iPhone

The iPhone is a line of smartphones developed and marketed by Apple that run iOS, the company's own mobile
operating system. The first-generation iPhone was announced by then–Apple CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007, at
Macworld 2007, and launched later that year. Since then, Apple has annually released new iPhone models and iOS
versions; the most recent models being the iPhone 16 and 16 Plus, and the higher-end iPhone 16 Pro and 16 Pro Max.
As of January 1, 2024, more than 2.3 billion iPhones have been sold, making Apple the largest vendor of mobile phones
in 2023.

The original iPhone was the first mobile phone to use multi-touch technology. Throughout its history, the iPhone has
gained larger, higher-resolution displays, video-recording functionality, waterproofing, and many accessibility features.
Up to the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, iPhones had a single button on the front panel, with the iPhone 5s and later integrating a
Touch ID fingerprint sensor. Since the iPhone X,[note 2] iPhone models have switched to a nearly bezel-less front screen
design with Face ID facial recognition in place of Touch ID for authentication, and increased use of gestures in place of
the home button for navigation.[note 3]

The iPhone, which operates using Apple's proprietary iOS software, is one of the two major smartphone platforms in
the world, alongside Android. The first-generation iPhone was described by Steve Jobs as a "revolution" for the mobile
phone industry. The iPhone has been credited with popularizing the slate smartphone form factor, and with creating a
large market for smartphone apps, or "app economy", laying the foundation for the boom of the market for mobile
devices. In addition to the apps that come pre-installed on iOS, there are nearly 2 million apps available for download
from Apple's mobile distribution marketplace, the App Store, as of August 2024.

History

Development of an Apple smartphone began in 2004, when the company started to gather a team of 1,000 employees
led by hardware engineer Tony Fadell, software engineer Scott Forstall, and design officer Jony Ive,[1] to work on the
highly confidential "Project Purple".[2][3]

Then Apple CEO Steve Jobs steered the original focus away from a tablet (which was later revisited in the form of the
iPad) towards a phone.[4] Apple created the device during a secretive collaboration with Cingular Wireless (later
renamed AT&T Mobility) at an estimated development cost of US$150 million over thirty months.[5] According to Jobs
in 1998, the "i" word in "iMac" (and thereafter "iPod", "iPhone" and "iPad") stands for internet, individual, instruct, inform,
and inspire.[6][7]

Apple rejected the "design by committee" approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1, a largely unsuccessful
"iTunes phone" made in collaboration with Motorola. Among other deficiencies, the ROKR E1's firmware limited storage
to only 100 iTunes songs to avoid competing with Apple's iPod nano.[8][9] Cingular gave Apple the liberty to develop the
iPhone's hardware and software in-house, a rare practice at the time,[10][11] and paid Apple a fraction of its monthly
service revenue (until the iPhone 3G),[12] in exchange for four years of exclusive U.S. sales, until 2011.[13]

Jobs unveiled the first-generation iPhone to the public on January 9, 2007, at the Macworld 2007 convention at the
Moscone Center in San Francisco.[14] The iPhone incorporated a 3.5-inch multi-touch display with few hardware
buttons, and ran the iPhone OS operating system with a touch-friendly interface, then marketed as a version of Mac OS
X.[15] It was the first mobile phone to use multi-touch technology.[16] The device launched on June 29, 2007, at a starting
price of US$499 in the United States, and required a two-year contract with AT&T.[17] The price was reduced by a third
after two months. The resulting complaints forced Jobs to issue an apology and offer a partial rebate early purchasers
of the Phone.[18]
 iPhone

Worldwide iPhone availability:

iPhone available since its original
release
iPhone available since the release of
the iPhone 3G

On July 11, 2008, at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference

(WWDC) 2008, Apple announced the iPhone 3G, and expanded its
launch-day availability to twenty-two countries, and it was eventually
released in 70 countries and territories.[19][20] The iPhone 3G
introduced faster 3G connectivity, and a lower starting price of
US$199 (with a two-year AT&T contract).[21] It proved commercially
popular, overtaking Motorola RAZR V3 as the best selling cell phone
Front and back face of the latest flagship
in the U.S. by the end of 2008.[22] Its successor, the iPhone 3GS, was
model, the iPhone 16 Pro Max, in Black
announced on June 8, 2009, at WWDC 2009, and introduced video
Titanium
recording functionality.[23]
Developer Apple

Manufacturer Contract
manufacturers:
Foxconn · Pegatron ·
Wistron · Tata Group

Type Smartphone

The original iPhone on display under Units sold 2.3 billion (as of
glass at the January 2007 Macworld January 1, 2024)
show
Operating system iOS
The iPhone 4 was announced on June 7, 2010, at WWDC 2010, and
introduced a redesigned body incorporating a stainless steel frame Storage 64, 128, 256, 512 GB

and a rear glass panel.[24] At release, the iPhone 4 was marketed as or 1 TB[note 1] flash
memory (current
the "world's thinnest smartphone";[24] it uses the Apple A4 processor,
models)
being the first iPhone to use an Apple custom-designed chip. It
introduced the Retina display, having four-times the display Sound Bluetooth · Stereo
resolution of preceding iPhones, and was the highest-resolution speaker (iPhone 7
[24] and up) · Microphone
smartphone screen at release; a front-facing camera was also
introduced, enabling video calling functionality via FaceTime. · 3.5 mm headphone
jack (until iPhone 7) ·
Users of the iPhone 4 reported dropped/disconnected telephone 30-pin dock

calls when holding their phones in a certain way, and this issue was connector (until

nicknamed "antennagate".[25] In January 2011, as Apple's exclusivity iPhone 5) · Lightning

port (iPhone 5–
agreement with AT&T was expiring, Verizon announced that they
iPhone 14) · USB-C
would be carrying the iPhone 4, with a model compatible with
port (iPhone 15 and
Verizon's CDMA network releasing on February 10.[26][27]
up)

