Proposal For Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model and Target For Geothermal Test Wells

The Project for Formulating Master Plan
on Development of Geothermal Energy in Ethiopia Final Report
CHAPTER 7 PROPOSAL FOR PRELIMINARY GEOTHERMAL

RESERVOIR MODEL AND
TARGET FOR GEOTHERMAL TEST WELLS
7.1 Purpose
Based on the geological, geochemical and geophysical survey conducted, preliminary reservoir model
will be proposed in this chapter. Targets of test wells will also proposed on the basis of the proposed
reservoir models
7.2 Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera) Geothermal Site
7.2.1 Interpretation of Survey Results
Table 7.2.1 shows the summary and interpretation of survey results and features as topographic
features, result of geological and geochemical surveys and MT/TEM survey that is necessary for
preparing preliminary geothermal structural model in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera) site.
Table 0.1 Summary and Interpretation of survey results and features for Geothermal
Structural Modelling
Items Features
Geology Papers  Located at Manda-Harraro Graben.
Satellite  Mainly composed of basaltic lavas and pyroclastics, and sediments of Afar
Imagery Stratoid (Pliocene-Pleistocene). Recent basalt lava (Pleistocene) by fissure
Field Survey eruption is observed at the southwest of the survey area.
 Those volcanic rocks are covered by alluvial deposit in Ayrobera.
Test Well  Six test wells were drilled at Tendaho-1 (Dubti) located at 9-12km south of the
site.
 Altered clay minerals (GL-50 to 350m), chlorite – epidote (below GL-350m) are
observed at some test wells, interpreted as cap rock and geothermal reservoir.
Test well Flow rate Temp. Depth (GL-)
TD-2 13kg/s, 46.8t/h 220℃ 890m
TD-4 70kg/s, 252t/h 216℃ 250m
TD-1 Very low 270℃ 880-900m
1,190-1,265m
 Thick sedimentary rock intercalated with basaltic rock was observed at the depth
of approx. 2,000m at TD-4 test well (located at 9km southwest of the site)
 Basaltic rocks are observed below 2,000m at TD-4.
Fault/ Fracture Papers  The Graben is under tensil stress and NW-SE normal fault and fracture system is
System Satellite developed.
Imagery  Spreading axis is located at the southwest of the site, and steep normal faults,
Field Survey dipping to the southwest, are well developed.
Geophysical  NW-SE low resistivity zone are found at the depth of GL-700m to GL-2,500m in
Survey the center of the survey area by MT/TEM survey.
 According to the result of gravity survey, the above-mentioned zone is the
boundary between high-gravity area (northeast) and low-gravity area (southwest).
 According to the result of magnetic survey, the above-mentioned zone is the
boundary between high-magnetic intensity area (northeast) and low-magnetic
intensity area (southwest). (Yohannes L.,2007)
 TD-4 is located at southwest area, therefore the combination of low-gravity and
low-magnetic intensity was resulted by thick sedimentary rock.
 NW-SE low resistivity zone obtained by MT/TEM Survey is consistent with the
boundary of other geophysical survey results, interpreted as fault zone.
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. 7-1 April 2015

JMC Geothermal Engineering Co., Ltd
Sumiko Resources Exploration & Development Co., Ltd.
Items Features
Heat Source Geophysical  Resistivity value is lower at the depth below 4,000m, may indicates heated zone
Survey caused by intrusion of basaltic magma.
Geothermal Topography  Discharge is expected by Awash River and marsh zone, located at the north of the
Fluid Satellite site.
Imagery
Geochemical  Fumaroles of 99.3ºC were observed at the southwestern part.
Analysis  Result of geochemical analysis indicates 240-290ºC of geothermal fluid
temperature (by silica thermometer)
Test Well  Self flow of 1.8t/h (13kg/s), 220 ºC was confirmed at TD-2 Test well in
Tendaho-1 (Dubti). (DAmore et al., 1997)
Cap Rock Geophysical  A low resistivity zone (less than 5ohm-m) were found at the depth of GL-100m to
Structure Survey GL-500m), may compose cap rock structure.
Test Well  Altered clay minerals and zeolites are found at the depth of GL-50m to 350m in
existing test wells in Tendaho-1 (Dubti).
 The depth for occurrence of those minerals may be corresponded with the low
resistivity zone (less than 5ohm-m).
Source: JICA Project Team
7.2.2 Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model
The Conceptual Geothermal Reservoir Model in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera), which is indicated by the
above features, is prepared. The characteristics of the model is shown in Table 7.2.2, diagram and
section are shown in Figure 7.2.1 and Figure 7.2.2.
Table 7.2.2 Characteristics of Geothermal Reservoir

