Part 1: Introduction

• What is an Operating System (OS)?

• Types of Computing Systems
• Computer System Architecture (Review)
• Operating System Services

Operating Systems 1.1 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 What is an Operating System?

• A program that acts as an intermediary between

a user and the computer hardware
• Two major goals: user convenience and efficient
hardware utilization
– Hide hardware complexity
– Use hardware in an efficient manner
Smart resource (e.g., Central Processing Unit (CPU), I/O
devices, memory) allocation

• These two goals can be contradictory

– Smart resource allocation may require lot of
information about user programs
Operating Systems 1.2 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems
 Computer System Components
1. Hardware: Provides basic computing resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices)
2. Operating System(OS): Controls and coordinates
the use of the hardware among various application
programs for various users
3. Application programs: Defines the ways in which
system resources are used to solve computing
problems for users (compilers, database systems,
video games, business programs)
4. Users: People, machines, other computers
Operating Systems 1.3 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems
 Abstract View of System Components

Operating Systems 1.4 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Operating System Definitions

• Resource allocator: Manages and allocates

hardware resources

• Control program: Controls the execution of

user programs and operations of I/O devices

• Kernel: The one “core” program that is always

ready to accept new commands from the users
as well as hardware (all else being application
programs)
Operating Systems 1.5 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems
 Part 1: Introduction

• What is an Operating System (OS)?

• Types of Computing Systems
• Computer System Architecture (Review)
• Operating System Services

Operating Systems 1.6 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Types of Computing Systems

• Batch systems

• Multiprogrammed and Time-sharing systems

– Desktop systems

• Embedded and Cyber-physical systems

– Real-Time systems Airbag system, for ie

– Handheld systems

Operating Systems 1.7 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 A Short Review on Computers

In this video, we will briefly review the history

of computers

Operating Systems 1.8 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Simple Batch Systems

• Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs

• Automatic job sequencing – automatically
transfers control from one job to another
• Simple memory layout
– Only one user job in
memory at any time point
• Not very efficient
– When job waits for I/O,
Program is to caculate numbers in a file -> Program
send request to OS to read file -> OS read file -> CPU
CPU idles does not
have resouces to compute -> CPU idle
Operating Systems 1.9 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems
 Multiprogrammed (Time-Sharing) Systems

• Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same

time, and the CPU is multiplexed among them
• A job is swapped in and out of
memory to the hard disk
• System is highly interactive; t
supports multiple online users
• Examples: desktops, servers

Operating Systems 1.10 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming

• Memory management: To allocate memory to

several jobs

• CPU scheduling: To choose among several jobs

ready to run

• I/O device scheduling: Allocation of I/O devices

to jobs

Operating Systems 1.11 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Desktop Systems

• Personal computers – computer system

dedicated to a single user

• Several I/O devices – keyboard, mouse, display

screens, printers, etc.

• User convenience and responsiveness is the

main focus

• May run several different types of operating

systems (Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)

Operating Systems 1.13 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Embedded and Cyber-physical Systems

• What are they? Physical systems whose

operations are monitored and controlled by a
reliable computing and communication core
• Resource constrained: Low power, small
memory, low bandwidth, etc.
• Domain-specific OSes: Real-time, Handheld,
Automotive, Avionics, Industrial Controls, Sensor
networks, etc.

Operating Systems 1.14 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Real-Time Systems

• Used as a control device in a dedicated

application such as industrial controls,
automotive, avionics, medical devices, etc.
• Well-defined fixed-time constraints
– Job must be completed within a deadline
– Example: Airbag control in cars
• Example real-time OSes

Operating Systems 1.15 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Handheld Systems

• Mobile phones, tablets

• Issues:
– Limited memory
– Slow processors
– Small display screens
• Popular OSes: iOS, Android, Windows Phone

Operating Systems 1.16 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 A Dual-Core CPU Design

Operating Systems 1.17 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Multiprocessor Systems

• Systems with more than one CPU, or CPU with

multiple cores (also called multi-core systems)

• Tightly coupled systems: Communication usually

takes place through shared memory

• Advantages of such parallel systems

– Increased system throughput
– Economical due to sharing of memory and I/O
devices (as compared to multiple single CPU systems)
– Increased reliability due to redundancy one Core dies, others
can still works

Operating Systems 1.18 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Part 1: Introduction

• What is an Operating System (OS)?

• Types of Computing Systems
• Computer System Architecture (Review)
• Operating System Services

Operating Systems 1.19 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Computer System Architecture

• Computer System Operation

• Storage Hierarchy

• Hardware Protection

Operating Systems 1.20 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Computer-System Operation

• I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

• Each device controller is in charge of a particular device
type kinda like CPU for this device

• Each device controller has a local buffer

• Device controller moves data between local buffer and
memory
• Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its
operation by causing an interrupt

Operating Systems 1.21 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Computer-System Operation

Buffer Buffer Buffer

Bus Interrupt

Operating Systems 1.22 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Common Functions of Interrupts
• An interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service
routine generally through the interrupt vector, which
contains the addresses of all the service routines
Interrupt is triggered by hardware

• Incoming interrupts are disabled while another interrupt is

being processed to prevent any loss of interrupts

• A trap is a CPU generated interrupt caused either by a

software error or request
– Unhandled exceptions in user program

• An operating system is typically interrupt driven dò

– If the OS is not interrupt driven, it would be required to poll
for task/event completions recall: polling = continuously check whether
the water is at 100oC or not
Operating Systems 1.23 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems
 Interrupt Handling