The iPhone 4s was announced on October 4, 2011, and introduced Power Built-in rechargeable
the Siri virtual assistant, a dual-core A5 processor, and an 8 lithium-ion battery
megapixel camera with 1080p video recording functionality. The
iPhone 5 was announced on September 12, 2012, and introduced a Online services App Store · Apple
larger 4-inch screen, up from the 3.5-inch screen of all previous One · iCloud · Apple
iPhone models, as well as faster 4G LTE connectivity.[28] It also Pay

introduced a thinner and lighter body made of aluminum alloy, and

Related iPad · Comparison of
the 30-pin dock connector of previous iPhones was replaced with the
iPhone models
new, reversible Lightning connector.[28]
Website apple.com/iphone (ht
tps://apple.com/ipho
ne)

Bottom angle comparison between

iPhone 5c (top), iPhone 5s (middle),
and iPhone 4s (bottom)

The iPhone 5s and iPhone 5c were announced on September 10, 2013. The iPhone 5s included a 64-bit A7 processor,
becoming the first ever 64-bit smartphone;[29] it also introduced the Touch ID fingerprint authentication sensor.[30] The
iPhone 5c was a lower-cost device that incorporated hardware from the iPhone 5, into a series of colorful plastic
frames.[31]

On September 9, 2014, Apple introduced the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, and included significantly larger screens than
the iPhone 5s, at 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch respectively; both models also introduced mobile payment technology via Apple
Pay.[32] Optical image stabilization was introduced to the 6 Plus' camera. The Apple Watch was also introduced on the
same day, and is a smartwatch that operates in conjunction with a connected iPhone. Some users experienced bending
issues from normal use with the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, particularly on the latter model, and this issue was nicknamed
"bendgate".[33]

The iPhone 6s and 6s Plus were introduced on September 9, 2015, and included a more bend-resistant frame made of a
stronger aluminum alloy, as well as a higher resolution 12 megapixel main camera capable of 4K video recording.[34]
The first-generation iPhone SE was introduced on March 21, 2016, and was a low-cost device that incorporated newer
hardware from the iPhone 6s, in the frame of the older iPhone 5s.[35]

The iPhone 7 and 7 Plus were announced on September 7, 2016, which introduced larger camera sensors, IP67-
certified water and dust resistance, and a quad-core A10 Fusion processor utilizing big.LITTLE technology;[36] the
3.5 mm headphone jack was removed, and was followed by the introduction of the AirPods wireless earbuds.[37] Optical
image stabilization was added to the 7's camera. A second telephoto camera lens was added on the 7 Plus, enabling
two-times optical zoom, and "Portrait" photography mode which simulates bokeh in photos.[38]

The iPhone 8, 8 Plus, and iPhone X were announced on September 12, 2017, in Apple's first event held at the Steve Jobs
Theater in Apple Park. All models featured rear glass panel designs akin to the iPhone 4, wireless charging, and a hexa-
core A11 Bionic chip with "Neural Engine" AI accelerator hardware. The iPhone X additionally introduced a 5.8-inch
OLED "Super Retina" display with a "bezel-less" design, with a higher pixel density and contrast ratio than previous
iPhones with LCD displays, and introduced a stronger frame made of stainless steel. It also introduced Face ID facial
recognition authentication hardware, in a "notch" screen cutout, in place of Touch ID;[39][40] the home button was
removed to achieve the “bezel-less” design, replacing it with a gesture-based navigation system.[41] At its US$999
starting price, the iPhone X was the most expensive iPhone at launch.[42]
 Picture of the cameras on the iPhone
13 Pro

The iPhone XR, iPhone XS, and XS Max were announced on September 12, 2018. All models featured the "Smart HDR"
computational photography system, and a significantly more powerful "Neural Engine".[43] The XS Max introduced a
larger 6.5-inch screen. The iPhone XR included a 6.1-inch LCD "Liquid Retina" display, with a "bezel-less" design similar
to the iPhone X, but does not include a second telephoto lens; it was made available in a series of vibrant colors, akin to
the iPhone 5c, and was a lower-cost device compared to the iPhone X and XS.[44]

The iPhone 11, 11 Pro, and 11 Pro Max were announced on September 10, 2019. The iPhone 11 was the successor to
the iPhone XR, while the iPhone 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max succeeded the iPhone XS and XS Max. All models gained an
Ultra-Wide lens, enabling two-times optical zoom out, as well as larger batteries for longer battery life.[45][46] The
second-generation iPhone SE was introduced on April 17, 2020, and was a low-cost device that incorporated newer
hardware from the iPhone 11, in the frame of the older iPhone 8, while retaining the home button and the Touch ID
sensor.[47]

The iPhone 12, 12 Mini, 12 Pro, and 12 Pro Max were announced via a livestream event on October 13, 2020. All models
featured OLED "Super Retina XDR" displays, introduced faster 5G connectivity, and the MagSafe magnetic charging and
accessory system; a slimmer flat-edged design was also introduced, which combined with stronger glass-ceramic front
glass, added better drop protection compared to previous iPhones.[48][49] The iPhone 12 Mini introduced a smaller 5.4-
inch screen, while the 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max had larger screens of 6.1-inch and 6.7-inch respectively. The iPhone 12
Pro and 12 Pro Max additionally added a Lidar sensor for better accuracy in augumented reality (AR) applications.

