CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Almost all human activities create waste in some form or another. Most individual items of
waste, particularly wastes from homes and offices, are not themselves a direct threat for the
public health. It is the way these wastes are or not handled, stored, collected, and disposed that
can pose risks to public health. It is the control of these risks that is addressed in most public
health laws and regulations. In lower-income countries, as well as poorer parts of middle-income
nations such as Ethiopia, an estimated of 30 to 50% solid waste produced in urban areas is left
uncollected. Some viral and other infectious diseases are associated with waste and also serve as
habitat formation for breeding insects and mosquitoes. In tropical climates, some flying insects
are directly associated with the transmission of endemic diseases. Uncollected waste also blocks
drainage channels and increases the health problems related to pool stagnant water. In addition,
accumulated wastes provide the ever-present hazard of physical injury to people coming into its
close proximity, particularly children. In general, clean and healthy living conditions in cities and
towns cannot be achieved without reliable and regular waste collection and adequate disposal
systems.

The major solid waste management processes start at solid waste production, storage and
followed by solid waste collection, transportation and transferring. Then after street cleaning,
recovery of recyclable materials, solid waste treatment, solid waste final disposal, and finally
collects feedback to monitor and evaluate the solid waste management processes.

In large number of urban areas of the country, solid waste management services are either absent
or insufficient. Solid Waste Management in Ethiopia is generally in a poor state. For example,
the collection services are often inefficient and don’t cover all areas. In general, the unauthorized
and most of the authorized dump sites are poorly managed causing significant environmental
impacts.

Over the last few years, many micro and small enterprises have been set up to carry out waste
pre-collection service, receiving payment either from the respective beneficiaries or
municipalities to collect waste and transport to the municipal waste containers, and helps to fill

pg. 1
the created gaps in collecting and transporting wastes. These enterprises represent a good starting
point for building private sector participation and realizing the associated benefits(source solid
Waste management manual April, 2012).

Founded in 1887, the Ethiopian capital is a fast growing urban center, with a current estimated
population of a megacity with the assumption of a population over 3.5 million inhabitants in year
2014(ARTELIA.2013). The daily waste generation was estimated 0.252kg/capita/day in year
2004 with a daily waste generation of the city 2,297m 3or 851 tones. Of municipal waste per day,
65 % (1,482m3) is collected (Addis Ababa city SBPDA, 2003). The remaining 35per cent of
waste is disposed of through informal means, except smaller percentage going to incineration
and dumped on open sites, drainage channels, rivers and valleys as well as on the streets. The
rivers are widely used as disposal sites. As simple observation around rivers bank indicates, large
percentage of the uncontrolled waste goes to the rivers. Although the hygiene and environmental
sanitation regulation issued by the Addis Ababa city administration (Pro.No.1,1994)prohibits
people from disposing waste along roads, avenues, rivers, ponds, and other sites, the regulation
is continuously violated by the people due to lack of alternative means for disposal(Kuma.2004)

After ten years, in year 2014, waste production varies from 0.21 to 0.59 kg/cap/day for
household of low income to high income in Addis Ababa City (ARTELIA.2013) and this is
about 0.45kg/capita/day. Even though there are some positive aspects of the existing system in
Addis Ababa, such as informal recycling, composting initiatives and in particular the
introduction and expansion of private sector enterprises that carry out pre-collection service from
households. These enterprises play an important role in improving waste collection and reducing
unemployment at local level. But, the waste left uncollected in Addis Ababa is still about 35%
and it is volume is increased by 78% for the last ten years when we compare the current waste
uncollected with that of year 2004.

It is recognized that no single part of the environment is separate from any another; it functions
as a whole in an integrated approach (IPPC).

pg. 2
1.1 Objective and methodology of the study
1.1.1 General objective
The general objective of the assignment shall be to explore the adequacy (effectiveness) of solid
waste management & regulation in Ethiopia particularly in the City of Addis Ababa including
the policy, legal, institutional & regulatory framework in place to ensure clean & healthy
environment.

1.2.2. Specific objectives

The specific objectives of the assignment shall thus be;

1. To discuss the historical & conceptual background of solid waste & its regulation &
management;
2. To identify & discuss the sources, types & scope of solid waste (hazardous vs.
nonhazardous);
3. To identify & discuss the waste hierarchy system or principle;
4. To discuss a physical infrastructure or facility to be developed for the management of
solid waste (theoretical);
5. To discuss the experiences of some of the comparable foreign metropolitan cities (at least
two cities) in the management & regulation of their solid waste;
6. To identify & discuss the relevant institution established for the management of solid
waste particularly in the city of Addis Ababa; including its institutional set-up, powers
duties including systems developed in respect thereof;
7. To identify & discuss the regulatory measures to be taken against or on the institution
responsible for solid waste management: a) with a view to ensure sustainable
development (through EIA or environmental audit requirement) as related to: the design
& development or construction of solid waste treatment & disposal facility (like modern
sanitary landfill, if any); and b) with a view to ensure the clean & healthy environmental
objective as related to: the management or disposal of treated/processed solid waste in to
the environment;
8. To discuss the regulatory power of the institution responsible for solid waste management
to require institutions, industries and residents to utilize a system, if any, developed for

pg. 3
 the management (i.e., collection & transportation.) of solid waste by itself or otherwise
(like by private solid waste service providers.
9. To identify & discuss the regulatory measures, if any, to be taken by the institution
responsible for solid waste management in case such institutions, industries and/or
residents fail to comply with requirements for the management of their respective solid
waste;
10. To identify & discuss the regulatory powers of the environmental and/or public health
institutions against the institution responsible for solid waste management & against such
institutions, industries and/or residents as related to solid waste management;
11. To discuss the adequacy or non-adequacy of the solid waste management (in terms of
coverage & quality of such service) and its regulation in the city of Addis Ababa & future
plans of the City/the relevant institution(s) to provide adequate solid waste management
& regulation;

1.1.3. Methodology of the study

Overall study of this assignment was conducted based on:

 Interviews with Experts: - discussion was held with experts of city Government of Addis
Ababa cleansing Management Agency, Recycling and Disposal project office,
Environmental Protection Authority both federal and local, Ministry of Environment and
Forest, Ministry of Health
 Literature review: Information on past, current and future plan of the city was assessed in
addition to the laws, policies, proclamations and regulations of environmental protection
emphasized to solid waste and Journal article.
 Waste line Survey and observation: - Some homes, streets, waste storage bins and
transfer sites are visited.

Data Collections and analysis

There are eleven basic areas covered in the interview as listed per specific objectives and
analyzed accordingly.

