METHODS OF PRESENTING THE ART SUBJECTS Julio experienced being a victim of the cruelties of the

Chapter 2 society, exploited both inside and outside of the

construction industry, losing work, killing people
■ In presenting the art subjects, the artist uses different accidentally, starving and sleeping everywhere. In the
methods to express the idea he wants to make clear. The midst of tension and disappointment, he became fierce,
following are the different methods used by the artist in he himself became dangerous. He found out that Ligaya
presenting the art subjects: was a victim of prostitution, and a prisoner of a Chinese
1. Realism man.
2. Abstraction Ligaya and Julio, together, plans their escape from the
3. Symbolism harsh life of the city.
4. Fauvism
5. Dadaism 2. Abstraction
6. Futurism
7. Surrealism The Weeping Woman by Pablo Picasso ■ Abstract means “to move away or separate.” Abstract
art moves away from showing things as they really are.
1. Realism ■ The painter or artists paints the picture not as it
really looks like.
■The attempt to portray the subject as it is. ■ This is used when the artist become so interested in
■Realists try to be as objective as possible. one phase of a scene or a situation that he does not show
■The artist’s main function is to describe as accurately the subject at all as an objective reality, but only his idea,
and honestly as possible what is observed in the senses. or his feeling about it.
■In selecting and presenting his material, he cannot help
being influenced by what he feels or thinks. (In Sculpture)
■ In the field of sculpture, artist began doing abstract
Burial at Ornans sculpture. They ignored the exact form of a real-life
GUSTAVE COURBET object.
Oil on canvas ■ They feel that the texture and shape of a sculpture
1849 were more important to them than the exact form.

The Third Class Carriage Bird in Space

HONORE DAUMIER CONSTANTIN BRANCUSI
Oil on canvas Marble
1951 1923

Harvesters Resting Brancusi was impressed by the grace of a bird in flight,

JEAN-FRANCOIS MILLET by the sweep of its body as it flies, so he represented
Oil on canvas those qualities in his sculptural work. His work does not
1850 look like a bird for it is supposed to convey an
impression of a bird’s grace and speed.
Planting Rice
FERNANDO AMORSOLO Abstract Subjects can also be presented in many ways
Oil on canvas like:
1951
a. Distortion
Barong-Barong
VICENTE MANANSALA ■ This is manifested when the subject is in misshapen
Watercolor condition, or the regular shape is twisted out. Henry
1958 Moore’s sculptural works and the Egyptian paintings and
sculptural works are good examples of this.
(In Literature)
■ Realism has for its goal, the faithful rendering of the Henry Moore’s Reclining Figure
objectives reality of human life. Bronze
■ Realism as a coherent program of literary aesthetics 1951
emerged in Western Literature about 1850 in reaction
against the idealism of the narrow social range of earlier Ancient Egyptian Art King and Queen
literary attitudes. HENRY MOORE
■ Poetry and drama were influenced by realism, but it Bronze
was in the novel that realism achieved greatness. 1957

Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag b. Elongation

EDGARDO REYES
Novel ■ The subject is lengthened
1986 ■ A protraction or an extension

Summary Resurrection
Julio, a poor fisherman, sailed away from Manila to look EL GRECO
for his young and beloved Ligaya, who had long gone Oil on canvas
with Mrs. Cruz to work and study in the city. In search, 1600
Bagong Taon
ARTURO LUZ 3. Symbolism
Oil on canvas
1952 ■ the use of a visible sign of an idea, or symbols to
convey the message of the artist
c. Mangling
Examples:
■ Subject or elements in a composition are cut,
lacerated, mutilated or hacked with repeated blows For tho’ from out our bourne of Time and Place
■ Not commonly used The flood may bear me far,
I hope to see my Pilot face to face
Portrait of Ambroise Vollard When I have crost the bar.
Pablo Picasso - Crossing the Bar, Alfred Lord
Oil-on-canvas Tennyson
1910
“What do you think? If a man owns a hundred sheep,
Three Studies of Lucian Freud and one of them wanders away, will he not leave the
FRANCIS BACON ninety-nine on the hills and go to look for the one that
Oil on canvas wandered off? And if he finds it, truly I tell you, he is
1969 happier about that one sheep than about the ninety- nine
that did not wander off. In the same way your Father in
d. Cubism heaven is not willing that any of these little ones should
perish.
■ Stresses the abstract form through the use of a cone, -Matthew 18:12-14
cylinder, or sphere at the expense of other pictorial
elements. The cubist want to show form in their basic The Dance of Life
geometrical shapes. EDVARD MUNCH
Oil on canvas
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon 1899
PABLO PICASSO
Oil on canvas The Yellow Christ
1907 PAUL GAUGUIN
Oil on canvas
Candle Vendors 1889
VICENTE MANANSALA
Oil on canvas Spoliarium
1976 JUAN LUNA
Oil on canvas
e. Abstract Expressionism 1884