The iPhone 13, 13 Mini, 13 Pro, and 13 Pro Max were announced via a livestream event on September 14, 2021. All
models featured larger camera sensors, larger batteries for longer battery life, and a narrower "notch" screen cutout.[50]
The iPhone 13 Pro and 13 Pro Max additionally introduced smoother adaptive 120 Hz refresh rate "ProMotion"
technology in its OLED display, and three-times optical zoom in the telephoto lens.[51] The low-cost third-generation
iPhone SE was introduced on March 8, 2022, and incorporated the A15 Bionic chip from the iPhone 13, but otherwise
retained similar hardware to the second-generation iPhone SE.

The iPhone 14, 14 Plus, 14 Pro, and 14 Pro Max were announced on September 7, 2022. All models introduced satellite
phone emergency calling functionality. A new 14 Plus model introduced the large 6.7-inch screen size, first seen on the
iPhone 12 Pro Max, into a lower-cost device.[52] The iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max additionally introduced a higher-
resolution 48-megapixel main camera, the first increase in megapixel count since the iPhone 6s; it also introduced
always-on display technology to the lock screen, and an interactive status bar interface integrated in a redesigned
screen cutout, entitled "Dynamic Island".[53]

The iPhone 15, 15 Plus, 15 Pro, and 15 Pro Max were announced on September 12, 2023. Starting with this group of
devices, all models switch to using USB-C as their power connector to comply with European Commission regulations,
replacing Apple's proprietary Lightning connector after eleven years of use in previous models.[54] The 15 and 15 plus
now feature the Dynamic Island, which debuted with the iPhone 14 Pro (effectively retiring the "notch" display cutout), a
48-megapixel main camera, slightly curved edges, and a color-infused frosted glass back.[55][56][57] The 15 Pro and Pro
Max also replace the mute switch with the "Action" button, and stainless-steel material to titanium.[57]
The iPhone 16, 16 Plus, 16 Pro, and 16 Pro Max were announced on September 9, 2024. The former two introduced a
vertical camera layout with refined "Fusion" and Ultra-Wide cameras.[58] The 16 Pro and Pro Max have larger 6.3-inch
and 6.9-inch displays, a 48-megapixel Ultra-Wide camera, and the largest batteries in an iPhone up to that point.[59] All
models now include access to new Apple Intellegence AI features,[60] a refined thermal system, support for Wi-Fi 7, and
a new button dubbed the "Camera Control", allowing easier access to camera features.

Models

46 iPhone models have been produced. The models in bold are devices of the latest generation:

iPhone models currently in production[61]

Release date Model System-on-a-chip

March 18, 2022 iPhone SE (3rd generation)

September 16, 2022 iPhone 14 Apple A15

October 7, 2022 iPhone 14 Plus

iPhone 15
September 22, 2023 Apple A16
iPhone 15 Plus

iPhone 16
Apple A18
iPhone 16 Plus
September 20, 2024
iPhone 16 Pro
Apple A18 Pro
iPhone 16 Pro Max
Availability and support lifespan of all iPhone models

Release(d) Support

Model With Discontinued Final Lifespan[b] Status

Date Ended [a]
OS OS Max[c] Min[d]

iPhone iPhone 2 years,

iPhone June 29, 2007 June 9, 2008 June 21, 2010 2 years
OS 1.0 OS 3.1.3 11 months

iPhone 2 years,
iPhone 3G July 11, 2008 August 9, 2010 March 3, 2011 iOS 4.2.1 6 months
OS 2.0 7 months

September 18, 2013

iPhone iPhone iOS 6.1.3 4 years,
June 19, 2009 September 12, 2012 (late, single update: 1 year
3GS OS 3.0 (6.1.6) 2 months
February 21, 2014)

iOS 4 years,
iPhone 4 June 24, 2010 September 10, 2013 September 17, 2014 iOS 7.1.2 1 year
4.0 2 months

September 13, 2016 Discontinued

iOS iOS 9.3.5 4 years,
iPhone 4s October 14, 2011 September 9, 2014 (late, single update: 2 years and
5.0 (9.3.6) 10 months
July 22, 2019) unsupported

September 19, 2017 iOS

iOS 4 years,
iPhone 5 September 21, 2012 September 10, 2013 (late, single update: 10.3.3 4 years
6.0 11 months
July 22, 2019) (10.3.4)

iOS iOS 3 years,

iPhone 5c September 20, 2013 September 9, 2015 September 19, 2017 2 years
7.0 10.3.3 11 months

iOS September 18, 2019 5 years, 3 years,

iPhone 5s September 20, 2013 March 21, 2016 iOS
7.0 (last security 11 months 5 months
12.4.1
iPhone 6 / iOS update: 4 years,
September 19, 2014 September 7, 2016 (12.5.7) 3 years
6 Plus 8.0 January 23, 2023) 11 months

iPhone 6s / iOS 8 years, 5 years,

September 25, 2015 September 12, 2018
6s Plus 9.0 10 months 10 months
September 12, 2022
iOS
iPhone SE iOS (last security 8 years, 5 years,
March 31, 2016 September 12, 2018 15.6.1
(1st) 9.3 update: 3 months 10 months
(15.8.3)
July 29, 2024) Discontinued,
iPhone 7 / iOS 7 years, 4 years,
September 16, 2016 September 10, 2019
7 Plus 10.0 10 months 10 months bug fixes
only
iPhone 8 / iOS September 18, 2023 7 years, 4 years,
September 22, 2017 April 15, 2020
8 Plus 11.0 still supported iOS 2 months 3 months
(latest security 16.6.1
iOS update: (16.7.10) 6 years,
iPhone X November 3, 2017 September 12, 2018 7 years
11.0.1 August 7, 2024) 3 months

