drave a line pars to the x-axis from point A and another in. parallel to the y-axis from point 5 lines meet each other at point C to form triangle ABC. Now. on the graph, AC dents, the time interval (¢,~¢,) while BC correspons, to the distance (s,s). We can see from tie graph that as the object moves from the por y A to B, it covers a distance (s,~ 5) in tim: (t,— t). The speed, v of the object. thereion: can be represented as ‘We can also plot the distance-time graph for accelerated motion. Table 7.2 shows the distance travelled by a car in a time interval of two seconds. Piemonte nok) ees)Tee) Pie 74: Distance-time grap for car moving at ‘on-tntorm spect ie The distance-time graph forthe motion ofthe car is shown in Fg 7-4 Non shape ofthis graphs diferent ose istance-time graph (Fig. 73) ee nome, totion. The nature of this pagh eon linear variation ofthe distance trettiat fy the car with time. Thus, the graphaieen Fig 7.4 represents motion wih sonstenors, 7.4.2 VeLocrry-tme GRAPHS variation in velocity with time for an object. ets gant tne con escent “a.velocity-time graph. In this graph, time is ted along the x-axis and the velocity re iE raph for a cat ny oF 40 fen We know that the pred Lime ive displacement of an object mom luniform velocity. The area es Yeloctty-time graph and the time axis wil ual tothe magnitude of ted To know the distance ta erpendiculars from the points corre tothe time ¢ and tron the graph The velo 2f 40 km iis represented by the height Ac or BD and the time ( the length AB.” So, the distance s moved by the ear in lime (¢,~ 6) ean be expressed as sac cb = [40 km be}, ¢) 10 (=) km Fea ofthe rectangle ABDC (shaded mig 75) We can also study about uniform ‘accelerated motion by plotting tis velocity lime graph. Consider a car being driven slon, straight road for testing its engine, Suppose ' person sitting next tothe driver records its velocity after every 5 seconds by noting the reading of the speedometer of the car. The velocity of the ear. in kim tr! as well as ms", al different instants of time ts shown, in table7.3, oa eee wee Pena nets rte 1 ____ aannature of the graph shows changes by equal amounts in equal interva of time. Thus. for all uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity-time graph is a ‘straight line, Pg. 7.6: Velocity time graph for a ear moving with | uniform accelerations. _ You can also determine the distance moved by the car from its velocity-time graph. The area under the velocity-time graph gives the distance (magnitude of displacement) moved by the car in a given interval of time. If the car would have been moving with uniform velocity, the distance travelled by it would be represented by the area ABCD under the graph (Fig. 7.6). Since the magnitude of the velocity of the car 1s changing due to acceleration, the distance s travelled by the car will be given by the area ABCDE under the velocity-time graph ig 7.6). ‘That ts, 5 = area ABCDE = area of the rectangle ABCD + area of the triangle ADE, = AB BC+ 5(AD DB) In the case of non-untformly accelerated ‘motion, yelocity-time graphs can have any shape. ime ) a Pig. 7.7: Velocity-time graphs of an object In ren, uniformly accelerated motion Fig. 7.7la) shows a velocity-time graph tha represents the motion of an object whise velocity is decreasing with time while Fig. 7.7 (b) shows the velocity-time graph representing the non-uniform variation o{ velocity ofthe object with time. Try to interpes these graphs. Activity 7.9 The times of arrival and departure of fa train at three stations A. B and C fnd the distance of stations B ari C from station A are given in Table 74 Gey oes CU RCR UUM Ru o } Pioneer arta! Preeti coe Pod Coot (hours) Pool ore) A 08:15 B 120 11:30 ec 180 13:00 13:15, graph for the train assuming that its motion between any two stations is | Plot and interpret the distance-time uniform,75 Equations of Motion When an object an and the distance ov i Ave interval ym set equation the equations of notion, For omenrce seLofthree much equations arc wer athena ety of te cet i ‘moves with uniform acceleration a for Use £00 am i 3 V's the fal velocity. and the dntanee ravelled by the object tn time t Ea, (7.9) 8:05 am r Me deserts the velotytme teat atid . 7.6) represents the pottion-time relation $:10 am 19 el 7 tach eepcmsbe te ratios oe i : which represents te reatlon bet 8:15am 28 Postion and the velocity, canbe obtained from j 23 Eqs. (7.5) and (7.6) by eliminating t These | 820am 36 is three equations can be derived by graphical : metho | 8:25am i ee “ Example 7.5 A train starting from rest Pot the distance-time graph fr thee aitains a velocity of 72 km he" in 5 motions on the same scale ‘ned ‘minutes, Assuming that the acceleration Interpret is uniform, find (the acesleration and (i the distance travelled by the train for Bstic ataining this velocity Solution: 1. What is the nature of the ‘We have been given distance-time graphs for uniform and non-uniform motion of an awe minutes = 300 s. object? 5 2, What can you say about the ema re ow that motion of an object whose ae=4) distance-time graph Is a straight t Tine parallel to the tume axis? ‘ 3. What can you say about the _20ms motion of an object if its speed- 300s time graph is a straight line parallel to the Ume axis? ime al(0) From Eq, (7.7) we have 2as=v-uav-0 Thus, =3km 1 ‘The acceleration of the train is jms? and the distance travelled is 3 kim. Example 7.6 A car accelerates uniformly from 18 km h" to 36 km h' in 5 5. Calculate (i) the acceleration and (i) the distance covered by the car in that time. 10ms'-5ms* Bs sims? (i) From Eq. (7.6) we have 1 sut+ rat? s 7 1 =5ms!x5s+ 5x1ms?x(5s} =25m+12.5m =37.5m ‘The acceleration of the caris 1m s* and the distance covered is 37.5 m. example 7.7 The brakes applied tr produce an acceleration of 6 ms Opposite direction to the motion. 