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CHAPTOR TWO: Historical and conceptual background of solid waste, its
regulation, and management in Ethiopia
2.1. The historical and conceptual back ground of solid waste
Waste is universal. It is everywhere humans are. Waste is the most heterogeneous material in
existence: it must be, as it contains everything else. Even very solid-seaming buildings can easily
be turned to rubble or ruins by natural disasters; if this ruins is not controlled it can be either
pollute the air environment or mix with aquatic environment and bring a change to them. This
change may cause a determinant effect to ecosystem. In that way a buildings, which are a shelter
for us, can be converted to a waste in one or another way and brings a fate to the normal or
modified environment. Waste is any type of material that is perceived as no longer useful by its
owner. Solid waste management Proclamation No. 513/2007 describes solid waste as anything
that is neither liquid nor gases and is discarded as unwanted.

2.2. Solid Waste Management and regulation

No doubt that the waste generation and its management have a long history as human being. The
character, the amount and its regulations made remarkable changes with time. The type and
volume of solid waste generating now a days are extremely increasing, as a result their effect on
the environment is becoming unmanageable. In Ethiopian history, one could say environmental
issues came to the forefront in Ethiopia at the wake of 1974 and 1984 draught because it was
believed that the draught was the result of agricultural degradation or environmental
mismanagement. But, here, it is good to keep in mind that this doesn‘t mean that there was no
environmental management before the above mentioned draught. For example, the open
dumping site, for solid waste management in Addis Ababa, locally named Koshe or Repi,
probably the first and the largest dumping site in Ethiopia, have been used for about an half
century, since 1967. And Waste generated in Addis Ababa have been collected and dumped to
this site for management purpose Even though its impact on the environment is not yet totally
known, it has a bad odor, irritating effect on nearby society, contaminates ground water and
increases a GHG to the atmosphere.

pg. 5
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopian Constitution provides basic and comprehensive
principles and guidelines for environmental protection and management. Proclamation No.
1/1995, Article 92 is Environmental Objectives. A number of proclamations and supporting
regulations were made that contain provisions for the protection and management of the
environment which reflect the principles of the Constitution. The most important step in setting
up the legal framework for the environment in Ethiopia has been the establishment of the
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) by proclamation No. 9/1995. Before and after the
development of these laws all sort of waste collected (part of waste generated) in Addis Ababa
have been dumped to a place called Koshe/Repi, locally named, for the past fifty years without
having any environmental impact assessment. The collection of solid waste in Addis Ababa is a
better performance than any major cities in the country, even though about 35% of solid waste
generated is still left uncollected. It is believed that it had caused and still causing problems on
society nearby and underground water. Due this the city Administrative planned and started the
action of closing this disposal site, which is 19ha (out of 35ha) almost closed.

pg. 6
CHAPTOR THREE: CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID WASTE
3.1 Identification of solid waste
Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from combined residential,
industrial and commercial activities in a given area. It may be identified according to its origin
(domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or institutional); according to its contents
(organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc); or according to hazard potential (toxic, non-
toxin, flammable, radioactive, infectious etc). Identification of solid waste helps in properly
identifying all that we generate, treat, store or send off for recycling, energy recovery of disposal.
Identification of solid waste also include waste analyzing which involves verifying the chemical
and physical characteristics of waste by performing a detail chemical and physical analysis of a
representative sample of the waste. Generally identification of solid waste includes
 Determine whether the material in questioned is solid waste
 Determine whether the waste is exempted or excluded from composting, recycling,
disposal, hazardous or other categories

3.2. Types of solid waste and its source

In the context of this paper, waste is defined as any unwanted material intentionally thrown away
for disposal. However, certain wastes may eventually become resources valuable to others once
they are removed from the waste stream. Solid waste streams should be characterized by their
sources, by the types of wastes produced, as well as by generation rates and composition.
Accurate information in these three areas is necessary in order to monitor and control existing
waste management systems and to make regulatory, financial, and institutional decisions.
Knowledge of the sources and types of waste in an area is required in order to design and operate
appropriate solid waste management systems. There are six major classification of solid waste
generation in Addis Ababa.
 House Hold Wastes
 Commercials
 Street Sweeping
 Industrial
 Hospital

pg. 7
  Others

Figure 2.1: Distribution of waste generation by type of producers(ARTELIA.2013)

The contribution to the total generation of waste by the different sources is estimated to be
around 76% for households, 18% for commercial, institutional and industrial sources, and 6%
from streets and public areas (Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau, 1997; UN-
Habitat, 2007).

3.2.1. House Hold wastes

This are sold wastes which are generated from single and/or multifamily dwellings. These
wastes include food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leathers, yard wastes, wood,
glass, metal, ashes and household hazardous wastes. Due to the latest research indicates, and
according to the result of the characterizations made during wet and dry season, waste
production varies from 0.21 to 0.59 kg/cap/day for household of low income to high
income in Addis Ababa City. Taking into account of the repartition of the population’s
level, in 2013, current household waste generated by the population of the ten sub-cities
can be estimated to 320,000 tons per year, and the global generation rate in AACA is
estimated to 0.28 kg/capita.

pg. 8
 Addis Ababa sub-cities Waste generation of 2013
Akaki Kality 19,686
Nefass Silk Lafto 37,585
Kolfe Keraniyo 47,606
Gulele 29,180
Lideta 22,168
Kirkos 26,843
Arada 25,282
Addis Ketema 30,019
Yeka 38,185
Bole 45,950
Total 318,504
Table: 1 Households waste generation by sub-city (ARTELIA.2013).

The characterizations made in 2013, in wet and dry season, show that density of waste
varies from 0.11 to 0.34 during the year and depending from socioeconomics area. The
average is around 0.18 in dry season and 0.20 in wet season. Proportion of organic waste
in the bin, and the moisture content of waste related to the seasons.

The proportion of organic waste is predominantly (49-61%), and decreases with the
household social level in favor of packaging waste (cardboard, plastic...). But,
differences are important between wet and dry season characterization and taking into
account the socioeconomics levels of the population: for the low and middle income
groups, during the wet season, these households change their consumption patterns and
more vegetables products and less packaging products are consumed. That’s why organic
waste generation increase significantly in wet season. This trend is not visible for the high
income group.

Plastics wastes represent an average of 7 to 12% of waste (8.8% in the global). This is the

pg. 9
second most important content of household waste. The proportion of plastics wastes
increase with the social environment. This is mainly due to the fact that the higher
social classes consume more packaged products. Papers, textiles, cardboard, glass and
sanitary textiles are poorly represented in the waste.