iPhone XS iOS current latest 6 years, 5 years, Discontinued,

September 21, 2018 September 10, 2019
/ XS Max 12.0 iOS 2 months 2 months still
supported
iOS 3 years,
iPhone XR October 26, 2018 September 14, 2021 6 years
12.0 2 months

iOS 5 years, 2 years,

iPhone 11 September 20, 2019 September 7, 2022
13.0 2 months 2 months

iPhone 11
iOS 5 years, 4 years,
Pro / September 20, 2019 October 13, 2020
13.0 2 months 1 month
11 Pro Max

iPhone SE iOS 4 years, 2 years,

April 24, 2020 March 8, 2022
(2nd) 13.4 6 months 8 months
 October 23, 2020 September 12, 2023
iPhone 12 / iOS (12) (12) 2 years,
4 years
12 Mini 14.1 November 13, 2020 September 7, 2022 2 months
(12 Mini) (12 Mini)

iOS
14.1
October 23, 2020 4 years (12
iPhone 12 (12 Pro)
(12 Pro) Pro) 3 years,
Pro / iOS September 14, 2021
November 13, 2020 4 years 2 months
12 Pro Max 14.2
(12 Pro Max) (12 Pro Max)
(12 Pro

Max)

September 9, 2024
iPhone 13 / iOS (13) 3 years, 1 year,
September 24, 2021
13 Mini 15.0 September 12, 2023 1 month 2 months
(13 Mini)

iPhone 13
iOS 3 years, 2 years,
Pro / September 24, 2021 September 7, 2022
15.0 1 month 2 months
13 Pro Max

iPhone SE iOS 2 years,

March 18, 2022
(3rd) 15.4 8 months

September 16, 2022 latest Current or

current
iPhone 14 / iOS (14) iOS 2 years, still sold

14 Plus 16.0 October 7, 2022 2 months

(14 Plus)

iPhone 14 Discontinued,
iOS latest 2 years, 1 year,
Pro / September 16, 2022 September 12, 2023 current still
16.0 iOS 2 months 2 months
14 Pro Max supported

iPhone 15 / iOS latest 1 year, Current or

September 22, 2023 current
15 Plus 17.0 iOS 2 months still sold

iPhone 15 Discontinued,
iOS latest 1 year,
Pro / September 22, 2023 September 9, 2024 current 2 months still
17.0 iOS 2 months
15 Pro Max supported

iPhone 16 / iOS
September 20, 2024 2 months
16 Plus 18.0
latest Current or
iPhone 16 current
iOS iOS still sold
Pro / September 20, 2024 2 months
18.0
16 Pro Max

Legend: Discontinued and unsupported Discontinued, bug fixes only Discontinued, still supported Current or still sold

a. Last regular iOS version (probably with feature updates), in parentheses: last iOS supported

b. Min / max amount of time Apple support is/was available

Remarks:
c. Maximal support lifespan = current or support ended date - released date

d. Minimal support lifespan = current or support ended date - discontinued date

Production

Up to the iPhone 4, all iPhones and other devices, such as iPod Touch models and iPads, were manufactured by
Foxconn, based in Taiwan. In 2011, new CEO Tim Cook changed Apple's manufacturing strategy to diversify its supply
base. The iPhone 4s in 2012 was the first model to be manufactured simultaneously by two stand-alone companies:
Foxconn and Pegatron, the latter also based in Taiwan. Although Foxconn still produces more iPhones, Pegatron's
orders have been slowly increased: the company made part of the iPhone 5c line in 2013, and 30% of iPhone 6 devices
in 2014. The 6 Plus model was produced solely by Foxconn.[62] In 2019, Apple investigated reports that some Foxconn
managers had used rejected parts to build iPhones.[63] In India, Apple pays Wistron, a Taiwan-based manufacturer with
a plant near Bangalore, to assemble iPhones to sell in the region.[64]

In 2022, Apple announced that a portion of the iPhone 14 would be manufactured in Tamil Nadu, India, as a response to
China's "zero-COVID" policy that has negatively affected global supply chains for many industries.[65] Apple has stated
that they plan to shift 25% of iPhone production to India by 2025.[66]

Hardware

Apple directly sub-contracts hardware production to external OEM companies, maintaining a high degree of control
over the end product. The iPhone contains most of the hardware parts of a typical modern smartphone. Some
hardware elements, such as 3D Touch and the Taptic Engine, are unique to the iPhone. The main hardware of the
iPhone is the touchscreen, with current models offering screens of 4.7 inches and larger. All iPhones include a rear-
facing camera; the front-facing camera dates back to the iPhone 4. The iPhone 7 Plus introduced multiple lenses to the
rear-facing camera. A range of sensors are also included on the device, such as a proximity sensor, ambient light
sensor, accelerometer, gyroscopic sensor, magnetometer, facial recognition sensor or fingerprint sensor (depending on
the model) and barometer. In 2022, Apple added satellite communications to the iPhone, with the release of the iPhone
14 and iPhone 14 Pro.[67]