1 car takes 2 to stop after the app! of brakes, calculate the d travels during this time sand v= 0m From Eq, (7.5) we know that n+at O=u+-6ms% 25 or u=12ms" From Eq, (7.6) we get 1 =(12ms')x(28)+ > -6ms*) (25 =24m-12m =12m ‘Thus, the car will move 12 m before i stops after the application of brakes. Can you now appreciate why drivers are cautioned to maintain some distance petween vehicles while travelling on the road? 1A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleratior 0.1ms? for 2 minutes. Find (a the speed acquired, (b) the distance travelled. A train is travelling at a spe of 90km bh. Brakes are app! 0 as to produce a unifor acceleration of - 0.5m s?. Fi ‘how far the train will go before i 4s brought to rest. A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has 2 acceleration of 2em s*. What will beits velocity 3 after the start?distai 4 pwnd ee What wil boon iy the stone andr will 1 take to re 7.6 Uniform Circular Motion Ns season Bey lon thts. we ny et ase se or i dnc or ee Sie oes not chan feoclty But only ts direction ofmouons, (a)Rectangular track (Hexagonal ack (oJ Octagonal shaped track (ql) Acireular track ‘Pig 7.8: The motion ofan athlete along closed tracks of different shapes. Let us consider an example of the motion ‘of a body along a closed path. Fig 8.9 (a) shows the path of an athlcte along @ track ABCD. Let us assume that the athlete runs at 4 uniform speed on the upp headgonal dap in Fig have to chang track 1 path ABC with ‘one round. Wha not a hexagon but a regul ght equal sides ABCDEFGH in Fig. 7.8(6)? It hat ‘as the number of sides of the track increases the athelete has to take turns more and more often, What would happen to the shape of the track as we go on increasing the number of sides indefinitely? If you do this you will notice that the shape of the track approaches the shape of a circle and the length of cach of the sides will decrease to a point. Ifthe athlete moves with a velocity of constant magnitude along the circular path. the only change tn his velocity is due to the change in the direction of motion. The motion of the ath moving along a circular paths, therefore, an ‘example of an accelerated motion. ‘We know that the circumference of a circle ofradius ris given by 2nr- Ifthe athlete takes tseconds to go once around the circular path of radius r, the speed vis given by 7.8) When an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform cireular motion,Activity as Take a pu Piece of at the stone with cons thread at Pe 78 « FE. 7.9: Astone describing a crcutar path with 4 veloctty of canstant magnitude Now. let the stone go by releasing the thread. Can you tell the direction in which the stone moves after it 1s releasec!? By repeating the activity for a few times and releasing the stone at different positions of the circular Path. check whether the direction in Which the stone moves remains the fn the direetion when the stone was path. ie When an in hlete the rts meet, he/she t “discus in his/her btion by rot ce released in mer oF discus moves to y described above. Th jar orbit a: ston are many moving under such as the motion of earth, a satellite in a circul the earth, a cyclist on a circular track a, constant speed and so on. same or not What you have learnt Motion is a change of position; it can be described in terms of the distance moved or the displacement The motion of an object could be uniform or non-uniform depending on whether its velocity is constant or changing ‘The speed of an object is the distance covered per unit time, and velocity is the displacement per unit time. The acceleration of an object is the change in velocity per unit time. Uniform and non-uniform motions of objects can be shown through graphs. The motion of an object moving at uniform acceleration can be described with the help of the following equations, namely veutat ssut+%al 2as =~form ae lnitlal velocity of the object, which moves with As the deceleration a for time t, vis its final velocity and s : ance it travelled tn time abject move : a eves tn a circular path with uniform spec tion Is called uniform clreular motion Exercises 1 An athlete complete 400 m in 40 s. What will be the distance covered and the Gisplacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 8? foseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road in 2 minutes 30 seconds and then turns around and Jogs 100 m back to point C in another 1 minute. What are Joseph's average speeds and velocities in jogging fa) from A to B and (b) from A to C? ¢ round of a circular track of diameter Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 km hr, On his return trip along the Same route, there is less traffic and the average speed 1s 30 km h*. What is the average speed for Abdul's trip? A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates 1p a straight line at a constant rate of 3.0 m s* for 8.0 s. How far does the boat travel during this time? A driver of a car travelling at 52 km Ir' applies the brakes Shade the area on the graph that represents the distance travelled by the car during the period. (b) Which part of the graph represents uniform motion of the car? Fig 7.10 shows the distance-time graph of three objects A.B and C. Study the graph and answer the following questions: o4 08 12 18 ‘time (hous)—> Fig. 7.10