• The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by

storing registers and the program counter
– Also called a context switch

• It then determines which type of interrupt has occurred

– Separate segments of code determine what action
should be taken for each type of interrupt

• Based on the interrupt type, it identifies the appropriate

interrupt service routine to execute
– Obtained from the interrupt vector table

Operating Systems 1.24 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Interrupt-Driven I/O Timeline
I/O devices receives an I/O request

receive an interrupt and starts executing of ISR

Job 1 Job 2
OS

I/O device starts transfer data

and also makes an

interrupt

Operating Systems 1.25 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Direct Memory Access (DMA)

• Used for high-speed I/O devices that are able to

transmit information at close to memory speeds

• OS sets up the memory blocks, counters, etc.

• Device controller transfers data blocks from

buffer to main memory without CPU intervention

• Only one interrupt is generated per block, rather

than one interrupt per byte
Operating Systems 1.26 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems
 How a Modern Computer Works

Xem lai thu

tu cac mui
ten red

Operating Systems 1.27 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Storage Hierarchy

• Memory Hierarchy: CPU registers, CPU

caches, main memory, hard disk …
• Storage system organization based on
– speed
– cost This slide is not examinable.
– volatility
– size

• Caching: Copying information into faster

storage system; main memory can be viewed
as the last cache before secondary storage
Operating Systems 1.28 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems
 Storage Hierarchy

Size increases
Speed decreases
Cost/price decreases

This slide is not examinable.

Operating Systems 1.29 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems
 Hardware Protection

• Dual-Mode Operation

• I/O Protection

• Memory Protection

Operating Systems 1.30 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Dual-Mode Operation

• Provides hardware protection by differentiating

between at least two modes of operations

1. User mode: Execution of user processes

gioi han quyen truy cap vao cac tai nguyen he thong, bao ve
he thong khoi truy cap trai phep

2. Monitor mode (supervisor mode or system

mode or kernel mode): Execution of operating
system processes fully truy cap

Operating Systems 1.31 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Dual-Mode Operation (Cont.)
• Mode bit added to computer hardware to indicate the
current mode: monitor (0) or user (1)
kernel
• When an interrupt or trap occurs hardware switches to
monitor mode
Interrupt/trap

monitor user
set user mode

• Privileged instructions can be used only in monitor mode

Operating Systems 1.32 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Kernel mode vs. root/admin.

• Are they the same?

– No, they are not the same

• Kernel or user mode is a hardware operation mode

• Root/Administrator is a user account in an OS

– Jobs still execute in user mode, even when
executed by a root/admin. user monitor
– This user may execute code in kernel mode
indirectly → e.g., by loading a kernel module

Operating Systems 1.33 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 I/O Protection

• A user program may issue illegal I/O operation;

hence I/O must be protected
– Case 1: read a file that does not exist
– Case 2: unauthorized access to a device

• All I/O instructions are privileged instructions

• All I/O operations must go through the OS to

ensure its correctness and legality
– CPU generates a trap for I/O operations that try to
bypass the OS

Operating Systems 1.34 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Memory Protection

• Must provide memory protection, at least for the

interrupt vector and the interrupt service routines

• Two CPU registers determine the range of legal

addresses a program may access:
– Base register: Holds the first legal physical
memory address
– Limit register: Contains the size of legal range

• Memory outside the defined range is protected and

cannot be accessed

Operating Systems 1.35 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Memory Protection (Cont.)

Operating Systems 1.36 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Memory Protection (Cont.)

e.g., Load/Store
(address)

• The load instructions for the base and limit registers are
privileged instructions (only in monitor mode)

• CPU issues a trap to the OS if above checks fail

Operating Systems 1.37 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems
 Part 1: Introduction

• What is an Operating System (OS)?

• Types of Computing Systems
• Computer System Architecture (Review)
• Operating System Services

Operating Systems 1.38 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 A View of Operating System Services

Operating Systems 1.39 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 System Calls

• System calls provide the interface between a user

program and the operating system
– Generally available as assembly-language
instructions
– Possible to replace assembly language for
systems programming to allow system calls to
be made directly (e.g., in C/C++)

• The execution of a system call requires the switch

from the user to the kernel mode

Operating Systems 1.40 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 API – System Call – OS Relationship
#include <stdio.h>
FILE *fopen(…) main()
{ {
Int fd; FILE *fp;
… …
fp = fopen(…);
fd = open(…);
…
… } API
}
(standard C library)
System Call

Operating Systems 1.41 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Advanced Readings

• Mobile operating systems

– Apple iOS, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
– Google Android,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operati
ng_system)
– Microsoft Windows Phone,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone
• “History of Operating Systems”, by Ayman
Moumina (pdf in NTULearn)

Operating Systems 1.42 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

 Future Operating Systems

• Operating systems are not limited

to Windows/Linux/MacOS etc.

• Operating system development never stops

– Changes in hardware
– Changes in user requirements

• Examples:
– Microkernel (also known as μ-
kernel), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microkernel
– Formally verified OS kernel, https://sel4.systems/
Operating Systems 1.43 Part 1 Introduction to Operating Systems