Software

Operating system

The iPhone runs iOS.[68] It is based on macOS's Darwin and many of its userland APIs, with Cocoa replaced by Cocoa
Touch, and AppKit replaced by UIKit. The graphics stack runs on Metal, Apple's low-level graphics API. The iPhone
comes with a set of bundled applications developed by Apple,[69] and supports downloading third-party applications
through the App Store.[70]

Apple provides free updates to iOS over-the-air, or through Finder and iTunes on a computer.[71] Major iOS releases have
historically accompanied new iPhone models.[72][73] The most recent version is iOS 18.[74]

App Store and third-party apps

At WWDC 2007 on June 11, 2007, Apple announced that the iPhone would support third-party Ajax web applications
that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface.[75] On October 17, 2007, Steve Jobs, in an open letter posted to
Apple's "Hot News" weblog, announced that a software development kit (SDK) would be made available to third-party
developers in February 2008.[76] The iPhone SDK was officially announced and released on March 6, 2008.[77] The App
Store was launched with the release of iPhone OS 2.0, on July 11, 2008.[78]
Apple requires all third-party apps to be downloaded from the App Store, with exceptions for ad-hoc apps used within
enterprises. Developers must pay a yearly $99 fee as part of Apple's Developer Program;[79] if their membership expires,
their apps are removed from the App Store, though existing users retain the ability to redownload the app.[80]
Developers can release free apps, or paid apps for which Apple takes a 30% cut of proceeds.[81] Developers earning
less than $1 million in annual sales qualify for the App Store Small Business Program, with Apple only taking a 15%
fee.[82]

Though iOS has far lower market share than Android, its app ecosystem has been described as superior, with higher-
quality apps, and more iOS-exclusive releases.[83] Android's version fragmentation,[84] less uniform hardware, and lower
app revenues have been cited as key factors.

All apps must pass Apple's app review process before being distributed in the App Store.[85] Apple may also stop
distributing apps it deems inappropriate. For example, in 2009, Apple rejected the Newspapers app due to The Sun's
"obscene" topless Page 3 girls.[86] In 2018, Apple removed Tumblr from the App Store, citing illegal content, causing
Tumblr to ban all adult content from their platform.[87] The App Store's review process has been criticized by developers
as "frustrating", "anti-competitive", and "asinine".[88][89][90][91]

Users can also install native apps outside of the App Store through jailbreaking,[92] or through exploits, such as
TrollStore. Jailbreaking may cause security issues, and is not supported by Apple.[93]

As of October 2013, Apple has passed 60 billion app downloads.[94] As of September 2016, there have been over
140 billion app downloads from the App Store.[95] In January 2017, the App Store had over 2.2 million apps for the
iPhone.[96][97] As of August 2024, Apple's App Store contains nearly 2 million applications.[98]

Jailbreaking

Apple restricts the installation of unapproved third-party apps and does not allow full access to the iPhone's filesystem.
According to Jonathan Zittrain, the emergence of closed devices like the iPhone has made computing more proprietary
than it was in the PC era.[99] Jailbreaking allows users to install apps not available on the App Store, customize their
device in ways not allowed by Apple, and bypass SIM locks without carrier approval.[100] Some jailbreak tweaks were
later copied by Apple and implemented into iOS, like multitasking, widgets, and copy and paste.[101]

Apple attempted to use the DMCA to fight jailbreaking; however in 2010, the U.S. found jailbreaking to be legal.[102]
Jailbroken iPhones are at higher risk of malware due to Apple's lesser control of the app ecosystem.[103] In the United
States, Apple cannot void an iPhone's warranty solely due to jailbreaking.[104] Jailbreaks rely on exploits. Apple has
improved the iPhone's hardware and software security, making these exploits harder to find; as a result, recent iPhones
cannot currently be jailbroken.[105]

Accessibility

The iPhone contains a range of accessibility features to support users' visual, auditory, and motor needs. iPhones can
notify users through onscreen banners, audio alerts, vibrations, or the LED flash; vibration patterns can be customized
by users. Since iOS 15, Siri can read notifications out loud through earphones, and, since iOS 16, through the device's
speakers.[106]

Users with motor needs can use Assistive Touch to customize the way they navigate through menus; it can assist users
who have difficulties with some gestures, like pinching, and makes these gestures available by tapping on a menu. The
user can create their own gestures and customize the layout of the AssistiveTouch menu. If the user has trouble
pressing the Home button, it can be set so that it can be activated with an onscreen tap. Gestures, like rotate and
shake, are available even when if the iOS device is mounted on a wheelchair. Head Tracking can be used to control an
iPhone using facial movements recognized by the front camera.[107]

Low-vision users can enable VoiceOver, a screen reader which describes what is on the screen, while Siri allows for
hands-free interaction. The iPhone also supports wireless braille displays to help users read its interface. Text can be
enlarged system-wide. The Magnifier app uses the iPhone's Lidar scanner to identify objects, for example doors, people,
and objects, and can describe them to the user, as well as their distance. Door Detection can alert the user through
sound, speech, and haptics.[107]

Hearing aids that are part of the Made for iPhone program can be controlled from an iPhone. These hearing aids also
feature Live Listen, which enables the iPhone to act as a directional microphone, beaming its audio to compatible
hearing aids.[108] Live Listen can help the user hear a conversation in a noisy room or hear someone speaking across
the room.[109] Apple built Live Listen support into all AirPods, which can also relay audio from a connected iPhone's
microphone. Closed captioning and external TTY devices are supported, while Live Caption can transcribe audio across
all apps and display it onscreen. Sound Recognition can recognize surrounding noises, including door bells, kettles,
water running, and babies crying, and notify the user with an onscreen alert.[107]

Guided Access helps people with autism, ADHD, or sensory challenges stay focused on a single app. With Guided
Access, a parent, teacher, or therapist can limit an iOS device to stay on one app by disabling the Home button and limit
the amount of time spent in an app. The user can restrict access to the keyboard or touch input on certain areas of the
screen.

