GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

SYSTEMS (GIS) FOR RURAL

DEVELOPMENT
Kefyalew S.
Zemede M.

Note: All data in this course are only to be

used for practical purpose.
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Contents (Major Topics)
Introduction to GIS
Coordinate systems
Basic GIS concepts
Data entry/capture and manipulation
Data analysis
Information visualization

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1. Introduction to GIS
Definition
Components
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedure
personnel
Questions a GIS can answer
Sample GIS applications

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 GIS definition
GIS = Geographic Information Systems
1. Introduction to GIS

GIS is
an organized collection of
 Computer hardware, software,
 geographic data,
 procedure and personnel
designed to efficiently
 capture, store, update, manipulate,
 analyze, and display
all forms of geographically referenced
information.
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 Components of GIS
hardware
1. Introduction to GIS

software
data (geographic data)
data management and analysis procedures
personnel

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 Hardware
The hardware component of GIS includes:
1. Introduction to GIS

Computer,
Data input devices (e.g. digitizer, scanner, digital
camera),
Data out put devices (e.g. printer, plotter), and
Secondary (external) storage devices (e.g. CD,
Flash disc, external hard disc)

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 GIS Software
The software component of GIS should allow
1. Introduction to GIS

users to manage geographic data:

Data input into the computer
Store data in the database
Manage data
?
Transform/project data (manage the coordinate
system)
Perform GIS analysis
Output/visualize data/information

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 Two categories of GIS software ***
Commercial offerings, e.g.
1. Introduction to GIS

ArcGIS
ArcView
MapInfo
ERDAS
IDRIS…
Open source (free software), e.g.
GRASS
QGIS (Quantum GIS) including different
extensions / plug-in
 PostGIS and GRASS
….
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 Data
Two major types of data:
1. Introduction to GIS

spatial data
 information about location of features, and their
relationship with other features
non-spatial data
 data that describes geographic features
Sources of data
Field survey data
Existing tabular data and map data
Remote sensing data
 aerial photographs and satellite imagery
Soft idea/undocumented knowledge
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 Data management & analysis procedures
Required to facilitate the data
1. Introduction to GIS

input, storage, management,

retrieval, analysis and presentation
The general procedure for a GIS project
includes
Determining the objectives of the GIS project
Designing the database
Building/creating the GIS database
Entering data
Analysis of the data
Presentation of the analysis results (information)
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 Personnel in GIS
People working with the data management
1. Introduction to GIS

Collecting data in the filed

Managing the data (see the general procedure for
a GIS project)
Final users of the results of the analysis (the
GIS output)
decision-makers
planners
resource managers
technicians
the public
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 Questions a GIS can answer
A GIS can be distinguished by listing the
1. Introduction to GIS

types of questions it can (or should be able

to) answer.
Five generic questions that a sophisticated
GIS can answer.
Location What is at...?
Condition Where is…?
Trends What has changed since...?
Patterns What spatial patterns exist?
Modeling What if...?

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 Sample GIS applications (1/2)
General
1. Introduction to GIS

Scientific investigations
Resource management including planning and
monitoring
environmental impact assessment
urban planning
cartography
criminology
history
marketing
route planning, …

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 Sample GIS applications (2/2)
Specific applications’ example
1. Introduction to GIS

Land use planning

Forest management
Land cover (land resources) assessment
Watershed management planning and monitoring
Monitoring and modeling environmental changes
Protected areas management
Tourism
Building land registration systems and census
Soil and water conservation ….

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 What a GIS is not?
XXX
1. Introduction to GIS

A GIS is not simply a computer system for making

maps, although it can create maps at different
scales, in different projections and with different
colors.

A GIS is an analysis tool.

