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Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence

Unit 1

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 3 rooms contain: a person, a computer and an interrogator.

 The interrogator can communicate with the other 2 by teletype (to
avoid the machine imitate the appearance of voice of the person)
 The interrogator tries to determine which the person is and which
the machine is.
 The machine tries to fool the interrogator to believe that it is the
human, and the person also tries to convince the interrogator that
it is the human.
 If the machine succeeds in fooling the interrogator, then conclude
that the machine is intelligent.

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 Disciplines that contributed views, ideas, and

techniques to AI
 Philosophy – How does mental mind arise from physical
brain? How does knowledge lead to action?
 Mathematics – what are the formal rules to draw
conclusions? How do we reason with uncertain
information?
 Economics – How should we make decisions to have
maximum payoff?
 Neuroscience – How do brains process information?
 Psychology – how do humans and animals think and act?
 Computer engineering – how to build efficient
computers?
 Cybernetics and control theory – how can machines
operate under their own control?
 Linguistics – How does language relate to thought?

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 1. AI in Astronomy
 Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works,
origin, etc.
 2. AI in Healthcare
 In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare
industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than
humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
 3. AI in Gaming
 AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like
chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
 4. AI in Finance
 AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry
is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.
 5. AI in Data Security
 The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug
and cyber-attacks in a better way.

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 6. AI in Social Media
 Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can
organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to
identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
 7. AI in Travel & Transport
 AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various
travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the
hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-
powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better
and fast response.
 8. AI in Automotive Industry
 Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for
better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual
assistant.
 Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can
make your journey more safe and secure.
 9. AI in Robotics
 Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of
AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own
experiences without pre-programmed.
 Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and
behave like humans.

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 10. AI in Entertainment
 We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.
 11. AI in Agriculture
 Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time
for best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging
in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop
monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for
farmers.
 12. AI in E-commerce
 AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is
becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers
to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand.
 13. AI in education
 AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI
chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
 AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will
be accessible easily at any time and any place.

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 High Accuracy with less errors:

 High-Speed:

 High reliability:

 Useful for risky areas:

 Digital Assistant:

 Useful as a public utility:

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 HIGH COST

 Can’t think out of the box

 No feelings and emotions

 Increase dependency on machines

 No original creativity

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 Define (a) Intelligence (b) Artificial Intelligence

(c) Agent
 Explain briefly the 4 approaches to AI.
 Explain briefly the Turing test and the features
that should be possessed by a computer system
which undergoes the Turing test.
 Give the advantages and disadvantages of AI
 State some of the applications of AI.
 Briefly describe the history of AI.
 Briefly explain the task domains in AI.

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 Agent : An agent is anything that can be viewed

as perceiving its environment through sensors
and acting upon that environment through
actuators.

 Percept : Agent’s perceptual inputs at any given

instant

 Percept sequence : History of everything that an

agent has ever perceived

 Agent Functions: Maps any given percept

sequence to an action

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Percept
Sensor

Agent Environ
Agent
Function ment
Actions

Actuator

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AI Agent  Environment ------- Actions --- Environment changes

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 Fully Observable vs Partially Observable

 Deterministic vs Stochastic
 Episodic vs Sequential
 Static vs Dynamic
 Discrete vs Continuous
 Single-agent vs Multi-agent

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 When an agent sensor is capable to sense or access the

complete state of an agent at each point in time, it is said to
be a fully observable environment else it is partially
observable

 Maintaining a fully observable environment is easy as there is

no need to keep track of the history of the surrounding.

 An environment is called unobservable when the agent has

no sensors in all environments.