Marketing

The original iPhone was heavily promoted before its official announcement, creating buzz and anticipation.[110] Upon its
release, it was marketed heavily in television, web and print ads created in partnership with TBWA\Chiat\Day.[111]

Apple's premium market positioning has led the iPhone to be seen as a status symbol.[112][113][114]

The Apple ecosystem has been described as a key moat that increases iPhone brand loyalty. iMessage has especially
been singled out with its "green bubbles" phenomena. In iMessage, SMS messages from Android users appear as green
bubble, rather than the blue bubbles used for texts from other iPhone users. Group chats between iOS and Android are
poorly supported; reactions display as text, rather than bubbles, and images are sent through MMS, which degrades
image quality. Some teens have described being "ostracized" after switching to Android,[115] which Google has labeled
"bullying".[116] This has been described by critics as a key factor leading 87% of U.S. teenagers to use iPhones.[117]

Retail

SIM unlocking

Many iPhones bought through a monthly carrier contract are SIM locked, restricting their use to one particular
carrier.[118] While the iPhone was initially sold in the U.S. only on the AT&T network with a SIM lock in place, various
hackers found methods to bypass that SIM lock.[119] More than a quarter of first-generation iPhones sold in the U.S.
were not registered with AT&T. Apple speculated that they were likely shipped overseas and unlocked, a lucrative
market before the iPhone 3G's worldwide release.[120][121] Today, many carriers either remove the SIM lock
automatically after a certain period, or do it upon request, either for free or for a small fee.[122] iPhones bought from
Apple are not SIM locked.[118] Many carriers also sell the iPhone unlocked when purchased outright rather than on a
long-term contract.
Retail strategy

Since 2013, iPhone buyers can obtain a trade in discount when buying a new iPhone directly from Apple. The program
aims to increase the number of customers who purchase iPhones at Apple Stores rather than carrier stores.[123] In
2015, Apple unveiled the iPhone Upgrade Program, a 24-month leasing agreement, which Fortune described as a
"change [in] iPhone owners' relationships with mobile carriers".[124]

Repairability

iPhone 6s's interior; the left half

contains the display and the right half
contains hardware and battery

Only Apple Stores and Apple Authorized Service Providers are allowed by Apple to perform genuine replacements.[125]
Apple has taken steps to make third-party repairs more difficult. iPhone components are soldered, and many are glued
together.[126] iPhones receive low repairability scores, in part due to the difficulty of obtaining genuine parts, and the
difficulty undertaking each repair.[127] This has given rise to the right to repair movement, aimed at giving users cheaper
options for repairing their phones. Apple has lobbied against right to repair legistation.[128] Multiple jurisdictions aim to
introduce right to repair laws, including the EU,[129] UK,[130] and U.S.[131]

In the past, Apple bricked iPhone 6 models after their home buttons were replaced, displaying an Error 53 message;
Apple called this a bug, and released an update to address the issue.[132] On iPhones with a Touch ID sensor, the home
button cannot be replaced by users or independent repair shops without losing Touch ID functionality, since Apple has
not made their calibration tool public.[133]

Starting with the iPhone XR, Apple displays warnings in the Settings app if the battery, display, or camera are replaced
by a third party.[134] Additionally, some features are disabled when a part labeled "non-genuine" is detected, like True
Tone, or the battery health measurement. iFixit notes that a proprietary, cloud-linked System Configuration tool is
required to "complete" a part repair, meaning that even replacing a genuine part with another genuine part will fail
Apple's "genuine parts" check unless said tool is used.[135]

In 2022, Apple rolled out a self-service repair program, allowing any user to buy parts, rent repair tools from Apple, and
obtain repair manuals. The program received a degree of praise by iFixit and repair advocates, who also critically noted
that Apple maintains control over the parts supply.[136][137]

Privacy

Tracking prevention

Apple introduced App Tracking Transparency (ATT) with iOS 14.5 in April 2021. ATT requires apps to ask for explicit
permission before being allowed to track the user across other apps and websites. If the user refuses, the app cannot
access Apple's Identifier for Advertisers (IDFA), an identifier used to serve personalized ads. [138] ATT does not prevent
personalized ads that are based on the user's behavior within the app itself.[139] The feature has been criticized by some
as anti-competitive, including Facebook, whose shares fell by 26% after its rollout.[140] Apple exempts their own apps
from their anti-tracking measures, which has led to anti-trust investigations by the French and German
governments.[141][142]

Location tracking controversy

In July 2010, Apple claimed that it collected iPhone users' GPS coordinates and nearby Wi-Fi networks twice a day; a
Wall Street Journal investigation found that Google’s Android sent this data "several times an hour".[143][144]

In September 2010, forensic expert Christopher Vance discovered a hidden unencrypted file named "consolidated.db"
that contained a record of iPhone users' locations.[145][146] The file was added with the June 2010 iOS 4 update, though
previous versions of iOS stored similar information in a file called "h-cells.plist".[147] On April 20, 2011, The Guardian
publicized research by Alasdair Allan and Pete Warden, who found that anyone with physical access to an iPhone could
obtain a detailed record of its owner's location and movements over the past year.[148] Moreover, the file was
automatically backed up by iTunes onto any computer the iPhone was synchronized with.[149] A Wall Street Journal
investigation found that users' locations were still stored when location services are disabled.[150] The controversy led
to U.S. congressional scrutiny and an FCC investigation,[146] and was dubbed "Locationgate" by the media.[151]