■ A style of abstract painting that originated in New 3. Symbolism

York City after World War II and gained an international
vogue. ■ Combines religious mysticism, the perverse, and the
■ The term was first applied to the New York School decadent
whose work is characterized by great nerve, the use of ■ Characterized by an interest in the occult, the morbid,
large canvases, and a deliberate lack of refinement in the ■ The dream world, melancholy, evil, and death obscure
application of the paint. references from literature and music
■ Strong color, heavy impasto, uneven brush strokes,
and rough textures are other typical characteristics. 4. Fauvism
■ In other words, abstract expressionism departs
completely from subject matter, from studied precision, ■ The most important art movement of the 1900’s.
and from any kind of preconceived design. ■ The fauves flourished only from about 1903 to 1907,
but their style greatly influenced many later artists.
Black on Gray ■ The fauves did not attempt to express ethical,
MARK ROTHKO philosophical, or psychological themes. Most of these
Acrylic on canvas artists tried to paint pictures of comfort, joy, and pleasure
1969 by using extremely bright colors.

Granadean Arabesque 4. Fauvism

JOSE JOYA
Impasto and sand oncanvas ■ To a fauve a tree need not to be brown. It could be
1958 bright red, purple, or any other color.
■ Henri Matisse led the movement and other important
Stenographic Figure fauves included Andre Derain, Raoul Dufy, and George
Jackson Pollock Rouault, all from France.
Oil on Linen
1942 The Open Window
by Henri Matisee ■ This movement was influenced by the Freudian
oil on canvas psychology which emphasizes the activities of the
1905 subconscious state of the mind.
Figures from a The Temptation
carnival by Andre Derain of St. Anthony
Watercolor Salvador Dali
1906 Oil painting
1946
5. Dadaism
The Persistence of Memory
■ A protest movement in the arts formed in 1916 by a SALVADOR DALI
group of artists and poets in Zurich, Switzerland. They Oil on canvas
■ The Dadaist reacted to what they believed were 1931
outgrown traditions in art, and the evils they saw in the
society. 8. Expressionism
■ They tried to shock and provoke the public with
outrageous pieces of writings, poetry recitals, and art ■ Introduced in Germany during the first decade of
exhibitions. the 20th century.
■ The name “dada,” a French word meaning “hobby ■ Its influences were felt by the European artist
horse,” was deliberately chosen because it was non- from 1910 up to the present.
sensical. ■ The exponents of expressionism believed in the
■ The best Dadaist was the French artist Marcel necessity of a spiritual rebirth for man in an age that was
Duchamp first becoming influenced by materialism.

L.O.O.H.Q / La Joconde One of the Dialogues of Mang Serapio from Paul

MARCEL DUCHAMP Dumol’s Paglilitis ni Mang Serapio
Painting
1919 ■ “Hindi niyo nauunawaan ang kirot ng paghihiwalay.
Hindi niyo mauunawaan ang sindak ng pag-iisa. Sol!
The Fountain ITO’Y KAMATAYAN! Araw-araw umuupo sa bangketa,
MARCEL DUCHAMP binabantayan ang nagdaraang mga tao, nagmamakaawa,
Ceramic nagpapalimos, Diyos ko! PABAYAAN NAMAN
1917 NINYONG ILIGTAS KO ANG AKING SARILI MULA
SA PAGKABULOK! Nabubulok na balat, nabubulok na
kamay, nabubulok na laman, nabubulok na ugat,
The Gift
nabubulok na buto.”
Man Ray
Painted flatiron
The Scream
1921
Edvard Munch
1893
6. Futurism

■ It developed in Italy about the same time cubism

appeared in France.
■ Futurist painters wanted their works to capture the
speed and force of modern industrial society. Their
Paintings glorified the mechanical energy of modern life.
■ Subjects included automobiles, motorcycles, and
railroad trains subjects that express the explosive vitality
of modern city.

