Introductory Message

For the Facilitator/Parent:

Welcome to the English 9 Localized Module on Modals.

In view of the current situation brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, this
localized module was made with the hope that your children will continue to learn
through engaging them into guided and independent learning activities.

Furthermore, this also aims to help your children acquire the needed 21st century
skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

As a facilitator/parent, you are expected to encourage, guide and assist your

children as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the Learner:

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning.

You will be enabled to process the contents of this localized learning resource while
being an active learner.

Reminders:
The following are some reminders in using this localized module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module.
2. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task/activity.
3. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks/activities.
4. Finish the task/activity at hand before proceeding to the next.
5. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks/activities in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your parent, guardian or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
What I Need to Know
Hello learners!

How’s your day? Are you now ready for a new lesson? I know that you
are eager to learn again. With that, I welcome you to another set of fun
and learning activity. This module is up to develop your communication
skills.

Critical thinking and analysis are vital aspects when reading, when writing
and
when working with others. It requires you to judge ideas, evaluate them against
what you already know and make decisions about their worth, critical reflection
requires you to analyze different perspectives (whether from other people or
literature) to help explain, justify or challenge what you have encountered in your
own or other people’s practice.

To become a critical thinker, in everything you do and say, you have to be

wise. One should choose whether it is something to believe or not. In this kind of
situation, the critical thinking will be tested as one determines the worth of every
idea being said, viewed and heard.

Essential Learning Competency:

EN9RC-IVf-2.22

You have learned about judging the validity of evidence in the 3rd
Quarter. Now, in this self-learning module, you will be learning more
how to evaluate validity of ideas and author’s soundness of argument
to present ideas effectively.

As expected, upon completing this module, learners will be able to:

a. define tone, mood, soundness and validity of idea or argument

b. identify tone and mood in a given text
c. determine a valid argument versus a sound argument
d. judge the relevance of ideas, soundness of author’s reasoning,
and
the effectiveness of presentation
What Is It?
Soundness of Author’s Reasoning
EN9RC-IVf-2.22
Let us define these terms:

 TONE  MOOD  VALIDITY  SOUNDNESS

a feeling or argument that if argument that

atmosphere the the feeling or all of its premises meets two
atmosphere were true, then criteria: (1) It is
author has
the conclusion valid. (2) Its
meant to set in perceived by the
would also HAVE premises are
the story or reader to be true true

In judging ideas or arguments to be valid or not, we are interested in

author’s reasoning. How do we decide if an idea/argument is valid? How do
we decide if it is strong? First, we need to decide if it is SOUND or VALID.

1. Validity: An argument is valid when, if all of its premises were true, then the
conclusion would also HAVE to be true.

In other words, a “valid” argument is one where the conclusion necessarily

follows from the premises. It is IMPOSSIBLE for the conclusion to be false if the
premises are true.

Example of a valid argument:

Premise 1: ALL DOGS CAN FLY.

Premise 2: POTCHI IS A DOG.
Conclusion: THEREFORE, POTCHI CAN FLY.

Note #1: If (Premise 1) and (Premise 2) WERE true,

then (Conclusion) would also HAVE to be true.

It only says that IF they are true, then the conclusion must follow. So,
validity is more about the FORM of an argument, rather than the TRUTH of an
argument. So, an argument is valid if it has the proper form. An argument can
have the right form, but be totally FALSE.

The argument just given is valid. But, premise 2 as well as the conclusion
are both false. Notice however that, IF the premises WERE true, then the
 conclusion would also have to be true. This is all that is required for validity. A
valid argument need not have true premises or a true conclusion.

2. Soundness: An argument is sound if it meets these two criteria: (1) It is valid.

(2) Its premises are true. Therefore, It has the right FORM AND it is TRUE.
Example of a sound argument:

Premise 1: JOSIE IS IN ROOSTER CAFE.

Premise 2: ROOSTER CAFE IS IN SILAY CITY.
Conclusion: SO, JOSIE IS IN SILAY CITY.

Note #3: A sound argument will always have a

true conclusion. This follows every time these 2
criteria for soundness are met.
https://www.google.com/search?q=ROOSTER+CAFE&sxsrf=AL

Do you see why this is the case? First, recall that a sound argument is both
valid AND has true premises. Now, refer back to the definition of “valid”. For all
valid arguments, if their premises are true, then the conclusion MUST also be
true. So, all sound arguments have true conclusions.

Looking back to our argument about DOG, we can see that it is valid, but
NOT sound. It is not sound because it does not have all true premises. Namely,
“POTCHI (THE DOG) CAN FLY” is not true.

Here’s another example of an argument that is valid AND sound:

Premise 1: All rabbits are mammals.

Premise 2: Bugs Bunny is a rabbit.
Conclusion: Therefore, Bugs Bunny is a mammal.

