USING SINGLE-ROW FUNCTIONS

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Using Single row functions to customize output

Oracle SQL supplies a rich library of in-built functions which can be employed for various tasks.
The essential capabilities of a functions can be the case conversion of strings, in-string or substring
operations, mathematical computations on numeric data, and date operations on date type
values. SQL Functions optionally take arguments from the user and mandatorily return a value.

On a broader category, there are two types of functions :-

Single Row functions - Single row functions are the one who work on single row and return one
output per row. For example, length and case conversion functions are single row functions.

Multiple Row functions - Multiple row functions work upon group of rows and return one result
for the complete set of rows. They are also known as Group Functions.

Single row functions

Single row functions can be character functions, numeric functions, date functions, and conversion
functions. Note that these functions are used to manipulate data items. These functions require
one or more input arguments and operate on each row, thereby returning one output value for
each row. Argument can be a column, literal or an expression. Single row functions can be used in
SELECT statement, WHERE and ORDER BY clause. Single row functions can be -

General functions - Usually contains NULL handling functions. The functions under the
category are NVL, NVL2, NULLIF, COALESCE, CASE, DECODE.

Case Conversion functions - Accepts character input and returns a character value.
Functions under the category are UPPER, LOWER and INITCAP.

UPPER function converts a string to upper case.

LOWER function converts a string to lower case.

INITCAP function converts only the initial alphabets of a string to upper case.

Character functions - Accepts character input and returns number or character value.
Functions under the category are CONCAT, LENGTH, SUBSTR, INSTR, LPAD, RPAD, TRIM and
REPLACE.

CONCAT function concatenates two string values.

LENGTH function returns the length of the input string.

SUBSTR function returns a portion of a string from a given start point to an end point.

INSTR function returns numeric position of a character or a string in a given string.

LPAD and RPAD functions pad the given string upto a specific length with a given
character.

TRIM function trims the string input from the start or end.

REPLACE function replaces characters from the input string with a given character.

Date functions - Date arithmetic operations return date or numeric values. Functions under
the category are MONTHS_BETWEEN, ADD_MONTHS, NEXT_DAY, LAST_DAY, ROUND and
TRUNC.

MONTHS_BETWEEN function returns the count of months between the two dates.
 ADD_MONTHS function add 'n' number of months to an input date.

NEXT_DAY function returns the next day of the date specified.

LAST_DAY function returns last day of the month of the input date.

ROUND and TRUNC functions are used to round and truncates the date value.

Number functions - Accepts numeric input and returns numeric values. Functions under
the category are ROUND, TRUNC, and MOD.

ROUND and TRUNC functions are used to round and truncate the number value.

MOD is used to return the remainder of the division operation between two numbers.

Illustrations

General functions
The SELECT query below demonstrates the use of NVL function.

SELECT first_name, last_name, salary, NVL (commission_pct,0)

FROM employees
WHERE rownum < 5;

FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME SALARY NVL(COMMISSION_PCT,0)

-------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------------------
Steven King 24000 0
Neena Kochhar 17000 0
Lex De Haan 17000 0
Alexander Hunold 9000 0

Case Conversion functions

The SELECT query below demonstrates the use of case conversion functions.

SELECT UPPER (first_name), INITCAP (last_name), LOWER (job_id)

FROM employees
WHERE rownum < 5;

UPPER(FIRST_NAME) INITCAP(LAST_NAME) LOWER(JOB_

-------------------- ------------------------- ----------
STEVEN King ad_pres
NEENA Kochhar ad_vp
LEX De Haan ad_vp
ALEXANDER Hunold it_prog

Character functions
The SELECT query below demonstrates the use of CONCAT function to concatenate two string
values.

SELECT CONCAT (first_name, last_name)

FROM employees
WHERE rownum < 5;

CONCAT(FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME)
--------------------------------
EllenAbel
SundarAnde
MozheAtkinson
DavidAustin

The SELECT query below demonstrates the use of SUBSTR and INSTR functions. SUBSTR function
returns the portion of input string from 1st position to 5th position. INSTR function returns the
numeric position of character 'a' in the first name.

SELECT SUBSTR (first_name,1,5), INSTR (first_name,'a')

FROM employees
WHERE rownum < 5;

SUBST INSTR(FIRST_NAME,'A')
----- ---------------------
Ellen 0
Sunda 5
Mozhe 0
David 2

The SELECT query below demonstrates the usage of LPAD and RPAD to pretty print the employee
and job information.

SELECT RPAD(first_name,10,'_')||LPAD (job_id,15,'_')

FROM employees
WHERE rownum < 5;

RPAD(FIRST_NAME,10,'_')||
-------------------------
Steven____________AD_PRES
Neena_______________AD_VP
Lex_________________AD_VP
Alexander_________IT_PROG

Number functions
The SELECT query below demonstrates the use of ROUND and TRUNC functions.

SELECT ROUND (1372.472,1)

FROM dual;

ROUND(1372.472,1)
-----------------
1372.5

SELECT TRUNC (72183,-2)

FROM dual;

TRUNC(72183,-2)
---------------
72100

Date arithmetic operations

The SELECT query below shows a date arithmetic function where difference of employee hire date
and sysdate is done.

SELECT employee_id, (sysdate - hire_date) Employment_days

FROM employees
WHERE rownum < 5;

EMPLOYEE_ID EMPLOYMENT_DAYS
----------- ---------------
100 3698.61877
101 2871.61877
102 4583.61877
103 2767.61877

Date functions
The SELECT query below demonstrates the use of MONTHS_BETWEEN, ADD_MONTHS, NEXT_DAY
and LAST_DAY functions.

SELECT employee_id, MONTHS_BETWEEN (sysdate, hire_date) Employment_months

FROM employees
WHERE rownum < 5;

EMPLOYEE_ID EMPLOYMENT_MONTHS
----------- -----------------
100 121.504216
101 94.3751837
102 150.633248
103 90.9558289

SELECT ADD_MONTHS (sysdate, 5), NEXT_DAY (sysdate), LAST_DAY (sysdate)

FROM dual;

ADD_MONTH NEXT_DAY( LAST_DAY(

--------- --------- ---------
01-JAN-14 05-AUG-13 31-AUG-13