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Data Exploration

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15 views11 pages

Data Exploration

Uploaded by

1002poonam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Exploration: A Comprehensive Overview

Introduction to Data Exploration

▶ Data exploration is crucial for understanding dataset


characteristics
▶ Derived from Latin ”dare” meaning ”something given”
▶ Helps in preparing data for advanced analysis
▶ Comprises descriptive statistics and data visualization
▶ Objectives:
▶ Data understanding
▶ Data preparation
▶ Basic analysis
▶ Result interpretation
▶ Essential for grasping data structure, distribution, and
interrelationships
Types of Data

▶ Numeric or Continuous
▶ Examples: temperature in Celsius, Fahrenheit
▶ Allows mathematical and logical operations
▶ Special types: Integer, Ratio
▶ Categorical or Nominal
▶ Examples: color of iris, temperature as hot/mild/cold
▶ Limited to logical operations
▶ Special type: Ordered nominal
▶ Data type conversion possible, but may lead to information
loss
Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency

▶ Mean
▶ Arithmetic average of all observations
▶ Sensitive to outliers
▶ Median
▶ Middle value in sorted list of observations
▶ Less affected by outliers
▶ Mode
▶ Most frequently occurring value
▶ Useful for categorical data
Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Spread

▶ Range
▶ Difference between maximum and minimum values
▶ Simple but sensitive to outliers
▶ Variance
▶ Average of squared deviations from the mean
▶ Formula: s 2 = N1 N 2
P
i=1 (xi − µ)
▶ Standard Deviation
▶ Square root of variance
▶ Same unit as the original data
Correlation

▶ Measures statistical relationship between two attributes


▶ Pearson correlation coefficient (r)
▶ Measures strength of linear dependence
▶ Range: −1 ≤ r ≤ 1 P
n
▶ Formula: rxy = √Pn i=1 (xi −x̄)(y
2
Pn
i −ȳ )
2
i=1 (xi −x̄) i=1 (yi −ȳ )

▶ Correlation doesn’t imply causation


▶ Limitations: only captures linear relationships, affected by
outliers
Univariate Visualization Techniques

▶ Histogram
▶ Shows distribution of data
▶ Reveals central location, range, and shape of distribution
▶ Quartile (Box-Whisker) Plot
▶ Displays quartiles, median, and outliers
▶ Allows comparison of multiple attributes
▶ Distribution Chart
▶ Visualizes normal distribution function
▶ Assumes data follows normal distribution
Multivariate Visualization Techniques

▶ Scatterplot
▶ Shows relationship between two attributes
▶ Reveals correlations, patterns, clusters, and outliers
▶ Scatter Matrix
▶ Compares all combinations of attributes
▶ Useful for datasets with multiple attributes
▶ Bubble Chart
▶ Variation of scatterplot with additional dimension (bubble size)
▶ Density Chart
▶ Includes background color as an additional dimension
High-Dimensional Visualization Techniques

▶ Parallel Chart
▶ Projects multi-dimensional data into 2D space
▶ Attributes arranged along x-axis, measures on y-axis
▶ Deviation Chart
▶ Similar to parallel chart
▶ Shows mean and standard deviation for each class
▶ Andrews Curves
▶ Projects data points as Fourier series
▶ Useful for identifying outliers and patterns
Roadmap for Data Exploration

1. Organize the dataset


2. Find the central point for each attribute
3. Understand the spread of each attribute
4. Visualize the distribution of each attribute
5. Pivot the data (dimensional slicing)
6. Watch out for outliers
7. Understand the relationship between attributes
8. Visualize the relationship between attributes
9. Visualize high-dimensional datasets
Conclusion

▶ Data exploration is a crucial step in the data science process


▶ Combines descriptive statistics and visualization techniques
▶ Provides insights into data structure, distribution, and
relationships
▶ Guides further statistical and data science treatment
▶ Essential for effective data analysis and decision-making

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