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 Activities: Short report (max 2 pages)
Review the types of information that are
1. Introduction to GIS

Used / required in your profession / activities and

that have geographic nature.
List different questions (related to the above
information) that can be answered with the help
of GIS
Select one GIS software / WWW based
preferably easily accessible (QGIS proposed )
describe its major components/ capabilities
Submit before
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11/18/2017 Part II: GIS 17
Part II: GIS

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Summary – unit 1 to 6
Remotely sensed data = data source in GIS
Different preprocessing and processing task
Output of image processing = data in GIS,
e.g.
land cover of a given period derived from RS data
of passive sensors (e.g. Landsat, Sentinel 2)
Rainfall (e.g. daily) derived (weather satellites)
Elevation Model (not capability of all sensor)
 SRTM
 Aster

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 2. Coordinate systems
Geospatial data is represented in the form of
2. Coordinate systems

coordinates.
The two main types of coordinate systems
are:
geographic coordinate systems
projected coordinate systems

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 7.1 Geography coordinate system
2. Coordinate systems

o o
15.253 E, 27.325 N

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 Geography coordinate system
Defined by:
2. Coordinate systems

set of east-west rings around the globe (parallel to

the equator), and
set of north-south rings crossing the equator at
right angles and converging at the poles
Using the longitudes and latitudes a network
of reference lines is formed from which any
point on the earth's surface can be located.

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 Latitudes and longitudes
The rings around the earth parallel to the equator
2. Coordinate systems

are called parallels of latitude or simply parallels.

Lines of latitude run east-west.
Numbered from 0 to 90 and tagged with N/S
A second set of rings around the globe at right
angles to lines of latitude and passing through the
poles is known as meridians of longitude or simply
meridians. One meridian is designated as the prime
meridian. The distance east or west of a prime
meridian to a point is known as its longitude. Lines
of longitude (meridians) run north-south.
Numbered from 0 to 180 and tagged with E/W

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 Unit formats for GCS
Three options
2. Coordinate systems

Degree Minute Second decimal)

Degree Minute (decimal)
Degree (decimal)
Convert from one format to the other
A is located at
 7 degree 4 minute 12 second
 ? degree decimal

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 Projected coordinate system

25
 7.2 Projected coordinate system
A map projection (projection) is a
2. Coordinate systems

mathematical means of transferring

information from a model of the Earth, which
represents a three-dimensional curved
surface, to a two-dimensional medium
(paper or a computer screen).
Why is map projection needed?
To know distances between places, areas of
features, and direction.
Various types of projection exist;
e.g. of map projection is UTM

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 Universal Transverse Mercator
= UTM
2. Coordinate systems

is very accurate in narrow zones,

used in Ethiopia (1:50000 topographic maps
of Ethiopia),
has become the basis for a global coordinate
system
GPS
Satellite images
UTM’s unit of measurement is meter.

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 Universal Transverse Mercator
The world is divided into 60 zones of 6o of
2. Coordinate systems

longitude in width.
Zone 1 has its western edge at 180o. Zone 60
has its eastern edge on the same meridian.
Numbered from west to east.
A second zoning is made along the latitudes
following 8o intervals (except the most northern
zone).
The origin of each zone is located on a point at
the equator, where it is intersected by the
central meridian of the zone. (!!!!)
11/18/2017 Reference Coordinate Systems 28
11/18/2017 Introduction to GIS 29
 Universal Transverse Mercator
The easting of the origin of each zone is
2. Coordinate systems

assigned a value 500000 m.

Each zone has its own coordinate system.
Northings:
For the S Hemisphere the equator is assigned
the value 10000000.
For N Hemisphere the value at the equator is
assigned as 0.