 Eg:
 Chess : fully observable
 self driving : partially observable
 unobservable – Vacuum cleaner

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 When the agent’s current state completely determines the

next state of the agent, the environment is said to be
deterministic.
 Eg: Chess

 The stochastic environment is random in nature which is not

unique and cannot be completely determined by the agent.
 Eg: Taxi driving

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 In an Episodic task environment, each of the agent’s actions

is divided into atomic episodes
 In each incident, an agent receives input from the
environment and then performs the corresponding action
 There is no dependency between current and previous
incidents.
 Eg: Pick and Place Robot

 In a Sequential environment, the previous decisions can

affect all future decisions.
 The next action of the agent depends on what action he has
taken previously and what action he is supposed to take in
the future.
 Eg: Checkers

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 An environment that keeps constantly changing itself when

the agent is up with some action is said to be dynamic.
 A roller coaster ride is dynamic as it is set in motion and the
environment keeps changing every instant.

 An idle environment with no change in its state is called a

static environment.
 An empty house is static as there’s no change in the
surroundings when an agent enters.

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 If an environment consists of a finite number of actions that

can be deliberated in the environment to obtain the output,
it is said to be a discrete environment.
 Eg: Chess

 The environment in which the actions are performed cannot

be numbered i.e. is not discrete, is said to be continuous.
 Eg: Self driving cars

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 An environment consisting of only one agent is said to be a

single-agent environment.
 A person left alone in a maze is an example of the single-
agent system.

 An environment involving more than one agent is a multi-

agent environment.
 The game of football is multi-agent as it involves 11 players in
each team

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 The job of AI is to design the agent program that implements

the agent function, mapping percepts to actions.

agent = architecture + program

 Here the architecture may be a computing device with

physical sensors and actuators.

 Agent program implements the function that will run on the

computing device and maps percepts to actions.

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 Simple reflex agents

 Model based reflex agents

 Goal-based agents

 Utility-based agents

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 Agents select actions on the basis of current percept.

 The simple reflex agent does not consider any part of past
percepts or history during their decision and action process
 Eg: vacuum agent works on only the current location of dirt.
 This agent works on “Condition-action-rule”.
 If condition is true,
 action is taken
 else not
 Eg: if car-in-front-is-braking then initiate-braking
Percept
Agent Sensors

Environment
What the world is like
now

What action I should do

Condition-action now
rules Action
Actuators

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 Not adaptive to changes in environment

 Noknowledge about the non-perceptual

parts.

 They have limited intelligence

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Percept
Agent
state Sensors

Environment
How the world evolves What the world is like
now
What my actions do

What action I should do

Condition-action now
rules
Action
Actuators

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• The goal based agent focuses only on reaching the goal set and hence
the decision taken by the agent is based on how far it is currently from
their goal or desired state.

• Every action is intended to minimize the distance from the goal.

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state Percept
Agent Sensors

How the world What the world is like

evolves now

Environment
What my What the world be like
actions do if I do action A

What action I should do

Goals
now
Action
Actuators

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These agents are similar to the goal-based agents but provide

an extra component of utility measurement which makes
them different by providing a measure of success at a given
state.

The utility function maps each state to a real number to

check how efficiently each action achieves the goals.

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Percept
state
Sensors

How the world What the world is like

Agent
evolves now

What my What the world be like

Environment
actions do if I do action A

How happy I will be in

such a state

What action I should do

Utility
now

Action
Actuators

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 Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements

by learning from environment

 Critic: learning element takes feedback from critic which

describes how well the agent is doing with respect to a fixed
performance standard

 Performance element : It is responsible for selecting external

action

 Problem generator: The component is responsible for

suggesting actions that will lead to new and informative
experiences.

 Hence learning agent are able to learn, analyze performance

and look for new ways to improve the performance.

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Performance standard

Agent Critic Sensors

feedback
Changes

Environment
Learning Performance
element element
Learning
knowledge
goals

Problem
generator Actuators

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 1. Describe intelligent agents.

 2.
Explain Rationality and what factors it
depend on.

 3. Briefly discuss Task environment.

 4. Mention the properties of task environment.

 5. Describe the 4 basic kinds of Agent Programs.

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