INEL 6027 Electric Power Systems Dynamics and Control page 1 of 1

Dr. Agustín Irizarry Rivera

Q 5 - Working alone solve the following problems.

In Q #3 you obtained the power angle equation and the swing equation for the system shown, Adapted from
Power System Stability: Volume I Elements of Stability Calculations, E.W. Kimbark, Wiley, 1948, during the pre-fault, faulted
and post-fault system conditions.

“The hydraulic 25 MVA, 60 Hz, synchronous generator in the figure delivers 0.8 per unit active power, over a double circuit
transmission line to a large metropolitan system which may be regarded as an infinite bus. The direct axis transient
reactance of the generator is 0.3 per unit, on a 25 MVA base. The transmission circuits have negligible resistance and each
has a reactance of 0.20 per unit, on a 25 MVA base. The voltage at the generator terminal is 0.998 per unit and the voltage
of the infinite bus is 1.0 per unit.”

1
2
X’d = 0.30
j0.2
B12 B21


0.0j
j0.1 j0.1
B13 P B23

Figure 1. All reactances in per unit on a common system base. Assume the reactance 10° pu
of the transformer is negligible.

Assume the generator has an inertia constant of 2.76 MJ/MVA.

In Homework #4 you used the equal area criterion of stability to determine the critical clearing angle, δ cr.

1. (5 pts) Is there a period of deceleration during the fault? Explain.

2. (45 pts) Apply either the modified Euler’s Method or Runge-Kutta 4 to solve the swing equation. Use a step size of 0.02 s
(Δt = 0.02 s) and select a simulation time from 0 to 1.0 seconds. Solve the swing equation(s) for the following cases:

a. A sustained fault, i.e. the case where the fault is never cleared.
b. The fault cleared at: 0.3 seconds, 0.5 seconds, and 0.7 seconds.

Plot angle vs time for all four cases. Discuss your findings.

c. Use the results from parts a and b, and your program, to determine the critical clearing time. Is this time in
agreement with the critical clearing angle, δcr you found before?

Hint: You may plot angle and velocity to identify the critical clearing time between a known stable and unstable case.
 page 1 of 2

Q 6 - Working alone find the solution to the following problem.

Figure 1 shows the power system for this problem. The system frequency is 50 Hz. The generator data is provided in Table 1.
The transmission system data is provided in Table 2. The power system condition before the fault, the solved power flow, is
provided in Table 3. Assume a three-phase fault occurs on line 4-5, very close to bus 4, and it is removed by simultaneous
opening of both ends of line 4–5.

1
Gen 1 Gen 2

2 3

4 5

S4 X S5

∞
Figure 1. One-line diagram of the power system.

a. (10 pts) Perform all necessary preliminary calculations to perform a transient stability study. Use the classical model to
represent the synchronous generators. Represent all load using admittances, calculate internal voltages (magnitude and
angle) of each generator prior to the disturbance. Show all your work.

b. (10 pts) Calculate the admittance matrix, Y, for the pre-fault, faulted and post fault conditions. You may do this by hand
or using a program. Show the results for each case.

Use the program you created for Homework 5 and:

c. (10 pts) Determine if the system is stable when the fault is removed 0.275 seconds after the fault occurs.

d. (10 pts) Determine if the system is stable when the fault is removed 0.075 seconds after the fault occurs.

e. (20 pts) Using trial and error determine the critical clearing time. Find a stable case and an unstable with a fault time
difference of 0.05 s and declare the fault removal time of the stable case the critical clearing time.

For c, d and e (above) obtain the numerical solution to the swing equations of the generators connected to buses 2 and 3
using a time step of 0.025 seconds (∆t = 0.025 s). Show the solution to the equations up to 1 second after the fault assuming
the fault occur at time = 0 seconds. Plot the relative angle for generators 1 and 2 using bus 1 as reference. Use either the
modified Euler’s Method or Runge-Kutta 4 (RK4) method to solve the swing equations.
 Table 1. Synchronous generators parameters, reactances and H values on a 100 MVA base.
Generator MVA and kV X’d (pu) H (MW*s/MVA)
1 500, 25 0.067 12
2 300, 20 0.100 9