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2. Coordinate systems

36 37 38
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 1770 330 390
W180 w174 E30 E36 E42
2. Coordinate systems

zone 1 36 37
False easting = 500000 and
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Introduction to GIS 0 for N of equator32
 33E0 39E0

E300 E360 E420

Projected coordinate system: UTM as an example

A C
B

equator
500000,0 500000,0
A = 550000mE,768000mN (zone 36)
B = 300000mE,568000mN (zone 36) 33
 7.3 Projection and transformation
The process of converting GCS to projected
2. Coordinate systems

coordinate system
projection
projected coordinate system with different
datum
Transformation
Attention to the datum used, e.g. in Ethiopia
Adindan (1:50000 topographic maps of Ethiopia),
WGS84 used by most of satellite images and
GPS

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7.4 Global Positioning
System

Principle
Uses
Limitations other

35
 Global Positioning System
GPS
GLONAS
Galileo
Global Positioning System

36
 Global Positioning System
Known as GPS
GPS is a Satellite Navigation System
by the U. S. Department of Defense (DOD).
Users
the U. S. military
many thousands of civil users of GPS world-wide
+
Global Positioning System

GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that

can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the
receiver to compute
position, velocity and time

37
 GPS satellite
Global Positioning System

GPS receiver

GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that

can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the
receiver to compute position, velocity and time
38
 GPS segments / components
Space segment (satellites)
Control segment (ground stations)
User segment (receiver)
Global Positioning System

39
 Global Positioning System

40
 Space
segment
• consists GPS
satellites vehicles
(SVs).
•These space
Global Positioning System

vehicles (SVs)
send radio signals
from space.

41
 Control segment (ground stations)
Global Positioning System

42
 The GPS User User segment (receiver)
Segment consists
of
•GPS receivers
•user community

GPS receivers
convert SV
Global Positioning System

signals into
• position
• velocity
•time estimates.

43
 Global Positioning System

44
 Uses of GPS
GPS receivers are used for
Navigation
Require the coordinates of the point,
datum, and zone number (in case of
UTM)
Positioning
Global Positioning System

Time dissemination
other research.

45
 Positioning information
GPS used for positioning coordinates of
points/objects in
Geographic coordinate system and/or
Projected coordinate system
A location of given place in the world can be
recorded using
Global Positioning System

pair (triplet) of coordinates

 Easting, Northing, (Elevation) or
 Longitude, Latitude, (Altitude)
some other information
 E.g. Zone number in case of UTM
Datum
46
 Limitation
GPS Error results in limited accuracy
GPS Error Sources
SV clock errors
Control segment mistakes
Errors due to the atmosphere causing delays
Multi path (reflected signals)
Global Positioning System

User mistakes
Receiver errors

Reference Coordinate Systems 47

 Possible solution to improve accuracy in
using GPS is to apply
Global Positioning System

48
 Activities: Short report (max 2 pages)
Describe the location of the following
2. Coordinate systems

geographic features using appropriate

coordinate systems and using two different
data sources (if possible):
Shashemene town
Abijata-Shall national park (headquarter)
WGCF-NR meteorology station
The road from main gate to the academic building
of WGCFNR

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 Activities: Short report (max 2 pages)
Which type of coordinate system is
2. Coordinate systems

appropriate for each type of the following

projects? Give reason.
National level – e.g. Ethiopia
Project level – e.g. national park
In which UTM zone/s are the following areas
located?
Ethiopia, each regional state
Bale mountains NP
Gambella national park

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 Activities:
Which UTM zone do you apply if a project
2. Coordinate systems

area is located in two adjacent UTM zones

(e.g. UTM 37 and UTM 38)? Why?
Collect the coordinates of the following
objects in Hawass using GPS
The parking in front of the main building
The location of the big Tree in front of the main
building
4 corners of the football field

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11/18/2017 Part II: GIS 52
 3. Basic GIS concepts
Data vs. information
3. Basic GIS concepts

Geographic data types (map information

types)
Spatial
Non-spatial
Data model types
Vector
Raster
….
Topology….
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 Data vs. information
Data are raw, unsummarized and unanalyzed
facts.
3. Basic GIS concepts

Information is data that has been processed

into a meaningful form.
One person’s information can be another
person’s data. Information that is meaningful
to one person can be too detailed for another
person.

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Land use
data or information?

11/18/2017 Introduction to GIS 55

Major towns of Ethiopia
data or information?