Composition(in percentage)
Categories High Income Medium Income Low Income
Organic 49 56 61
Paper 5 4 4
Board 5 3 3
Tetra Pak 0 0 0
Plastics 12 9 7
Metal 2 1 1
Textile 3 3 3
Hygienic textile 6 2 1
Glass 3 2 2
Special waste 1 1 1
Healthcare waste 1 1 1
Unclassified combustion 3 4 3
Unclassified incombustible 2 2 1
Other fine parts 7 10 11
total 100% 100% 100%
Table 2: Composition of household waste generated (from characterization 2013)

pg. 10
3.2.2. Commercial wastes
Besides household waste, Addis Ababa City Administration is responsible for
collection and treatment of commercial and institutional waste. Commercial and
institutional wastes a r e collected by 12 private companies employed by Addis Ababa
Cleansing Agency. For these activities, around 36 000 tonnes should be managed by the
private companies. The result of the characterization survey show that around 6 to 7 kg of
waste are produced per day per shop and/or stores. For institutions, the average is between
7 to 8 kg/company/day. For cafe, bar restaurant and hotel, the average is around 34 kg / day,
but depends strongly on the size of the company and the company activity. This are solid
wastes which are generated from stores, hotels, restaurants, supermarkets and office buildings.
This wastes include papers, cardboards, plastics, woods, food wastes, glass, metal and hazardous
wastes.

For shop and stores and for institutions, organic waste are present in low quantity (8 to 13
%) but paper and board and plastics are in higher quantity than in household waste (35 to
50 % for paper and board, 12 to 13 % for plastics). Metal is in low proportion for both
activities. Glass is present in high quantity for shop and store. More than 60 % of
compounds are bigger than 100 mm. The average waste composition from Cafe, Bar,
Restaurant and Hotel is close to that of households: mainly organics (60%), and few
packaging (10%), with a mostly waste class size between 20 - 100 mm.

As the waste material recycling mainly concern waste which the size is over 100
mm and preferentially plastic waste, metal, glass, and eventually cardboard, tetra pack,
papers if they are not contaminated by organics waste, there’s a real possibility to recycle a
significant part of these waste. Then, the maximum potential of waste recycling is:

 Cafe, Bar, Restaurant and Hotel: 11% by weight

 Institutions: 56% by weight
 Shops and stores: 62% by weight
Eventually, organics waste produced by café, bar and restaurant could be recovered
by composting if a special collection would be effective. Around 63% of these waste

pg. 11
could be composted. The quantity of composting waste from cafe, bar, restaurant can be
estimated between 8,000 and 15,000 tonnes per year.

Figure: 2 Composition of commercial and institutional waste(Source ARTELIA, 2013)

pg. 12
3.2.3. Street sweeping
Besides household waste, Addis Ababa City Administration is responsible for street
sweeping and then for collection and treatment of street waste. Street sweeping is done by
Warada, by delegation to them. Around 25, 200t o n s of street sweeping waste are
collected each year. According to the waste characterization, street sweeping wastes a r e
composed of items greater than 100 mm for 45 to 50 %. Organic matter is the
predominant compound but not as high as household waste (around 45 % instead of
more than 50% for household waste). Compounds in plastics, paper or cardboard, around
20 to 25 % of the composition are more important in street sweeping waste than in
household waste.

Figure: 3 composition Of street and sweeping solid wastes(ARTELIA.2013)

3.2.4. Industrial
Industrials should manage them waste by themselves with private companies but survey
made by industrials show that 50 % of companies do not know who manages the company’s
waste. And this survey shows that in reality most of the industrials used the
municipality services for waste produced (instead of private companies) or informal
operator, even for hazardous waste.

Waste generated by industries are actually estimated around 21 000 tonnes per year,
including less than 500 tonnes of hazardous waste. Around 55% of industrials waste could
be recycling.

pg. 13
 Figure: 4 Composition of industrial solid waste (ARTELIA.2013).

3.2.5. Hospital
Waste generated by hospitals are actually estimated around 4 200 tonnes per year and
around 1500 tonnes per years of hazardous waste.
According to the characterization survey, around 0.29 tonnes per employees are
generated by hospitals or clinics each year. Private companies have hand in hospital
waste management, but hospitals use the municipality services too, including for their
hazardous waste. Some of them are equipped by incinerator for them hazardous waste.

Figure: 5 composition of hospital solid waste (ARTELIA.2013).

pg. 14
3.2. Hazardous vs non-hazardous of solid waste
Hazardous wastes a r e officially managed by private companies employed by waste
producers (industrials and hospitals in particular) but in reality it seems that hazardous
waste are managed with municipal waste or with informal operator. An estimation of 2000
to 4000 tons per year of hazardous wastes are currently generated each year.

CHAPTER FOUR: SOLID WASTE HIERARCHY

Solid waste hierarch also called integrated solid waste management refers to the classification of
solid waste management options in order of their environmental impact. In other words, it's a
chain of command and strategic approach to sustainable management of solid wastes covering all
sources and all aspects, covering generation, segregation, transfer, sorting, treatment, recovery
and disposal in an integrated manner, with an emphasis on maximizing resource use efficiency.

Some of the general benefits of integrated solid waste management are;

pg. 15
  Clean and safe environment
 Higher resource use efficiency
 Resource augmentation
 Savings in waste management costs due to reduced levels of final waste for disposal
 Better business opportunities and economic growth
The Addis Ababa solid waste recycling and disposal project office has six solid waste hierarchy
principles or integrated solid waste management.
A. Source Reduction
B. Recycling
C. Reuse
D. Composting
E. Incineration
F. Landfill

3.1. Source Reduction

In solid waste hierarchy principle, source reduction also known as waste prevention is the most
preferred method of solid waste management since it prevents the generation of waste in the first
place. EPA defines source reduction as the design, manufacture, purchase and use of material to
reduce their quantity or toxicity before they reach the waste steam. It includes minimizing the
production of wastes during any step in the creation or use of the product. For example source
reduction includes backyard composting of yard trimming and food scraps because this method
of management keeps these wastes out of waste steam. Other examples include reducing
packaging, buying in bulk, redesigning products, and reducing toxicity. Source reduction has the
following benefits,

 Save natural resources

 Conserve energy

 Reduce pollution

 Reduce the toxicity of our waste

pg. 16
  Save money for consumers and business alike

3.2. Reuse
Reuse is the process of using a particular object again and again before it inters in the
waste steam. For example furniture, glass jars, bottles….can be reused as originally
intended or as new products by repairing them, donating them to charity and community
groups or selling them.
Some of the benefits of reuse are
 Prevent the emission of many greenhouse gases
 Prevent water pollution
 Saves energy
 Stimulate the development of greener technologies
 Conserve resources
 Reduce the need of new landfills and combustor.

3.3. Recycling
Recycling is a serious of activities that include the collection of used, reused or unused
items that would otherwise be considered waste; sorting and processing the recyclable
products into raw materials; and remanufacturing the recycled raw materials into new
products.