Table 2. Transmission system data, per unit, on a 220 kV, 100 MVA base.
Bus number Bus number
R [pu] X [pu] B/2 [pu]
1 4 0.007 0.040 0.0410
1 5 0.004 0.0235 0.0980
2 4 0.000 0.0220 0.0000
3 5 0.000 0.0400 0.0000
4 5 0.018 0.1100 0.1130

Table 3. Power flow solution prior to fault in per unit, 220 kV, 100 MVA base.
Bus number Voltage Load Generation
magnitude angle P Q P Q
(pu) (degrees) pu pu pu pu
1 1.0000 0.00 -3.8083 -0.2799
2 1.0300 8.35 3.25 0.6986
3 1.0200 7.16 2.10 0.3110
4 1.0174 4.32 1.00 0.44
5 1.0112 2.69 0.50 0.16
 page 1 of 2

Q 7 – Work alone and use PowerWorld to find the solution to the following problem.
Figure 1 shows the power system for this problem. The system frequency is 50 Hz. The generator data is provided in Table 1.
The transmission system data is provided in Table 2. The power system condition before the fault, the solved power flow, is
provided in Table 3. Assume a three-phase fault occurs on line 4-5, very close to bus 4, and it is removed by simultaneous
opening of both ends of line 4–5.

1
Gen 1 Gen 2

2 3

4 5

S4 X S5

∞
Figure 1. One-line diagram of the power system.

1. (10 pts) Prepare the simulation file using PowerWorld.

2. (10 pts) Determine if the system is stable when the fault is removed 0.275 seconds after the fault occurs and when it is
removed 0.075 seconds after the fault occurs. Plot the relative angle for generators 1 and 2 using bus 1 as reference.

3. (10 pts) Use Power World and iterate to determine the approximate critical clearing time.

Compare your solution to the one you obtained in Homework 6.

 Table 1. Synchronous generators parameters, reactances and H values on a 100 MVA base.
Generator MVA and kV X’d (pu) H (MW*s/MVA)
1 500, 25 0.067 12
2 300, 20 0.100 9

Table 2. Transmission system data, per unit, on a 220 kV, 100 MVA base.
Bus number Bus number
R [pu] X [pu] B/2 [pu]
1 4 0.007 0.040 0.0410
1 5 0.004 0.0235 0.0980
2 4 0.000 0.0220 0.0000
3 5 0.000 0.0400 0.0000
4 5 0.018 0.1100 0.1130

Table 3. Power flow solution prior to fault in per unit, 220 kV, 100 MVA base.
Bus number Voltage Load Generation
magnitude angle P Q P Q
(pu) (degrees) pu pu pu pu
1 1.0000 0.00 -3.8083 -0.2799
2 1.0300 8.35 3.25 0.6986
3 1.0200 7.16 2.10 0.3110
4 1.0174 4.32 1.00 0.44
5 1.0112 2.69 0.50 0.16
Q8
Working alone solve the following problems.

1. Using Park’s Transform, as defined in Kundur’s book, show that:

     
 a  ia Laa 0  Laa 2 cos 2   ib  Lab 0  Laa 2 cos(2  )  ic  Lab 0  Laa 2 cos(2  )
 3   3 
 i fd Lafd cos   ikd Lakd cos   ikq Lakq sin 
    2 
 b  ia  Lab 0  Laa 2 cos(2  )  ib  Laa 0  Laa 2 cos 2(  )  ic Lab 0  Laa 2 cos(2   )
 3   3 
2 2 2
 i fd Lafd cos(  )  ikd Lakd cos(  )  ikq Lakq sin(  )
3 3 3
    2 
 c  ia  Lab 0  Laa 2 cos(2  )  ib Laa 0  Laa 2 cos(2   )  ic  Lab 0  Laa 2 cos 2(  )
 3   3 
2 2 2
 i fd Lafd cos(  )  ikd Lakd cos(  )  ikq Lakq sin(  )
3 3 3

becomes

 d   Ld 0 0  id   Lafd Lakd 0  i fd 

    0  
 q   Lq 0  iq    0 0 Lakq  ikd 
 0   0 0  L0  i0   0 0 0  ikq 
donde
3
Ld  Laa 0  Lab 0  Laa 2
2
3
Lq  Laa 0  Lab 0  Laa 2
2
L0  Laa 0  2 Lab 0
Q 8 – Excitation systems, data preparation for stability study.