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Forests of Ethiopia
data or information?

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 Geographic data types
Normally geographic data are organized in a
geographic database
3. Basic GIS concepts

Two components of geographic data:

Spatial data
 geographic position of features
Non-spatial
 attributes or properties of geographic features
 also called
 aspatial data

 descriptive data

 attribute data

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 Spatial E.g. land cover
blocks of WGCF-NR
in 2000
3. Basic GIS concepts

Non-spatial

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Representing the geographic world as
As discrete objects
The discrete object view represents the
geographic world as objects with well-defined
boundaries in otherwise empty space.
Objects are distinguished by their dimensions,
and naturally fall into categories of points, lines, or
areas.

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Representing the geographic world as
Continuous fields
The continuous field view represents the real
world as a finite number of variables, each one
defined at every possible position.
Continuous fields can be distinguished by what
varies, and how smoothly. A continuous field of
elevation, for example, varies much more
smoo.thly

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 Data model types
The two fundamental map (spatial data)
representation techniques:
3. Basic GIS concepts

vector data model

raster data model
Raster and vector are two methods of
representing geographic data in digital
computers.

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 Vector data model
Spatial information is represented in the form
of coordinates (e.g X,Y or X,Y, Z).
3. Basic GIS concepts

The basic units of spatial information are

Points
Lines
Polygons
Pairs of numbers are expressing
horizontal distances along orthogonal axes, or
triplets of numbers measuring horizontal and
vertical distances.
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 Point feature in vector data model
The simplest type of spatial
data.
3. Basic GIS concepts

A point normally represents

a geographic feature too
small to be displayed as a
line or area
Has a position in space but
no length.
Represented by a single
X,Y co-ordinate. E.g.
building on a small-scale
map.

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 Point feature in vector data model
Where is
the
3. Basic GIS concepts

geographic
feature B
located?

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 Line feature in vector data model
Line is a set of ordered
co-ordinates
3. Basic GIS concepts

has a position in space

and a length
Used to represent the
shape of geographic
features too narrow to
be displayed as an
area at the given scale
E.g. contours, street
centerlines, or streams

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 Line feature in vector data model
Where is the
geographic
3. Basic GIS concepts

feature C
located?

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 Polygon feature in vector data model
Has a position in space,
a length (perimeter), an
3. Basic GIS concepts

area
used to represent
areas.
A polygon is defined by
the lines that make up
its boundary (and a
point inside its
boundary for
identification/ labeling).

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 Polygon feature in vector data model
Where is the
geographic
3. Basic GIS concepts

feature A
located?

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 Representation of objects -vector model
3. Basic GIS concepts

70
 Representation of objects -vector model
3. Basic GIS concepts

71
 Representation of objects -vector model
3. Basic GIS concepts

72
 Practical:
Getting started with GIS software
3. Basic GIS concepts

Geographic data type (vector data model)

Spatial
Non-spatial
Time for discussion
..
…

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 List some example of geographic features
represented by (consider the scale of the
map and the size of the objects)
3. Basic GIS concepts

Point

Line

Polygon

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 Topology
Topology is the science and mathematics
of relationships used to
3. Basic GIS concepts

validate the geometry of vector entities, and

for operations such as network tracing and
tests of polygon adjacency.

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 Raster data model
a method for the storage, processing and display of
spatial data.
3. Basic GIS concepts

Each area is divided into rows and columns, which

form a regular grid structure.
Each cell within this matrix contains location co-
ordinates as well as an attribute value.
The spatial location of each cell is implicitly
contained within the ordering of the matrix.
Areas containing the same attribute value are
recognized as such, however, raster structures
cannot identify the boundaries of such areas as
polygons.