In this argument, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is

necessarily true (so it is valid). AND, as it turns out, the premises ARE true (all
rabbits ARE in fact mammals, and Bugs Bunny IS in fact a rabbit)—so the
conclusion must also be true (so the argument is sound).

3. Tone: an author’s tone is his or her general attitude or feelings about the
work’s subject matter and audience. Tone words are used to help express that
attitude.

Example: The politician’s speech was eloquent.

The tone word “eloquent” has a positive connotation, which indicates that the
author found the speech articulate and convincing.
 4. Mood: it is the atmosphere of a piece of writing; the emotions a selection
arouses in a reader

Example: "The river, reflecting the clear blue sky, glistened

and sparkled as it flowed noiselessly on."

This is a calm and peaceful feeling, and the mood can sometimes be created by
describing a natural setting, like in the countryside. -Charles Dickens'

What I Have Learned?

Activity 1:

Directions: Read each Premise and Conclusion. Determine each set if it is

valid or sound. Write VALID-BUT-NOT-SOUND if the set of idea or
argument has false premise/s. Then, write VALID-AND-SOUND if the set
has true premise/s and conclusion.

Premise 1: All humans have hearts.

Answer:
Premise 2: Sid is a human. VALID-AND-SOUND
Conclusion: Thus, Sid has a heart

Premise 1: All humans have 3 heads.

Premise 2: Kobe is a human. Answer:

Conclusion: Thus, Kobe has 3 heads.

Premise 1: All dogs are mammals.

Premise 2: All mammals have black fur. Answer:

Conclusion: Thus, all dogs have black fur.

Premise 1: If I plant a tree, then I will get dirt under my nails.

Premise 2: I didn’t get dirt under my nails.
Answer:
Conclusion: Therefore, I didn’t plant a tree.

Premise 1: All racers live dangerously.

Answer:
Premise 2: Jomer is a racer.
Conclusion: Therefore, Jomer lives dangerously.
 Activity 2:
Directions: On validity and soundness, read each statement below and write
the word TRUE if it is true. Then, write the word FALSE, if otherwise.

_________1. An idea or argument is valid if and only if: A; the premises

are true, and the conclusion is also true.

_________2. An argument is sound if and only if: It is valid and all of its

premises are (actually) true.

_________3. An argument is valid but not sound if and only if: It is valid
and at least one of its premises is false.

_________4. Some valid arguments have false premises.

_________5. No sound arguments have false conclusions.

Activity 3:

Directions: Choose the word from the box that best describes the tone of
each passage.

optimistic inspiring apathetic

emphatic humble urgent

1. It is a mistake to think that we can leave this pollution problem to

the next generation to solve. The clock is ticking. We must act.

2. It was the most unbelievable thing I have ever seen. All he could do
was shake his head. How could they have done it to him!

3. She shone like a star all of a sudden when way back she kept
falling, falling, failing. We can really never underestimate anyone.

4. The meat was tough, the soup was cold and the pie was clammy. I
just rolled my eyes. Enough said.

5. Belief is the key. It conquers all. It can be medicine to the body and
mind. Simply believe, anything is possible.
What I Can Do?
Activity No. 4

Now it’s time for you to express what’s on your mind.

How does your choice of words, tone and mood affect the message
you express to your family and friends?

__________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer from the given choices.
Write your answer on separate sheet of paper.

1. How would you characterize the tone of the following sentence: "I won
the game fair and square — and I'll fight anyone who says differently!"

a. Delighted b. Angry c. Bored d. Deceitful

2. Tone is most closely related to:

a. Feeling. b. Validity c. Soundness. d. Form.

3. What is the tone of the following sentence? "'Here we go again,' he uttered,

as he watched the other team score yet another goal."

a. Joy b. Fury c. Excitement d. Frustration

4. It is the author’s general attitude.

a. Mood b. Tone c. Soundness d. Validity

 5. Which tone is represented in the following passage?
"Wow! With a top speed of one hundred fifty miles per hour, that car can
almost fly!"

a. Annoying b. Calm c. Excited d. Scary

Directions: In 6 to 10, answer True if the statement is true and False, if

otherwise.

6. In valid argument, the conclusion could be true or false.

7. All sound arguments have true premises and true conclusions.

8. It is valid but not sound when the conclusion is true but one premise is
false.

9. Valid and sound arguments have both true conclusions.

10. Valid argument is more on form rather than the truth.

Answer Keys
References

English 9 Anglo-American Literature Learner’s Material s. 2015, pp. 530-537

http://www.ifpthenq.net/resources/Quizzes/111validitytf.htm

https://www.math.fsu.edu/~wooland/hm2ed/Part2Module3/exercises.pdf

https://blog.prepscholar.com/list-of-tone-words

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/mood-examples.html

https://www.brainpop.com/english/writing/moodandtone/quiz/print.pdf

https://www.easyteacherworksheets.com/pages/pdf/languagearts/2/moo

dtone/8.html