Introduction – In the following weeks you will conduct a dynamic study of a power system after a severe disturbance. In this
homework you will: 1. study the topology of the system under study, 2. prepare a power flow simulation and the files/inputs
necessary to conduct a transient stability study, 3. study excitation system models and data and 4. think about events that
may result in a severe disturbance (the credible contingency list).

Objectives –

1. study the topology of the system under study (14 buses system, see Figure 1, and system data in the file “14barras.txt”)
– study the system topology using the one-line diagram provided and create a power flow simulation, using Power World,
to match the initial conditions described in “14barras.txt”
2. start preparing the files/inputs necessary to conduct a transient stability study – identify the correct generator model to
be used and identify the generator data to be used. To do this study Apppendix D of the book by Vijay Vittal, James D.
McCalley (previously co-authored by Paul M. Anderson and A.A. Fouad), Power System Control and Stability , 3 nd Ed. IEEE
Press/Wiley, 2020 and match the generators in the 14 buses system with data provided in Appendix D.
3. study excitation system data – use Appendix D and the “IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for
Power System Stability Studies”. Match the generators in the 14 buses system with data provided in Appendix D
4. think about events that may result in a severe disturbance (the credible contingency list).

Prepare two scenarios: 1. using the classical model and 2. using two-axes model with excitation system control and governor
control (next homework).

Use the “synchronous condenser data” portion of Appendix D for synchronous condensers. Select a synchronous machine
with enough capacity (MVA) to supply the required demand without being overloaded. In other words, identify the
generated MVA from the power flow and round up.

Excitation system data: In Appendix D the excitation system data and governor data that correspond to a generator are in
the same column as the generator data. Study “IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System
Stability Studies”, to match the excitation system that corresponds to a generator with the excitation systems available in
PowerWorld. Read “Block-Diagrams-17-PowerWorld.pdf” to learn the excitation system models available in PowerWorld.

Note that the first edition of the book by Anderson and Fouad (including Appendix D) is from 1977, Thus, the types and names
(“VR Type” y “Name” in Table D.3) used to identify the excitation system, the names of the manufacturers and models, are
no longer in use. Read “IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies, Std
421.5, 2016” Appendix I, to find tables that match names of the manufacturers and models with the label used by IEEE for
each type of excitation system. See Table 1 as an example of this.

Table 1. Relation between labels (identification) of excitation system models in:

Appendix D Anderson & Fouad, IEEE Std 421.5, 2016 and PowerWorld
Appendix D A&F Appendix D, A & F, Appendix I, IEEE Std 421.5, Appendix I, IEEE Std 421.5, PowerWorld Models
VR Type Name 2016 2016, Tables I.1, I.2 e I.3
A NA143A y NA101 General Electric Amplydine Tipo DC1C ESDC1A
WMA Westinghouse, Mag-A-Stat
BBC Brown Boveri Co.
E BJ30 Westinghouse, BJ30 Tipo DC3A ESDC3A
GFA4 General Electric, GFA4
C BRLS Brushless Tipo AC1C EXAC1
WTA Westinghouse, WTA Tipo ST1C EXAC4
G ALTHYREX General Electric ALTHYREX Tipo AC4C EXST1_GE
I suggest you compare the data in Appendix D with the “data sample” from Appendix H IEEE Std 421.5. Please note that the
symbols used are not identical, use as guide the variable description. You should also study the model used in PowerWorld
and understand the relation between the models and the parameters (data).

Report – Prepare a written report that includes, at a minimum:

 A description of the procedure you followed to obtain and prepare your data
 A table that summarizes the study initial conditions including: the results from you power flow simulation and generator
conditions prior to a disturbance.
 A summary of the models selected and dynamic data to be used
 A list of no less than three severe events. Explain your rationale to select each event, in other word Why do you think
the event will cause a severe disturbance?

Figura 1. 14 buses system

Q 10 – Severe disturbance stability study.

Introduction – Conduct a dynamic study of a power system after a severe disturbance using: the classical model and the
synchronous generator two axes model, with excitation system and the turbine/governor and compare the results. Use the
power flow simulation and files/inputs previously developed to conduct this transient stability study for the assigned
contingency list. To conduct the study, you will use PowerWorld, specifically the transient stability module.