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 3. Basic GIS concepts

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77
 3. Basic GIS concepts

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78
 Effect of raster representation
3. Basic GIS concepts

The largest share

rule

The central point

rule

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 E.g. of raster data model
Most often, images (satellite images and their
digital processing results) are raster data
3. Basic GIS concepts

Scanned aerial photographs

Scanned maps e.g.
Topographic map
Thematic map such as vegetation map, landover
map
Most of derived data based on data that are
in raster format
Rasterized vector data *
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 Raster data model
With the raster data model, spatial data is not
continuous but divided into discrete units.
3. Basic GIS concepts

Raster structures may lead to increased

storage in certain situations since they store
each cell in the matrix regardless of whether
it is a feature or simply 'empty' space (0 in the
previous figure).

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 Raster-vector data conversion
Since digital data are collected and stored in various
ways, the two data sources may not be entirely
3. Basic GIS concepts

compatible.
So a GIS must be able to convert geographic data
from one structure to another.
Rasterization

Vecterization

Limitations?

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 Practical 2:
Visualizing spatial geographic data (raster data
model)
3. Basic GIS concepts

Spatial
Non-spatial
Explore the metadata of geographic data (GD)
Set the reference system of a GD
E.g. use the GPS location data from practical 1
Visualization and assessment of satellite image
Resolution
Visualization
Extent
Attributes
Layers/bands

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11/18/2017 84
 4.1 Organizing map information
•uses a layered approach
4. Geographic database

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 4.2 Database
A database is a collection of information
about things and their relationships to
4. Geographic database

each other.
soil
GIS database
Land cover (Computer world)
road
in
river vector (point, line or polygon)
Wereda or
raster data model
Region

A database is an integrated set of data

Real world on a particular subject.

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4.3 Procedure for database creation
Analysis of the required information
Define the required data and their attributes
Design the database model
Create the database
Enter data into the database; check for errors

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 4.4 Data sources and entry
Sources of data
Existing data
4. Geographic database

Remote sensing data

Field survey data
Soft idea
Data entry techniques
Keyboard method
Digitizing
Importing

Intensive practical
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11/18/2017 89
Case study / individual task (1)
Land use and land cover change analysis
From 1984 to 2016

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Case study / individual task (2)
Land cover around a river that supplies water
to the pump

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Case study / individual task (3)
Land use converted to a road (planned road)

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Evaluation
Individual
Participants demonstrate their work; including
Digitization
Analysis
Visualization
Deliver the major input data except the data
provided from the college
Brief report:
Objective Result
Method Conclusion
11/18/2017 Part II: GIS 93
 5. Data entry/capture
Methods used:
5. Data entry/capture

Electronic data transfer

 From instruments (e.g. GPS)
 Importing existing data (e.g. district boundaries,
population census data, DEM from SRTM)
Keyboard entry
Manual digitizing
Automatic scanning*
Integrating image processing results (e.g. Land
Cover map derived through image processing)

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 5.1 Electronic data transfer
Can be used if the data is
5. Data entry/capture

available digitally and

compatible to the GIS.
Also known as
Importing/ Integrating existing data
Downloading data

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 Data transfer from instruments
Spatial data can be collected in digital form
5. Data entry/capture

and transferred from devices (such as GPS

receivers, total stations, …) to the GIS db
Required is a download cable and software to
download the data from the device to a file on
their computer.

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 Existing data transfer
Electronic data transfer is an appropriate
method of data encoding where the data are
5. Data entry/capture

already available in digital form (from another

organization/data supplier) in a format
compatible with your GIS software.
If the data is in a format that is compatible with
your GIS,
 Directly use the data
If the data is not in a format used by your GIS,
 need to transform or convert the data to an appropriate
format.

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 5.2 Keyboard entry
Used for attribute data that are only available
5. Data entry/capture

on paper.
Can also be used to enter the coordinates of
spatial features,
only when coordinates are known and
there are not too many of them
Where there are large numbers of co-
ordinates and features to be entered it is
more common to use digitizing method

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 5.3 Manual digitizing
The most common method of encoding
5. Data entry/capture

spatial features from paper maps is manual

digitizing.
Two methods are possible:
manual digitizing using digitizer tablet
screen digitizing

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 Manual digitizing using digitizer tablet
Required: digitizer tablet, cable, software for
communicating digitizer with the computer, and
5. Data entry/capture

source of data as paper map.