Given these criteria, the maximum potential of waste recycling could be around 15% by
weight at source. But due to the mixed collection, these materials are unclean because of
the contamination by organic waste and recovery would require washing and drying
before being recycled. Then less than 8% of waste from the city can be considered as
potentially recyclable (without informal picking).

Household waste represent more than three quarter of the waste generation with a
global recyclable potential very low. Even if some activities produce recyclable waste in
higher quantity, global waste recycling rate is around 11%, and the potential represent not
more than 50,000 tons of waste by year, if all the waste were collected by the municipal

pg. 17
services (collection rate of 100%).
Waste material recycling mainly concern waste which the size is over 100 mm and
preferentially plastic waste, metal, glass, and eventually cardboard, tetra pack,
papers if they are not contaminated by organics waste.

The Addis Ababa recycle and project office planned to make the recycling rate to 95% for
the coming 2020.

Ton/day Recycling Quantity

Producer (2013) rate(%) recyclable
Household 318,504 7.5 23,888
Shops and stores 62
Institutions 37,718 56 8,053
Café, bar and restaurant 11
Street sweeping 25,145 10 2,515
Industrial 20,954 55 11,525
Hospital 4,191 20 838
Others 12,573 - -
TOTAL 419,084 11 46,818
Table: 3 Amount of daily waste generated, recyclable, and recycling rate

3.4. Composting
Composting is an intensive microbial activity which converts organic matter
(components) in to humus. Wastes are composed from a significant part of organic
matter which could be composting. Recovery by composting could be considered in a
long time if the collection organization allow to sort a part of the organic matter in the
waste generated, for example with a new type of collection for some of big producers of
organics waste.
Besides, organic matter represents a big part of the waste generated; the large part of
waste are collected in mixed form. So, even if a potential of composting exists, due

pg. 18
to the current organization of collection, quality of compost will be altered by the
presence of fine part of glass or plastic, and outlets for compost are not identified yet.
But in a long term with another kind of organization of collection in place,
composting still stay possible. At mid-term collection of organic waste for the biggest
producers could be done, it will concern between 8000 to 15000 tons per year (with a
collection rate at 100%).

3.5. Incineration
Incineration is phenomena of recovering energy from wastes which are non-recyclable to
usable heat, electricity or fuel through a variety of processes. This process is often called
waste-to-energy. Incineration is a highly advanced method in which recycle materials from the
solid waste will be segregated (separated) and non-recyclable solid wastes will be used. Its
capital intensive and will produce ash as an end product. Chemical analysis of the mixed waste
from households shows an impotency of moisture content of solid waste. This value is direct
in relationships with the rate of organic matter content in waste. Moisture is a limiting
factor for treatment by energy recovery plants.

The calorific value of the waste is relatively high on a dry product (between 9000 and
13,000 kJ / kg), which is very favourable for heat recovery. However, on the wet product
the calorific value is low (between 2000 and 5600 kJ / kg), which is prohibitive for a
thermal treatment. According to the technical Guidance Report from the World Bank
(“Municipal Solid Waste Incineration”- 1999): The average lower calorific value of the
waste must be at least 6 MJ/kg (i.e 6 000 kJ / kg) throughout all seasons. The annual
average lower calorific value must not be less than 7 MJ/kg (i.e 7 000 kJ / kg)”. Thus,
without previous treatment (drying / aerating), wastes that are currently collected cannot
be advisable to thermal treatment.
As mentioned in the focus on household waste, actually the proportion of organic
matter doesn’t allow treatment by incineration. Waste produced in Addis Ababa city
could be incinerated only with a previous treatment as aerating or drying treatment.

pg. 19
3.6.Landfills
Landfills are the most common form of waste disposal and the last component of an integrated
waste management system. It is simple and cheap. But taking large area of land and ground
water pollution will be the disadvantage of this system. Landfills that accept municipal solid
waste are primarily regulated by states tribal and local governments. Today’s landfills must meet
stringent design, operation and closure requirements. Methane gas, a by-product of decomposing
waste, can be collected and used as fuel to generate electricity. After a land is capped, the land
may be used for recreation sites such as parks, golf courses……

In case of Addis Ababa, the city is using a land fill called 'koshe' or 'rapi', which technically
is not a landfill rather an open dumping yard. The dumpsite is located in the South
Western part of the city, in Koshe Rappi, on the territory of Kolfe Keranio subcity, in
Woreda 23/ Kebele 16, about 8 kilometres away from the city center. The land was
established in 1964. The total area is 30.5 ha, of which 26 ha are occupied by the waste
deposit (as indicated in the fig6).

Koshe Rapi Landfill site is totally open, without closing around it. In the active cells
after being disposed on the floor by the trucks waste is compacted by compactors,
then waste is spread and leveled with bulldozer, pushed to the side slopes. Then, waste
is not covered with any other cover material.

3.6.1. Landfill Pollutions

The first pollution which is caused by landfill is toxic gas emission. Due to the chemical
reactions and microbial activity on the solid waste, there is a production of landfill gas
which is a composition of complex mix of different gases. The rate of production of this
gas is affected by waste composition, and landfill geometry. In case of 'koshe' or 'rapi' open
yard dumping site, due to the continues emission of landfill gas, the increase in the
pressure within the landfill cause the gases realize in the atmosphere. Such emission leads
to important environmental, hygiene and security problem.

pg. 20
Landfill gas is approximately forty to sixty percent is methane and the rest is mostly
carbon dioxide. Landfill gas also contains varying amount of nitrogen gas, oxygen gas,
water vapor, hydrogen sulfide and other components. Some of the gasses produced by
landfill are hazardous the affected areas from rapi site is shown in the following picture.

Figure: 6 affected area of koshe/rappi solid waste disposal site from

Currently, the AACA started a new mechanism to minimize rapi gas emission. A biogas
collection system has been established. Biogas wells are being connected to flaring
treatment. Besides fires lights are active throughout the edge of the northern edge of the site
that will releases important mass of smoke directly in the atmosphere. The second pollution
from land fill is leachate, which pollute the underground water.

pg. 21
pg. 22
Figure: 7& 8 Methane collection and electrical power generation plan (source: internet).

CHAPTOR FIVE: EXISTING SERVICES AND FACILITIES TO BE DEVELOPED

5.1. Existing Services

Addis Ababa City Administration (AACA) is responsible for collection,

transportation, disposal and street sweeping of waste produced by households,
commercials and institutional. Collection of waste is delegated to sub-cities who
delegate themselves to worada offices. Worada offices are responsible for control,
billing, awareness and street sweeping.
However, according to the survey realized during this study by industrials and
workshop, some of them use the municipality collection waste services, even if these
activities shouldn’t be collected by AACA.
The formal waste management sector is under the responsibility of AACA. The
institutional organization includes three levels of services for the primary collection,
the secondary collection and Koshe/Rappi landfill operation.