Study – Using the classical model for synchronous generators study the system behavior for the following disturbances:

1. Three-phase bus to ground fault in the transmission line 2-4, very close to bus 2, and removed 5 cycles after the fault
opening both ends of line 2-4.
2. Three-phase bus to ground fault in the transmission line 2-4, very close to bus 2, and removed 18 cycles after the
fault opening both ends of line 2-4.
3. Three-phase bus to ground fault in bus 9, and removed 5 cycles after the fault, by disconnecting the transformer
between buses 4 and 9.
4. Three-phase bus to ground fault in bus 9, and removed 18 cycles after the fault, by disconnecting the transformer
between buses 4 and 9.

Using the two axes model to represent the synchronous generators, and including excitation system and turbine/governor
models:

5. Repeat 1 thru 4.

Use type G (general model) for the turbine/governor model. In PowerWorld the model BPAGG is an adequate option to
implement the type G model.

Conduct a dynamic simulation with no disturbances to show the system is stable and under steady state conditions prior to
the disturbances. Monitor generation, line flows, frequency to determine the system is in steady state.

As before, use the 14 buses system with data provided in Appendix D of the book by Vijay Vittal, James D. McCalley (previously
co-authored by Paul M. Anderson and A.A. Fouad), Power System Control and Stability , 3 nd Ed. IEEE Press/Wiley, 2020 and
in the file “14barras.txt”

Report – Prepare a written report that includes, at a minimum:

 A description of the procedure you followed to obtain and prepare your data
 A table that summarizes the study initial conditions including: the results from you power flow simulation and generator
conditions prior to a disturbance.
 A summary of the models selected and dynamic data to be used
 Graphs of generator relative angles without disturbance.
 Graphs of generator relative angles with disturbance.
 Graph of system frequency with disturbances.
 Monitoring and identification of power flow oscillations in the transmission system, voltage fluctuations in the system
buses, overloads in lines or transformers.
 A brief comparison of results using the classical model and using the two axes model with excitation system and
turbine/governor models.

It is not enough to perform the simulation and show the graphs (results). You must include a narrative that explains your
results and compare the results.
Figura 1. 14 buses system
Trabajando solo y, en el caso del problema 1 trabajando a mano sin usar programas como MATLAB u otro similar,
obtenga la solución a los siguientes problemas:

1. La Figura 1 muestra un circuito RLC. Sean las variables de estado de este sistema la corriente en el inductor,
x1 = iL(t) y el voltaje en el condensador, x2 = vC(t).

a. (10 pts) Derive el conjunto de ecuaciones diferenciales de primer orden, en términos de las variables de estado
dadas, que describen el comportamiento dinámico de este sistema. Escriba estas ecuaciones en la forma:
x  Ax  Bu
y  Cx  Du
b. Presuma que R = 3 Ω, L = 1 H, C = 0.5 F, u(t)=0 y las condiciones iniciales son nulas, es decir v C(0)=0, iL(0)=0.

i. (5 pts) Determine los valores propios de la matriz A.

ii. (5 pts) Determine los vectores propios normalizados de suerte que ii = 1.
iii. (5 pts) Determine los factores de participación. Describa la actividad relativa de las variables de estado
en cada modo. Determine la contribución de esta actividad a cada modo.

- vC(t) +
iL iC
L
C +
v(t) = u(t) +
- R V R = y(t)

2. Similar al problema 2.18 del libro “Power System Control and Stability” de Anderson & Fouad. “The system
shown in Figure P2.18 has two generators and three nodes. Generator and transmission system data are given
in Table 1 and 2. The power flow solution for the system is given in Table 3.

1 2 3
3 4
2
1 5
X
6

Figure P2.18. A one-line diagram of the system for problem 2.18.

 Table 1. Generator data, in per unit to generator MVA base.
Generator number X’d (pu) XT (pu) H (MW*s/MVA) Generator rating
(MVA)
1 0.28 0.08 5 50
3 0.25 0.07 4 120
XT is the generator transformer reactance.

Table 2. Transmission system data, resistance neglected.