The table digitizer is essentially a large flat tablet,
the surface of which is underlain by a very fine mesh
of wires. Attached to the digitizer via a cable is a
cursor that can be moved freely over the surface of
the table. Buttons on the cursor allow the user to
send instructions to the computer. The position of
the cursor on the table is registered by reference to
its position above the wire mesh.

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 Monitor / screen digitizing
To enter data using this technique
5. Data entry/capture

background information/data should be

available in digital format; e.g.
digitizing geographic features based on satellite
image as source of information.
 Mostly satellite images are geo-referenced
digitizing geographic features based existing
maps as background information (e.g. topographic
maps).
 Paper map > scanned > geo-referenced

The digitizing is done using the mouse and

computer screen
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 Paper maps and monitor digitizing
to use paper maps as source of information
5. Data entry/capture

for screen digitizing

Scan the paper map
Collect ground control points (GCPs)
 Minimum 4 points better 8 to 9
Geo-reference the scanned map
 It saves the geo-referenced image as raster file

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 What is geo-referencing?
Assume you have topographic map
5. Data entry/capture`

(analogue map) and you want to digitize the

streams using the topographic map as source
of information.
How do you use the topographic map for
screen/monitor digitizing?

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 5.4 Integrating image processing
Land use and land cover classification
5. Data entry/capture

through visual image interpretation (manual

digitizing)
Digital classification of satellite image
 Supervised
 Unsupervised

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 5.5 Errors
There may be errors related to
5. Data entry/capture

the spatial data (coordinates) and /or

inaccuracies and uncertainty in attribute data.
Errors in input data may be derived from
three main sources:
the data source
introduced during encoding/entering
propagated during data transfer and conversion

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6. 1 GIS analysis- introduction
The analysis capability of the GIS is the heart
of GIS.
Requires
6. GIS analysis

data and
clear step by step procedure

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6. GIS analysis

11/18/2017 Introduction to GIS 107

Example for analysis steps
What type of land cover types found around
“river x” . (Assume “river x” is located in your
project area, and it is required to analyse the
land cover situation around this river
6. GIS analysis

considering 200m from the “river x” )

The procedure should indicate:
The data required as input
Analysis operations to be used
Derived data using the operations and the input(s)
Final result of the analysis
The order of operations and their inputs

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To analyze the land cover situation around “river x” (within 200m from the river )

Q B

C
6. GIS analysis

S CL

Q = Query
B = Buffering
C = Clip or Intersection
Cl = classification
S = summary
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6.2. Analysis operation (covered in the lecture)
Deferent spatial analysis operations exist
Some of analysis operations (selected for the
practical)
Measurement *
6. GIS analysis

Query *
Classification *
Clip *
Topologic overlay (union/intersection) *
Buffer/Proximity analysis *
Network analysis
Statistical and tabular analysis *
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 6.2. Analysis operation
Refer to
the manual of the GIS software
GIS reference books
6. GIS analysis

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Review available GIS function
(individual activity for participants)
SAGA GIS functions (selected in QGIS
environment)
ArcGIS GIS functions (selected)

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Analysis function under different categories

GRASS GIS functions (selected in QGIS

environment

11/18/2017 Part II: GIS 113

 6.3.1 Measurements in GIS
Calculating lengths, perimeters and areas is
a common application of GIS.
6. GIS analysis

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6.3.2 Queries
Can be performed on
data that are part of the GIS database, or
new data produced as a result of data analysis
Two general types of query:
6. GIS analysis

spatial
non-spatial (aspatial)
A more complex query still is one that uses
both geometric and attributes search criteria
together.

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6.3 Classification
The dissolve process uses the classification.
The dissolve process is used when you want
to remove boundaries or nodes between
adjacent polygons or lines that have the
6. GIS analysis

same values for a specified attribute.