5.1.1. Primary collection

5.1.1.1. Formal operators

Municipal waste collection is handled in three ways:
 door-to-door collection for households along accessible streets;
 block collection for clients (large hotels, enterprises, and institutions)
requesting the municipality to provide them with refuse containers;
 Containers system, which expects residents to carry and dump their waste in

pg. 23
 8m 3 refuse containers, placed supposedly accessible sites. In practice 85% of
the waste are collected through the containers system
Primary collection to containers is done by micro and small enterprises, or
associations (cooperatives). These enterprises and associations have formal
agreement with sub-city administrations to collect waste from households or business
establishments and dump them in designated containers. The city is divided in to zones
on each zone; one MSE is assigned to work. Waste on street and public areas are
collected by street Sweepers.

Prices of primary collection are:

- For association and small enterprises : 40 bir/m3

- For Private companies: 74 bir/m3

pg. 24
 +

Fig: formal solid waste collection and management

Figure 8 shows the waste from the main streets and home are collected by street waste collector
using a cart. Finally the waste is taken to solid waste treatment centers.

5.1.1.2. Informal operators

Most of the primary collectors sort waste to find items for sale before they empty
their bags onto the community containers or dump trucks. Survey made in
September 2006 by the International Labor Organization in 3 subcities (Addis

pg. 25
 Ketema, Kirkos, and Bole) shows that two third of the primary collectors earn some
money from the sale of waste items. Primary collectors sale waste item to “Korales”.

“Korales” is a local name in Addis Ababa for the famous door to door buyers of
waste items for reuse or recycling. Koralio is a short version for the Amharic term
“Korkoro Yalew” which literally means who has tins/cans coined after the
melodious announcements by the mobile hawkers. These korales purchase metals,
plastics, reusable bottles, worn out shoes and clothes from households.
Others actors of the informal organization locally known as “Genda Melach”, waste
pickers, sort waste item for sale in the skips points.
Only waste sorting by informal operators is actually recovered (cf. 6.4).

5.1.1.3. Performance
Waste collected rate represents the proportion of waste reaching the official
collection points (skip points or vehicles compactor). The Central Statistics Agency in
Welfare Monitoring Survey of 2004 estimated that around 65% of the daily solid
waste generated is officially collected by primary collection. According to this
report, a part of the 35% is recycled or composted by informal operators and the
rest is simply dumped on open sites, drainage channels, rivers and valleys as well as
on the streets.
Actually, it’s not possible to confirm these data, and a performance of the primary
collection. But according to cleansing agency, primary collectors are organized to reach
75 % of performance rate. Only a global performance rate of the collection services has
been estimated.

An average of one primary collector for 557 inhabitants is estimated. But in sub-city
this average varies a lot between sub-cities. One primary collector collects waste of
356 inhabitant in Lideta and one primary collects waste of 960 inhabitants in Yeka (see
table below). This distribution of primary collector is not in adequacy with density of
population observed or with global quantity of waste collected, as shown in the 2

pg. 26
 figures bellowing.
Indeed, quantity of waste collected by operator has been compared between each
sub-city and correlated with density of population. As many places in sub-city are
not habited, case of Bole, Yeka and Akaki in particular, density has been corrected by
map analysis with the estimation of the surface habited in each sub-city. The result is
on the figure below
Thus in sub-cities where density stay relatively low (Bole, Yeka, Akaki, Nefass Silk
Lafto, Gulele) Quantity of waste collected by operator can be very high as Nefass
Silk Lafto, where more than 200 kg per capita are collected each day or can be lower
than 100 kg by operator each day as in Gulele and Lideta. Distribution of primary
collector is not in direct relationships with density of population. Correlation
between primary collector and global waste generated shows that there is no
relationship between these two parameters. Thus the quantity collected by each
primary collector depends of the various landscapes, type of roads and type of
habitations found in each sub-city.

pg. 27
5.1.2. Secondary collection

5.1.2.1. Organization
Secondary collection is the organization where solid waste is transported from
containers in skip points or from vehicles compactor to the landfill, located in
Koshe. This is undertaken by the sub cities by delegation from the city waste
management authority (Cleansing Agency). Fir this study, it is considered that
household waste collected by primary collector is hauled at skip point as well as street
sweeping waste.
According to data from cleansing agency, the total of drivers and their assistant
involved in solid waste transportation is increasing since 2008: doubling of the
number of drivers and more than doubling the number of their assistants.
Globally, there is an average of 2,1 assistants per drivers but there are big disparities
between sub-cities : more than 4 employees assist drivers in Bole while in Nefass Silk
Lafto the average is under 1 assistant per driver. Different rules apply to personal
management in sub-cities.According to the global number of drivers, it can be
estimated that drivers work around 7 hours a day if they work 6 day per week.

5.1.2.2. Performance
According to the cleansing agency, all the waste reaching the skips points or the
compactors trucks and which are not recovered for recycling and/or composting by
informal operator are transported to the landfill. Indeed, no accumulation of waste can
be observed in ski point. Actually, evaluation of recovering activities at skip point is
not available. That’s why the recovering rate by informal operator at skip point is
estimated around not more than 5%.

5.2. Facilities needs to be developed for future management of Solid Waste

The current solid waste management of Addis Ababa has to be developed and must be
advanced in its infrastructure and facilities. As discussed under integrated solid waste
management system, the hierarchy should be developed accordingly. Furthermore the

pg. 28
 waste segregation and minimization should have to be implemented at home and
individual level.
As it was indicated on research done by ARTELIA and our observation, future municipal solid
waste management system is based on the following mega project:

 Koshe Reppi landfill will be closed

 Sendafa Sanitary landfill will be operation

Incinerator that converts Municipal solid waste in to energy will be operational in 2014,
according to the agreement signed between Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation and
Cambridge industry.

CHAPTER SIX: POLICY, REGULATION AND INSTITUTIONAL SETUP

6.1. Relevant environmental policy and regulation

The policy will support economic development of the country by ensuring public participation.
All the population will provide effort in eradicating poverty, at the same time all need to take
part from the development and this economic development doesn't have to deteriorate the
environment, since this environment does not belong only to the current creature, all the creature
are mortal but the environment will continue serving all the upcoming living thing .

