BME2301 - Circuit Theory

The Instructors:
Dr. Görkem SERBES (C317)
[email protected]
https://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/gserbes/

Lab Assistants:
Nihat AKKAN
[email protected]
https://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/nakkan
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Voltage and Current Laws

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 Circuit Terminology
• Node
– point at which 2+ elements have a
common connection
• e.g., node 1, node 2, node 3
• Path
– a route through a network, through nodes
that never repeat
• e.g., 1→3→2, 1→2→3
• Loop
– a path that starts & ends on the same node
• e.g., 3→1→2→3
• Branch
– a single path in a network; contains one
element and the nodes at the 2 ends
• e.g., 1→2, 1→3, 3→2
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 Exercise
• For the circuit below:
a. Count the number of circuit elements.
b. If we move from B to C to D, have we formed a path
and/or a loop?
c. If we move from E to D to C to B to E, have we formed a
path and/or a loop?

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 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: German university
professor, born while Ohm was experimenting
• Based upon conservation of charge
N – the algebraic sum of the charge
i n =0 within a system can not change.
n =1 Where N is the total – the algebraic sum of the currents
number of branches
connected to a node.
entering any node is zero.

i
node
enter = i
node
leave

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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• Based upon conservation of energy
– the algebraic sum of voltages dropped across components
around a loop is zero.
– The energy required to move a charge from point A to point
B must have a value independent of the path chosen.
M

m =1
v=0
Where M is the total number
of branches in the loop.

v drops =  v rises
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 Example-01
• For the circuit, compute the current through R3
if it is known that the voltage source supplies a
current of 3 A.
• Use KCL

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 Example-02
• Referring to the single node below, compute:
a. iB, given iA = 1 A, iD = –2 A, iC = 3 A, and iE = 4 A
b. iE, given iA = –1 A, iB = –1 A, iC = –1 A, and iD = –1 A
• Use KCL
iA + iB - iC - iD - iE = 0
a. iB = -iA + iC + iD + iE
iB = -1 + 3 - 2 + 4 = 4 A
b. iE = iA + iB - iC - iD
iE = -1 - 1 + 1 + 1 = 0 A

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 Example-03
• Determine I, the current flowing out of the
voltage source.
– Use KCL
• 1.9 mA + 0.5 mA + I are
entering the node.
• 3 mA is leaving the node.

1.9mA + 0.5mA + I = 3mA

V1 is generating power.

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 Example-04
• If voltage drops are given instead of currents,
– you need to apply Ohm’s Law
I2 to determine the current flowing
I3 through each of the resistors
before you can find the current
flowing out of the voltage
I1 supply.
• I1 is leaving the node.
• I2 is entering the node.
• I3 is entering the node.
I1 = 2V / 7 k = 0.286mA • I is entering the node.
I 2 = 4V / 2k = 2mA
I 2 + I 3 + I = I1
I 3 = 1.75V / 5k = 0.35mA
2mA + 0.35mA + I = 0.286mA
I = 0.286mA− 2.35mA = −2.06mA
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 Example-05
• For each of the circuits in the figure below, determine
the voltage vx and the current ix.

– Applying KVL clockwise around the loop and Ohm’s law

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 Example-06
• For the circuit below, determine
a. vR2
b. vx

a.

b.
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 Example-07
• For the circuit below, determine
a. vR2 b. v2 if vR1 = 1 V.

a.
b.

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 Example-08
• For the circuit below, determine vx

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Example-09

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Example-10

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