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6.3 Classification
Reclassification is an important variation on
the query idea in GIS. For instance, in the
land use/cover data, it is possible to allocate
a new value to different land use/cover
6. GIS analysis

classes based on their ecological importance.

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6.4 Buffer
Is the most common example of functions
available in GIS that allow a spatial entity to
influence its neighbors
Is the creation of a zone of interest around an
6. GIS analysis

entity.
Used to evaluate the characteristics of an
area surrounding in a specified location
It generates polygon feature types
irrespective of geographic features and
delineates spatial proximity
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 Original
data

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Buffer
6. GIS analysis

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6.5 Clip also known as “cookie cutter”

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6.5 Topologic overlay
Note: map overlay can be grouped in to:
graphic overlay
 Is not analysis operation produces no-new result
and topologic overlay (overlay)
6. GIS analysis

 Is analysis operation, produces new information

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 Topologic overlay (overlay):
Overlays where new spatial data sets are
created involve the merging of data from two
or more input data layers to create a new
output data layer.
6. GIS analysis

Two types (frequently used) are

Intersection
union

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Union (overlay)

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Intersection (overlay)

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 Kebele
Landcover

G
Topologic
overlay -
intersection

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 F

Topologic G
overlay -union

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Examples of analysis procedure
Land cover of Bale Mountains NP
Input data (given)
National Park of Ethiopia
Land Cover of Ethiopia

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Procedure for land cover anlysis
Eth National
Q. Bale M.
Parks National P Bale M. NP
C/I Land Cover
Eth Land
Cover

A/S
CL

Q = Query the Bale Mountains National Summary

Park using Eth National Parks data
Bale M. NP
C/I = Clip or Intersection the Eth Land cover Land Cover
with Bale M. National Park
CL= Classification of the result of the
clip/intersection using the attribute data
A/S = compute area of each resulting polygon,
summarize the area of the land cover types
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 Land cover of Bale Mountains NP (Input data National Park of Ethiopia and Land
Cover of Ethiopia)
Derived data
Eth National Bale M.
Q.
Parks National P Bale M. NP
Input data C/I
Land Cover
Eth Land
Cover

A/S
CL

Q = Query the Bale Mountains National

Park using Eth National Parks data
Analysis
C/I = Clip or Intersection the Eth Land cover
Summary Bale M. NP
Land Cover
operations
with Bale M. National Park
Final Result
CL= Classification of the result of the
applied
clip/intersection using the attribute data
A/S = compute area of each resulting polygon,
summarize the area of the land cover types
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 Land cover of Project the X

Project X boundary
(polygon)
C/I
Project x
Land Cover
Land Cover of the
whole region
including project X

A/S
CL

Summary Project X
C/I = Clip or Intersection the Land cover Land Cover
with Project x
CL= Classification of the result of the
clip/intersection using the attribute data
A/S = compute area of each resulting polygon,
summarize the area of the land cover types
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Project X Boundary (Vector, polygon)

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Land cover of the region

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Graphic overlay of land cover and project
boundary

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Result of intersection

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Result of classification

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Individual exercise (very important)
Review four types of GIS functions that can
be used to generate new data/information
using one or more spatial data as input;
consider
the type of input data
the possible source(s) of the input data
the output data content(what is to be produced)
Note: the functions should be those that were
not handled in our classes;
raster based (two)
vector base (two)
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 7. Information presentation in GIS
Producing map layout
Primary content
7. Information presentation

Secondary content
Marginal information
Table
Summarized data/information
unprocessed data in table form

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 Visualizing the result (Map layout)
7. Information presentation

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Projects
Land cover types around river x
Planned road
Land use/cover types to be converted to road
network
Agricultural land use expansion from 2000 to
2015 in district X.
Protected area:
Agricultural land within an existing protected area.
Number of villages within the protected area

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Deliverable
Spatial information
Summary table
Methodology as discussed in the class

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