Peoples have the right to live in clean and healthy environment now and in the future as well as it
was cited in the FDRE constitution and other several proclamation. All policy, regulation and
proclamation will guide by giving great emphasis to environmental protection with economic
development in sustainable manner. The Ethiopian Government has established Environmental
protection Authority by proclamation No 9/1997, and Environmental policy was ratified on April
1997.

pg. 29
we have seen gorgeous slogan " we browed the earth from our fore children not inherited from
our father." this statement can describe it as we can use the resource, we can do a lot of activity
that will support our life, we can produce we can civilized, everything was possible to
accomplish our desire, but all has to proceed with great care since we have taken it with
responsibility.

Environmental protection is not only the government work all the population need to take part.
The policy has provide direction, all activity around need to be understood by the community to
build trust and sense of belongingness. Additionally, it was stated that power has to be
decentralized from federal government to regional and city administration ,but when it comes to
solid waste management it was a kind of delegating authority, accountability, and responsibility
to woredas ( ARTELIA.2013) .

Solid waste is possible cause of ground water, visual, odor and air pollution. And also it can be a
breeding ground for disease causing vectors. As a result its health, aesthetic, and economic
impact is high.

The Economy is booming, number of the population is increasing, way of living is being
changed those and other reasoning is pushing the generated solid waste to be higher. In Europe
and America there is regulation to recycle some of their waste. This process has a lot of
advantage in one way it will reduce cost of disposing and disposal land requirement, In the other
way, most of municipal solid waste is recyclable resource specially in the developing countries
more than 50% is organic waste which has a potential of generating energy. In Ethiopia
municipal solid waste was being dumped around 'koshe' since most of it was biodegradable
organic waste it was generating methane which is toxic to the surrounding population but
currently incinerator was being installed to generate electricity, even if there are some concern
related with environmental impact assessment.

Policy related to solid waste management and environmental protection as whole as it was
presented in (ARTELIA.2013) :

Public Health proclamation No 200/2000

pg. 30
This policy mainly focuses on promotion of health service and improvement of sanitation
service. Including :

 Proper and safe solid and liquid waste management

 Proper and safe excreta disposal system
Waste Management collection and disposal Regulation No 13\2004
This regulation primarily focuses on proper management of solid waste, prohibition of disposing
waste in unauthorized place, collection, reduction, and recycling of solid waste, waste transfer
station and landfill, and powers and functions of organs.
Environmental pollution control proclamation 300/2002
In this proclamation emphasis was give to municipal waste management requirement, waste
collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. In addition, Management of hazardous waste,
chemical, and radioactive substance generation, keeping, storage, treatment or disposal
requirement was also stated clearly.
According to the research done by (ARTELIA.2013), even if there was a lot of effort and
success, they face deficiency and problem in solid waste management legislation.

Deficiencies are stated as follow:

 Financial sustainability of municipal solid waste management, currently Addis Ababa
city resident was paying fee for collectors, but it lacks legal obliging possibilities it was
being done on their willingness.
 Existing regulation, policy, and proclamation don't reflect an integrated approach to solid
waste management.
 Law doesn't have implementation manual.
 Code of enforcement procedure is not fulfilled.
 The law didn’t lay down the principal of the “producer or polluter or distributor or
transporter pays”.
In general, the National Solid Waste Management policies lack a well developed program for
public awareness development and those measures which do exist are for the most part still in
their infancy (ARTELIA.2013).

pg. 31
Solid Waste Administration Policy 1995
This policy was issued by Addis Ababa city Administration and deals mainly with types and
source of solid waste, solid waste collection, transportation, disposal and reuse, awareness
creation on waste management, and stakeholder roles and responsibilities.
Solid Waste Management proclamation No 513\2007
Objective of this proclamation was to enhance the capacity at all level to prevent possible
adverse impact while creating economical and social benefit out of solid waste. Based on this
proclamation, urban administration is expected to create and promote investment on solid waste
management service. They are also expected to insure participation of lower level administrated
and local community in designing and implementing their respective solid waste management
plan.
According to the proclamation, Inter regional shipment of solid waste for final disposal need to
be kept minimum and it was allowed to transport if and only if the recipient region is notified in
writing the sender that it has a capacity to recycle or dispose it in environmental sound manner.
Article 11(2) of the proclamation prohibit disposal of litter on the street, waterway, park, bus
stop, train station, sport field, and water bodies in urban area or other public place while litter
bins are available.
Ongoing checking on the disposal site is important for enhanced service life and reducing
environmental impact that can cause on the environment; this has been stated clearly in Article
15(1). Similarly, urban administrator is responsible for ensuring that an environmental audit is
carried out on every existing solid waste disposal site. '
For any damage caused by the solid waste disposal site, even after closure, on environment and
human health or property the owner will be liable according to article 16(1). Without obtaining
authorization, person that implement solid waste management project that requires special permit
before its implementation as determined in the directive issued by the relevant environmental
agency commit an offence and shall be liable according to the relevant provision of the criminal
code as it was stated in article 17(1).
Environmental Pollution Regulation

pg. 32
Addis Ababa City Government environmental Pollution control Regulation, Regulation 25/2007,
proclaimed with the objective of protecting the environment from pollution that caused by
factories commercial enterprise, education center, Health institution, industry, home & similar
human activity with a potential of harming the environment. This regulation can be enacted on
any enterprise institution and other organization that are established before the issuance of this
regulation.

6.2. Regulatory Instrument

6.2.1. Standard
Standards are the predominant means for direct regulation of environmental quality, first the
authority establish the permissible limit this will act as a base line for the environmental
performance. For the standards which was not enacted by City Administration the federal
government will be effective immediately, incase not available from federal as well it will use
standards from the concerned international organization according to Addis Ababa City
Government environmental Pollution control Regulation No 25/2007.
It was prohibited for anyone to release hazardous material, effluent, and solid waste directly or
indirectly in to the river or sewerage, in the absence of permission. Any one or organization who
wants to participate in production, packaging, processing, transporting, selling, and exporting
hazardous material need to have permit, in doing so it was expected to report and give
information to the Authority about nature of his activity, pollutant type and amount (Regulation
No 25/2007).

6.2.2. Permit and licensing

Granting or withholding permit is another important tool of control. Permit is granted on the
fulfillment of:
 Submission of environmental impact assessment
 When necessary, submission of emergency plan and its implementation strategy
 If the applicant was willing to protect and minimize the environmental impact
 If the applicant is willing to present other document when it was required

pg. 33
The permit is valid for a year and after that it need to be renewed based on their and the
inspector application it will be renewed. On the contrary, failing to fulfill the expected condition
lead to cancelation or suspension of the permit

6.3. Regulatory Means

The Addis Ababa City Administration assign inspector in order to investigate environmental
deterioration and execute the regulation. The inspector collects primary information through
different mechanism:
 Public Report
 Sudden inspection
 Field observation and investigation
The above source of information leads the inspector for further investigation.
Everyone was responsible with respect to inspector while they are doing their job:
 To provide the necessary information, document, and required sample
 Accept any order, which is related to his duty, given by the inspector.
 Respect and not disturbing while performing his duty

6.4. Institutional setup

Addis Ababa city Administration is the top at the hierarchy, but its activity was restricted only to
formulation of regulation and policy, enforcement, providing assistance and material support,
supervise , monitor, follow up, and control

pg. 34
Figure: 9 Structure of cleansing administration agency and solid waste recycling 5and disposal
project office (Source ARTELIA.2013).