The Dynamism of a Car

LUIGI RUSSOLO
Painting
1913

Primavera Umbria
Gerardo Dottori
1923

7. Surrealism

■ This movement in art and literature was founded in

Paris in 1924 by the French poet Andre Breton.
■ Surrealism uses art as a weapon against the evils and
restrictions that surrealists see in society.
■ It tries to reveal a new and higher reality than that of
daily life. Surrealism is an invented word meaning, super
realism.
MEDIUM OF THE VISUAL ARTS “Resurrection with Two Angels”
Chapter 3 BERNARDINO FUNGAI
Tempera on wood siena
Medium 1460-1616

■ Refers to the materials which are used by an artist. It is “Majesty”

the means by which he communicates his ideas. SEGNA DI BONAVENTURA
■ Many media have been used in creating different Tempera on panel siena
works of art. 1298-1326
– The architect uses wood, bamboo, bricks, stone;
– the sculptor uses wood and metals like bronzes; c. Watercolor
– while the painter uses pigments on wood or canvas.
■ Pigments mixed with water and applied to fine, white
I. Painting paper
■ Require a high degree of technical dexterity
■ Painting is the art of creating meaningful effects on a ■ Gouache, opaque
flat surface by the use of pigments. Different media are
used in painting. Each medium exerts a pronounced d. Pastel
effect on the finished product, is capable of varied
treatment, and determines its own stroke. ■ Pigment is bound so as to form a crayon which is
■ The materials of the painter are pigments applied to applied directly to the surface, usually paper
wet plaster, canvas, wood or paper. ■ Possesses only surfaces of light, gives no glazed effect
and most closely resembles dry pigment
a. Oil ■ It is not a very popular medium because no one has yet
to discover the way to preserve its original freshness
■ Pigments mixed in oil ■ The chalk tends to rub off and the picture loses some
■ Two (2) methods in painting in oil of
1. Direct method - paint is opaque and is applied to the its brilliance
surface
2. Indirect method - paint is applied in many thin layers e. Fresco
of transparent color
■ Has its disadvantages ■ The most popular type of painting.
■ the oil paint dries slowly and has a tendency to rise to ■ In Italian, “fresco” means fresh and is used to
the surface and form a film over the picture making it designate the process of painting in fresh wet plaster.
appear dull ■ The color are mixed with water and applied to fresh
plaster which absorbs the color. Since the pigment has
“Maria Makiling” been incorporated with the plaster, it last until the wall is
CARLOS “BOTONG” FRANCISCO destroyed.
Oil on canvas ■ Fresco painting flourished during the 15th and 16th
1980 centuries when Masaccio, Michelangelo, Raphael,
Tintoretto and others covered the wall of Italian churches
”Parisian Life” with their masterpieces.
JUAN LUNA ■ Only earth pigments are used because of the chemical
Oil on canvas reaction of the plaster on the paint.
1982
Disadvantages:
“Red Talisman” 1. It is impossible to move a fresco
JOSE JOYA 2. The painting is subject to the disasters that may
Oil on canvas happen to the wall of which it has become a part.
1975 3. It must be done quickly.
4. There is no changing once the design has begun.
b. Tempera 5. Uniformity of color tone and no glaring contrasts.

■ A mixture of ground pigments and an albuminous or “The Creation of Adam”

colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum or glue, used by MICHAELANGELO
Egyptian, Medieval and Renaissance painters. Fresco
■ Special characteristic: an emulsion, water-based 1512
■ Rapid drying and great luminosity of tone
f. Acrylic
b. Tempera
■ The newest medium and one that is used widely by
■ Three (3) principal dimensions painters today.
1. Unvarnished or gouache-like tempera ■ These are synthetic paints using acrylic emulsion as
2. Varnished tempera binder.
3. Tempera as an under painting for oil ■ They combine the transparency and quick-drying
qualities of watercolor and are as flexible as oil.
■ They are completely insoluble when dry and can be
used almost on any surface. They also do not tend to “Richard the Lionheart”
crack, and turn yellow with age. Carlo Marochetti
Bronze, 1860
Acrylic Painting: Some famous Filipino painters
SCULPTURE: WOOD
Fernando Amorsolo ■ Advantage: really cheap, readily available and easy
cut, polishes well and has smooth, shiny surface and
Fabian Dela Rosa beautiful color
■ Relatively light and can easily be made into variety of
Carlos Botong Francisco shapes; grainy texture of wood adds beauty
■ Disadvantage: limited size and burns easily, discolors
Jose Joya and decays easily in warm climate