Apple responded on April 27, 2011, claiming that the data was used to cache nearby Wi-Fi hotspots and cell towers in
order to improve location speed and accuracy. The company also claimed that locations being collected when location
services were off, and being stored for more than a year, were both bugs.[151] Apple issued an update for iOS (version
4.3.3, or 4.2.8 for the CDMA iPhone 4) which reduced the size of the cache, encrypted it, stopped it being backed up to
iTunes, and erased it entirely whenever location services were turned off.[152] Nevertheless, in July 2014, a report on
state-owned China Central Television called iPhone tracking a "national security concern".[153]

Currently, iPhones contain a "Frequent Locations" database which records where users have been, along with exact
times they arrived and left, raising concerns that the data could be used in court.[154] This feature can be turned off.[155]

Child safety controversy

In August 2021, Apple announced plans to scan iCloud Photos for child abuse imagery (through an algorithm called
"NeuralHash"), and filter explicit images sent and received by children using iPhones (dubbed "Conversation Safety"), to
be rolled out later that year.[156] More than 90 policy and human rights groups wrote an open letter to condemn both
features.[157] Apple's plan to implement NeuralHash on-device rather than in the cloud led the EFF and security experts
to call it a "backdoor" that could later be expanded to detect other types of contents, and would decrease users'
privacy.[158] Apple claimed the system was "misunderstood",[159] but announced in December 2022 that the photo-
scanning feature would never be implemented.[160] The other feature, Conversation Safety, was added in iOS 15.2.[161]

Security

Apple's iOS operating system is regarded by some security experts as more secure against common malware than
Android.[162] Less than 1% of mobile malware targets iOS.[163]

Prior to 2014, the iPhone stored all "messages, pictures and videos, contacts, audio recordings [...] and call history" in
unencrypted form, enabling easy access by law enforcement.[164] This changed with iOS 8, which adopted file-based
encryption. Apple does not hold the decryption key, and cannot be compelled to turn over user data, even when
presented with a government warrant.[165] Companies like Grayshift and Cellebrite developed exploits that enable law
enforcement to extract user data from iPhones without needing the user's passcode.[166][167]

In 2015 and 2016, a dispute unfolded between Apple and the FBI. The FBI had recovered the iPhone 5c of one of the
San Bernardino attackers, and iCloud backups of that phone from a month and a half before the shooting. The U.S.
government attempted to obtain a court order under the All Writs Act compelling Apple to produce a modified version
of iOS that would allow investigators to brute force the device passcode.[168][169] Tim Cook responded on the
company's website, outlining a need for encryption, arguing that a backdoor would compromise the privacy of all
iPhone users.[170] The DOJ withdrew its request after the FBI bought an exploit to bypass the iPhone's passcode.[171] As
a countermeasure, Apple implemented USB Restricted Mode,[172] which was subsequently exploited too.[167]

In 2016,researchers discovered the Pegasus suite of exploits targeting iOS and Android, which led to significant
international media coverage.[173] Some Pegasus exploits are zero-click, meaning that they can fully compromise the
device with no user interaction, for example by sending a malformed iMessage to the user that would not even trigger a
notification.[174] Pegasus can collect most data, including chats, passwords, and photos, and can turn on the phone's
microphone and camera remotely.[175][176] Apple quickly issued an update fixing FORCEDENTRY and other known
Pegasus exploits,[177] though Pegasus continued to be used, relying on new exploits.[178] Apple announced a new bug
bounty for vulnerabilities, and added an optional Lockdown Mode to iOS 16 that reduces the iPhone's attack
surface.[179][180] Many security researchers have criticized Apple's bug bounty for underpaying researchers, being
uncommunicative, and being slow to fix vulnerabilities, and two Apple employees told The Washington Post that the
company "has a massive backlog of bugs that it hasn’t fixed".[181]

Prominent victims of Pegasus include Jamal Khashoggi, and numerous activists, businessmen and politicians.[182]
Pegasus has been widely used since 2011,[183] and is still used by law enforcement and governments as of July
2022.[184]

Reception and legacy

The original iPhone has been described as "revolutionary",[185] a "breakthrough handheld computer",[186] and "the best
phone that anybody has ever made".[187] It is now Apple's bestselling product, and has been credited with helping to
make Apple one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies by 2011.[188] Newer iterations have also
received praise and awards.[189][190]

Before the iPhone, smartphones were mostly used for texting, calls, and email; more advanced functions were harder to
use and inconvenient on a small screen.[191] They were also hard to develop for, and lacked a thriving app ecosystem
like the App Store (released in 2008).[192][193] Many phones were heavily customized by mobile carriers, which led to
feature fragmentation and prevented these phones from turning into thriving software platforms.[194] In contrast,
Apple's iPhone SDK provided a wide range of APIs, made mobile development far more accessible,[195][196] and was
instrumental in turning the iPhone into a "Swiss army knife" with a wide range of features and apps.[191]

Successive iPhone models have generated significant fan enthusiasm, with many customers queuing up in front of
Apple Stores on launch day.[197] As of 2021, the iPhone has higher brand loyalty than any other smartphone.[198]