6.4.1. Power and Function of Cleansing Administration Agency

This office makes sure that the laws, regulation, and policies on the Solid Waste are fully
implemented and will also follow up the proper implementation of the standard which is set by
respective organization regarding with sanitary solid waste. It will also Coordinate, direct and
perform waste disposal services in collaboration with other organization. Sanitary organization
activity was checked, and evaluated necessary corrective actions and measures will also be taken
by this office. Encourage and facilitate conditions for private investors, enterprises, associations,
NGOS, and community based organizations to engage in solid waste service ARTELIA.2013).

pg. 35
6.4.2. Power and Function of Recycling and Disposal Office
The greater part of municipal solid waste is recyclable; the duty of this office mainly focuses on
reusing, recovery, and recycling. Additionally, it introduces new waste recycling technology,
establish compost preparation center, and also develop recycling implementation manual.

The office also informed as, Perform research and development activities on solid waste
management, landfill sites, and transfer stations. And also this institution work in collaboration
with different institution or organization on preparation of landfill, prevention and control of
environmental pollutions.

6.4.3. Roles and Responsibilities of Sub-city Cleaning Administration Office

Since sub city cleaning administration was at the top of woreda they will provide advice and will
coordinate the activity of different woredas to make the sub city as a whole clean, But it was
impossible to enforce since they are not in chine of management instead they work under the
order of general manager cleansing administration agency .

In the case of emergency situation, they will provide efficient and speedy sanitary service and
also encourage, direct, and coordinate the community to voluntarily carry out sanitation
campaigns (ARTELIA.2013).

6.4.4. Roles and Responsibilities of Woreda

As we have observed, Woreda Cleaning Administration perform awareness creation on solid
waste management, and also clean the main road, street, drainage, etc. They also coordinate
residents of Woreda, organization, and village sanitary committee to keep their surrounding
clean and conduct sanitation campaign.

6.4.5. Role and Responsibility of Environmental Protection Authority

Addis Ababa City Administration Environmental Protection Authority work with agency in
collaboration, they exchange necessary information and document, but they don't have any
power to enforce those agency.

pg. 36
As a matter of fact, when it comes to implementation of law, regulation, proclamation, and
policy Environmental Protection Authority will supervise and control Solid waste management
related agencies (ARTELIA.2013).

6.4.6. Role and Responsibility of Health Offices

Health office mainly focuses on inspection, regulation, and licensing of sanitation, public service
provider, and hygiene. And also it will take part in educating the community on solid waste,
hygiene, sanitation, etc.

6.5. Solid Waste Management and Regulation Comparable City

6.5.1. Solid Waste Management and Regulation of Nairobi, Kenya

Population of the city was expected to be more than 3,600,000 inhabitants by the year 2008, as it
was indicated on the literature it holds almost 50% of the urban population of Kenyans. In 60%
to 70% of the city, which is less densely populated, waste collection is not an issue since most of
the residents are able and willing to pay the fees ranging from 20 to 40 USD per month. In the
contrary, 30 to 40% of the city’s total area holds 70% of the city's population, this area was not
properly planned where settlements grew up haphazardly without access roads and it was
densely populated, particularly 1,250 people per hectare (Muniaf, M and Otiato, E. 2010).

Garbage collection of the city council is very poor in many area they will get it once in several
month, as a result, garbage is dumped in the open currently there has been effort by
nongovernmental organization to recycle waste.

Solid waste in Nairobi are by product and residue of small scale and large scale industry
including chemical, petroleum, metals, wood, paper, leather, textile include auto and equipment
repair shops, electroplaters, construction firms, dry cleaners and pesticide. we can see total
percentage composition of solid west on the figure below. Industrial waste account 23% of the
total solid waste generated in the city. collection and disposal is performed by the industry itself
(Namkumatt holding, 2005).

pg. 37
Figure: 10 Type of solid waste generated in Nairobi.

Key:

FW - Food Waste: 51.5% PP - Paper (Recyclable and Other: 7.3%

TT - Textile s: 2.7% PC - Plastic (container and others): 11.8%

LT – Leather: 0.9% RB – Rubber: 1.5%

GL - Glass (containers and others: 2.3% MT - Metal (containers and others): 2.6%

C&S- Ceramic and Soil: 2.7% G/W- Grass/Wood: 6.7%

Source JAICA 1998 as it was published on (Namkumatt holding, 2005).

6.5.1.1. Actors In Solid Waste Management

NCC and private commercial companies are the principal solid waste management service
providers. Private company serves about 45% - 73% of house hold, 32% institution, 50%
industry and 16.7% of commercial enterprise. But high and middle income part of the population
was being served greatly, around 81%. Additionally community based groups, like charitable
organization, welfare association, self help group, etc, are also take greater part in starting from

pg. 38
waste collection into recycling and composting. Those organization receive greater support from
NGO and other international organization by providing training, tool, equipment, and marketing.
Farmers are also other important actors in solid waste management sectors. They collect poultry,
food, and green vegetable waste from different institution, hotel, and other areas and they will
transport it to their location to generate organic fertilizer or to feed their animals (Namkumatt
holding, 2005).

6.5.1.2. Use of Economic Instruments

Economic instrument, user charge, financial instrument, fiscal instrument, deposit refund, and
property Wright was being employed partly in waste management practice.

6.5.1.3. Policy and Regulation on Waste

All legislations and policies on solid waste management have been the preserve of the local
councils through the Local Government Act Cap 265. The responsibilities of the local authorities
have included the provision of legal/regulatory frameworks, of institutional arrangements, of
financial strategies and of technical systems. The establishment of the National Environment
Management Authority (NEMA) has seen it having bigger mandate in enforcing and ensuring
compliance with broader environmental laws (Muniafu, M. and Otiato, E. 2010).

NEMA is thus the principal government agency in all matters relating to environmental
management with its mission being to safeguard and enhance the quality of the environment
through coordination, research, facilitation and enforcement, while encouraging responsible
individual, corporate and collective participation towards sustainable development (Muniafu, M.
and Otiato, E. 2010).