Ang Kiukok “Bulul”

15th century
Juan Luna
SCULPTURE:IVORY
Vicente Manansala ■ Survive through long periods of time due to the
intrinsic value of the material
Hernando Ocampo ■ Commonly used in sculpting heads and arms of saint
statues
Damian Domingo ■ Lacks vigor unlike wood; seldom used today

Mauro Malang Santos LIVING CHRIST

Alessandro Algardi
Benidicto “BenCab” Cabrera Ivory
17th Century
Sculpture
■ The art of making two-dimensional or 3D SCULPTURE:TERRA COTTA
representative or abstract forms, by the use of different ■ Terra cotta literally means “cooked earth”
mediums ■ Moist, moderately coarse clay subjected to heat, fired
comparatively at low temperature
Two (2) types of mediums used in making a sculpture: ■ Usually painted and coated in heavy glaze
1. Soft - Lends itself to a moderate technique that uses ■ Disadvantages: breaks and chips easily, cannot stand
squeezing and shaping, continuously adding to it as the great strain or weight
work goes on, ex: clay
2. Hard - Requires the process of cutting and taking Chinese terracotta warrior
away from the block, ex: stone, wood 209 BC

Sculpture SCULPTURE:OTHERS
Two (2) major sculpting processes: ■ Aluminum, chromium, steel, plastic
1. Subtractive process - a process in which unwanted ■ Plastic is the least expensive material used for casting;
material is cut away, ex: carving of stone and wood less fragile and light which makes it preferable
2. Additive process - the construction of a figure by compared to other materials
putting or welding materials together
ARCHITECTURE
Stela of Akhenaten U.P. Oblation ■ The art of designing and constructing buildings
GUILLERMO TOLENTINO ■ Materials used (stone, wood, brick, concrete, glass)
Sculpture and the methods of assembling these materials are
1949 among the factors contributing to architectural style

“Pieta” Burj Khalifa, Dubai

MICHAELANGELO
Marble ARCHITECTURE: WOOD
1499 ■ Common building material
■ Advantages: abundance, relative durability, and high
Head of Ptolemy tensile and compressive strength
■ Disadvantages: easily destroyed by moisture, insects,
SCULPTURE : STONE & BRONZE and fire
■ Media most commonly used for sculpting ■ Plywood has improved the structural possibilities of
■ Durable, resistant to elements, fire and other hazards wood; stronger than any known material
■ Heavy and breaks easily*
■ Marble is the most common used stone ARCHITECTURE: STONE
■ Plenty in Greece and Italy ■ Used when permanence is desired
■ High gloss, polished, more or less permanent ■ Concrete, commonly used
■ Made of sand and gravel mixed with cement
Moai, Easter Island
■ High compressive strength, does not crumble or break
down when subjected to heavy weight
■ Does not corrode and is fire resistant
■ Ferro-concrete, reinforced concrete (stronger variants
of concrete)
ARCHITECTURE: STEEL
■ Tough alloy of iron in variable amounts
■ Malleably under proper conditions and greatly
hardened by sudden cooling
■ High tensile strength
■ Made possible the building of the high-rise structures

3 BASIC TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

1. Post-and-lintel

■ Consists of two vertical posts for support (post) and

horizontal one (lintel)
■ Generally used for wooden buildings

Parthenon

2. Arch

■ Dominant in Roman architecture

■ Architectural forms built from pieces of wood called
voussoirs with joints between them and are arranged in a
semi-circle
■ All materials are in compression
■ Typical for stone construction; can stand great pressure
■ Dome, extension of the arch
■ Roof resembling an inverted cup or hemisphere,
formed by round arches or vaults rising from a round or
many-sided base

The arch of Titus

Dome of the Rock

3. Cantilever

■ Any structural part projective horizontally and

anchored at one end only
■ Needs a beam with tensile strength, and does not crack
or break easily
■ largely utilized in buildings with steel as medium
■ Wood is also used but is limited since it has a tendency
to warp, sag, or rot
■ Used in construction of skyscrapers which depends for
support upon a steel skeleton