Line number 3 4 5 6
X (pu) to 100 MVA base 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.13

Table 3. Power flow solution

Bus Number Voltage Load Generator
Magnitude Angle MW MVAR MW MVAR
(pu) (degrees)
1 1.030 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 23.1
2 1.018 -1.0 50.0 20.0 0.0 0.0
3 1.020 -0.5 80.0 40.0 100.0 37.8

Convierta este sistema en un sistema equivalente de una máquina contra una barra infinita para las condiciones
antes del disturbio, es decir antes de que ocurra falla.

a. (10 pts) Escriba el conjunto de ecuaciones diferenciales de primer orden que describen el comportamiento
dinámico de este equivalente en la forma:
x  Ax  Bu
y  Cx  Du
Use como variables de estado la diferencia en ángulo interno entre las máquinas 2 y 1, es decir 21 = 2-1, y la
correspondiente diferencia en velocidad de los rotores.

b. (20 pts) Determine los valores propios y factores de participación de la matriz A.

Presuma que la línea 5 se elimina sin que ocurra falla y que el sistema regresa al mismo punto de equilibrio que
existe antes de la remoción de la línea 5. Es decir, la solución del flujo de potencia de la Tabla 3 aplica al sistema sin
la línea 5.

c. (20 pts ) Repita este problema, partes a y b, para la condición del sistema sin la línea 5. Compare los resultados
con los obtenidos anteriormente.
 page 1 of 2

Working alone and, in the case of problem 1, working by hand without using programs such as MATLAB or another
similar, obtain the solution to the following problems:

1. Figure 1 shows an RLC circuit. Let the state variables of this system be the current in the inductor,
x1 = iL(t) and the voltage across the capacitor, x2 = vC(t).

a. (10 pts) Derive the set of first-order differential equations, in terms of the given state variables, that describe the
dynamic behavior of this system. Write these equations in the form:
x = Ax+Bu
y = Cx+Du
b. Assume that R = 3 Ω, L = 1 H, C = 0.5 F, u(t)=0 and the initial conditions are null, i.e. vC(0)=0, iL(0)=0.

i. (5 pts) Determine the eigenvalues ​of matrix A. (5 pts) Determine the normalized eigenvectors so that ii = 1.
ii. (5 pts) Determine the participation factors. Describe the relative activity of the state variables in each mode.
iii. Determine the contribution of this activity to each mode.

- vC(t) +
iL iC
L
C +
v(t) = u(t) +
- R VR = y(t)
-

2. Similar al problema 2.18 del libro “Power System Control and Stability” de Anderson & Fouad. “The system shown

in Figure P2.18 has two generators and three nodes. Generator and transmission system data are given in Table 1

and 2. The power flow solution for the system is given in Table 3.
1 2 3
3 4
2
1 5
X
6

Figure P2.18. A one-line diagram of the system for problem 2.18.

 page 2 of 2

Table 1. Generator data, in per unit to generator MVA base.

Generator number X’d (pu) XT (pu) H (MW*s/MVA) Generator rating
(MVA)
1 0.28 0.08 5 50
3 0.25 0.07 4 120
XT is the generator transformer reactance.

Table 2. Transmission system data, resistance neglected.

Line number 3 4 5 6
X (pu) to 100 MVA base 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.13

Table 3. Power flow solution

Bus Number Voltage Load Generator
Magnitude Angle MW MVAR MW MVAR
(pu) (degrees)
1 1.030 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 23.1
2 1.018 -1.0 50.0 20.0 0.0 0.0
3 1.020 -0.5 80.0 40.0 100.0 37.8

Convert this system into an equivalent system of a machine against an infinite bar for the conditions before the

disturbance, that is, before failure occurs.

to. (10 pts) Write the set of first order differential equations that describe the behavior
dynamic of this equivalent in the form:
x = Ax+Bu
y = Cx+Du
Use as state variables the difference in internal angle between machines 2 and 1, that is, 21 = 2-1, and the

corresponding difference in speed of the rotors.

b. (20 pts) Determine the eigenvalues ​and participation factors of matrix A.

Assume that line 5 is removed without failure occurring and that the system returns to the same equilibrium point that

existed before the removal of line 5. That is, the power flow solution of Table 3 applies to the system without the line 5.

c. (20 pts) Repeat this problem, parts a and b, for the system condition without line 5. Compare the results with

those obtained previously.