The iPhone's success has led to the decline of incumbents Nokia, BlackBerry, and Motorola.[199][200] RIM, Symbian and
Microsoft all attempted to develop more modern operating systems to compete with the iPhone, like Maemo, Windows
Phone, and BlackBerry 10; all were unsuccessful. Google successfully started over on their Android project,[191] and
designed it for mass adoption by carriers and phone hardware manufacturers.[201] Today, iOS and Android account for
99% of smartphones used worldwide.[202]
Sales

Steve Jobs's initial target was to reach 1% of phone market share in 2008.[203]
Apple sold 6.1 million units of the original iPhone between Q3 FY2007[note 4] and
Q4 FY2008, and 11.3 million units of the iPhone 3G in Q4 FY2008 and Q1
FY2009.[204] In 2008, the iPhone reached 1.1% of worldwide mobile phone
market share,[205] and 8.2% of the smartphone market.[206] During this time it
was quickly becoming relevant in North America, and in market share was
ranked second in the U.S. in 2009, behind the BlackBerry;[207] in 2010 the iPhone
3GS was the best-selling smartphone in the U.S., the first time that an iPhone
device reached top spot in that market.[208]

iPhone sales grew continuously year-over-year since its introduction until Q2

FY2016.[209][210] The iPhone briefly surpassed BlackBerry in Q4 FY2008,[211] and
permanently overtook it starting in Q3 FY2010.[212] By 2011, Apple sold 100
million iPhones worldwide,[213] and became the largest mobile phone vendor in
the world by revenue, surpassing long-time leader Nokia.[214] Q1 FY2012
marked Apple's best quarterly earnings in its history, with 53% of the company's
revenues coming from iPhone sales.[215] Phone sales are strongly seasonal, peaking in the holiday season (Apple's Q1).
With the release of the iPhone 13 in Q1 FY2022, Apple temporarily topped Samsung, with 84.9 million units shipped
compared to Samsung's 68.9 million. In most quarters, Apple is the second largest smartphone vendor by
units.[212][note 5] Apple sold 223 million iPhones in its financial year 2023 ending September 24.[216][217]

Today, Samsung and Apple dominate the smartphone market, with 21.8% and 15.6% worldwide market share
respectively.[218] Due to Apple's small lineup, Apple often dominates the list of bestselling smartphone models.[219][220]
Despite its lower market share, the iPhone's premium positioning has led it to capture nearly half of global smartphone
revenue,[221] and 80% of global smartphone profits, with Samsung taking the other 20%.[222] Carriers compete with each
other to subsidize iPhone upgrades, which is seen as a significant factor in iPhone sales, though this has reduced
carrier profits.[223] On July 27, 2016, Apple announced that it had sold their 1 billionth iPhone.[224] As of January 1, 2024,
more than 2.3 billion iPhones have been sold.[225]

Compared to other high-tech products, a greater proportion of iPhone users are female.[226] The iPhone has been
adopted by both consumers and business users.[227] iPhone users are wealthier and spend more time on their phones
than Android users on average.[228][229] The iPhone is especially popular in the U.S., where it has a 50% market
share,[230] and is used by 87% of teenagers.[117] Worldwide, the iPhone accounts for 78% of the high-end ($1,000+)
smartphone market.[230]

Android overtook the iPhone's installed base in 2010, according to NPD Group.[231] During Apple's earnings call on
January 27, 2021, Tim Cook said that 1 billion iPhones were being actively used worldwide.[232]

Emerging markets

While other manufacturers make separate entry-level phones, Apple's entry-level phones are the previous years' models,
part of an effort to increase its market share in emerging markets without diluting its premium brand.[233][234] It also
considers emerging market tastes in its product designs; for example, it introduced a gold iPhone after finding that gold
was seen as a popular sign of a luxury product among Chinese customers.[235] In 2017, Apple started manufacturing
previous years' iPhone models in India; in 2022, it began manufacturing the current iPhone 14 there too.[236] Analysts
have speculated that this was partly caused by Apple's desire to reduce its dependence on China, and to overcome
Indian import duties.[236][237] In 2023, the Chinese government banned the use of iPhones by government civil servants
in what was seen as an effort to reduce dependence on foreign technology and strengthen cybersecurity.[238]

In May 2024 Iranian president Mokhber banned imported iPhone 14 and newer models, in November the ban was lifted
and replaced with 30% customs tariff to the phones.[239][240]

See also

Telephones portal

Apple Newton, an early personal digital assistant and the first tablet platform developed by Apple

Notes

1. 1 GB = 1 billion bytes; 1 TB = 1 trillion bytes

2. The naming of the iPhone X (Roman numeral "X" pronounced "ten") marked the 10th anniversary of the iPhone,
thus skipping the iPhone 9.

3. Touch ID and the home button are still used for the budget iPhone SE series.

4. Each company may choose different quarters for their fiscal year. Apple's fiscal quarters correspond to the
following months: Q1 ends in late December, Q2 ends in late March, Q3 ends in late June, and Q4 ends in late
September. All references to quarters in this section reference Apple's fiscal year quarters. The holiday quarter, the
fourth quarter of the calendar year, is referred to as Apple's Q1. Since 2011, iPhone releases have consistently
occurred in September at the end of Q4, meaning that sales of a new model are mostly reflected in Q1 of the
following fiscal year, covering October to December.

5. Note that Statista presents data in calendar year quarters; Q4 in Statista data corresponds to Apple's FY Q1.

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External links

Official website (https://apple.com/iphone)

Video of Steve Jobs announcing the first-generation iPhone at Macworld 2007 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6
uW-E496FXg) on YouTube

Evolution of the iPhone (https://techengage.com/evolution-of-iphone/) at TechEngage, February 3, 2021