6.5.2.Solid Waste Management and Regulation of Kampala, Uganda

Kampala is the capital city of the republic of Uganda. Its history dates back 1600's when it serves
as a capital of Buganda Kingdom. The population of Kampala was being increasing rapidly due
increasing of rural urban migration, currently it was estimated about 2 million. It was estimated
that about 1000 ton of solid waste was generated every day , which is vegetable matter unlike
other industrialized countries waste (Mekerer University n.d.).

pg. 39
Table:4 Composition of solid waste generated in Kampala compared with london

On Average west collection covers only 36% of the total generated amount. Uncollected amount
simply will be dumped to the street, drainage, around garbage bins, etc, they are causing flooding
and series environmental and health problem (Mekerer University n.d.).

The solid waste at household are not separated in to fraction of biodegradable, paper, glass,
plastic, metal, etc this makes west inventory difficult.

6.5.2.1. Solid Waste Management System in Kampala

Solid waste management was the sole responsibility city authority (KCC) but as the solid waste
generated kept increasing it was becoming out of its control, this has lead to privatization. Even
if there are private collectors but they are concentrated around high and middle income area that
is able to pay for their service.

In Kampala two system was being employed which are house to house system for high and
middle income population area residents are obliged to be registered with the contractor and

pg. 40
expected to pay fee for their service ranging from 5,000 to 20,000 shilling per month based on
west generated and frequency of collection and the other one is central collection center system
which is applied in low income area with no cost by central authority. All the wastes are
transported to land fill so called 'kiteezi' (Mekerer University n.d.).

6.5.2.2. Solid Waste Management Policy And Regulation

Local government Act of 1997 gives all the responsibility related to solid waste to Kampala City
Council. And all responsibility of environmental management was given to local government.
National environmental status of 1995 gives National Environmental Management Authority
(NEMA) as the overall body in the management of environmental issue. NEMA provide the
required guideline, standards, measures to be taken, and other conservation related practice
(Mekerer University n.d.).

Legally SWM policy and regulation cannot be found in one single document, they are spread
out. Some of the documents are (Julai g. 2012):

 Local Government Act (1997 revised in 2004)

 KCC Solid Waste Management Ordinance (2000)
 Solid Waste Management Strategy (2002 revised in 2006)
 The Constitution of Uganda (1995 amended 2005)
 The National Environment (Waste Management) Regulation, S.I. No 52/1999)
 The National Environment Statute (NES 1995)

6.5.2.3.Solid Waste Recycling Practice In Kampala

Recycling has created considerable employment opportunity for young. In Kampala old tires are
made into sandals, old tin containers into paraffin candle holders, plastic containers into feeding
troughs for chicken and scrap metal is fabricated into household utensils like charcoal stoves,
metal doors, and windows. Paper is recycled into toilet tissue and wrapping paper envelop, and
plain paper. Green vegetable matter, like banana peels, pineapple, and food leftovers are
collected to sell to farmers, especially those keeping pigs and cattle as it was indicated in East
African Geographical Review by Jockey B. N (n.d.).

pg. 41
Chapter Seven Conclusions and Recommendations

7.1 Conclusion
Total waste generation in Addis Ababa is estimated to be 320,000 tonnes per year, 76% of it is
house hold waste, 18% commercial, institutional, and industrial, and the other 6% goes to street
and public area solid waste. A characteristic of waste generated depends on season, economic
status of the population, living style of the population, culture of the society; most of the waste in
Addis Ababa is organic by its nature. Industrial waste is estimated to be 21,000 tonnes per year,
more than half of it is recyclable. Hazardous wastes are expected to be managed by private
companies but in reality they are treated simply together with municipal solid waste. The current
coverage of solid waste collection is estimated to be 65%. According to Addis Ababa Solid

pg. 42
waste recycling and disposal project office land fill is the last option after source reduction,
recycling, reusing, composting, and incineration options are tried.

Even if there are a lot policy, proclamation, and regulations, but still there is gap in the
legislation, particularly in financial sustainability municipal solid waste management, lack of
implementation manual of the law, lack of integration in the existing policy, regulation, and
proclamation.

Government and private sector are playing a great role in the solid waste management;
community based group, charity organization, welfare association, and nongovernmental
organization role is not significantly seen in the city. In other comparable cities farmers are also
engaged in collecting organic waste to generate bio fertilizer , but in Ethiopia it was not seen
such kind of activity.

pg. 43
7.2. Recommendation
Solid waste management has multi advantage, in one way it will provide new work opportunity
for lower level society; in the other the resource is being recovered. Its economic significance on
the country was great. To be benefited from:

 Awareness creation and capacity building program has to be implemented in mass

 Waste collection and processing efficiency of private and public sector need to be
enhanced
 Community based group, charity organization, and other nongovernmental organization
has to be encouraged to start business in integrated solid waste management.

Management and regulations related to west collection, reduction, recycling, and reusing has to
be improved.

Woreda Cleaning Administration has to meet the public frequently to create awareness and mass
movement this in turn will push the public to think as solid waste is 'a valuable resource'.

Some part of the Addis Ababa City, which is low income society, is not able to afford the fee, as
a result the Cleaning Administration has to apply regulation that support low economic society
(like collector working in high income area to collect with increased price to compensate by the
same collector in lower income area).

Appropriate Technology, which is in line with the type and character of solid waste need to be
investigated.

NGO'S has to start providing training and material support to collectors since solid waste
connected with aesthetic value and public health it was part of their activity.

As we have seen in Nairobi and Kampala farmers are engaged in collection and composting
biodegradable solid waste to use it as organic fertilizer , here as well, has to be practiced in large.

pg. 44
 Reference

ARTELIA Ville et Transport ECHIROLLES,2013, Solid waste management project strategic

and technical studies, Addis Ababa city Government city Administration - Ethio-French
cooperation.

Allison K. and Harro von B. , 2010, Technical document for CCN, Solid waste Management in
Nairobi: situation Analysis, United nation Environmental program.

Muniafu, M. & Otiato, E. 2010, Solid Waste Management in Nairobi, Kenya. A case for
emerging economies. The Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, Vol.
2. No.1., ISSN 1998-1279.

Nakumatt Holdings, 2005, Technical document, Overview of solid waste Management in Kenya.

Julain G.2012 Goegrphy of solid waste management: a case study of garbage collection in
Kampala, Lunds University.

Jockey B. N (n.d.). Solid waste management in Urban centers: The case of Kampala city -
Uganda, East African Geographical Review, 19:1

Sabiiti E. N. & Katongole ,C.,B., n.d ,Evaluation of the urban solid waste management system in
Kampala , Mekerer University.

Rushbrook Philip, Pugh Michael.(1999).Solid Waste landfills in Middle and lower income
countries A technical guide to planning design and operation world bank technical paper
No.426, the World Bank Washington DC, 1999.

pg. 45