Item Description
Geothermal reservoir may be porous basalts and sandstones. North-eastern margin of the
reservoir would be clear with normal faults in basaltic rock, where south-western margin would
Geothermal Reservoir
be along many sand layers in sedimentary rocks. Altered basaltic rocks, fine sandstones and
siltstones would be distributed at the top of the reservoir as cap rock.
Geothermal fluid may be discharged by Awash River and the ground, convecting in the ground
Geothermal Fluid restricted by faults and fault zones. Up-flow zone would be formed along the fault zone in the
center of the survey area.
Basaltic magma is expected as a heat source in the area, which would be located at the depth of
Heat Source
5-6 km.

N
2km
2km
Basaltic Rock 2km
Basaltic Rock
Alluvial Deposit
Basaltic Rock
Spreading Axis
Fumarole
Basalt dyke Cap Rock
Sediments Reservoir
Basalt Fluid
Fault Geothermal Fluid
Heat Source
(Basaltic magma) Spreading Axis Heat Source
Figure 7.2.1 Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera) Site
SW NE
Fumaroles
Sedimentary Rocks
CAP ROCK
Geothermal
Reservoir
Basaltic Rocks
Basaltic Rocks
Figure 7.2.2 Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model (Section) in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera) Site

7.2.3 Preliminary Target for Test Well Drilling
According to the geothermal model, a wide channel of NW-SE high temperature convective zone (low
resistivity zone) in the centre of the study area. It is expected that the drilling depth needs to be about
2,000 m to drill up to the assumed faults and high temperature convective zone. Tentative target and
specification of the test well drilling is summarized in Table 7.2.3 and Table 7.2.4. Selected drilling
locations are shown in Figure 7.3.4 and Figure 7.3.5.
Table 7.2.3 Tentative Target for Test Well Drilling in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera)
Area Target Well Type

AY-1 Area NW-SE subsurface normal fault zone (dipping to SW) Directional well
AY-2 Area NW-SE subsurface normal fault zone (dipping to SW) Vertical Well
AY-3 Area NW-SE Normal faults at Fumaroles Point (dipping to SW) Vertical Well
Table 7.2.4 Tentative Specification of Test Well Drilling in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera)

Item AY 1 AY 2 AY 3
Aiming at NW-SE low Aiming at NW-SE low
Aiming at NW-SE Fault
Outline of the target resistivity zone (Fault resistivity zone (Fault
zone at Fumaroles point.
zone) at the centre. zone) at northern part.
Direction from True North
Location of the target standard : N 57°E,
Vertical depth: 2,000 m Vertical depth: 2,000 m
from well head Vertical depth: 1,840 m
Horizontal distance: 600 m
Approximate depth of
1,000–1,840 1,500-2,000 1,500–2,000
the target (GL-m)
Estimated temperature at
Approx. 250–300 oC Approx. 250–300 oC Approx. 250–300 oC
the target
KOP 800 m - -
Drilling depth to bottom 1,840 m 2,000 m 2,000 m
KOP :Kick-Off Point Source: JICA Project Team

EL-1500m
(GL-1800m)
Geothermal
Reservoir
Figure 7.2.3 Test Well Drilling Plan in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera)
SW NE
AY-3 AY-1 AY-2
Sedimentary Rocks
CAP ROCK
Geothermal
Reservoir
Basaltic Rocks
Basaltic Rocks
Figure 7.2.4 Schematic Section of Test Well Drilling in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera)

7.3 Boseti Geothermal Site
7.3.1 Interpretation of Survey Results
Table 7.3.1 shows the summary and interpretation of survey results and features as topographic
features, result of geological and geochemical surveys and MT/TEM survey that is necessary for
preparing preliminary geothermal structural model in Boseti site.
Table 7.3.1 Summary and Interpretation of survey results and features for Geothermal
Structural Modelling
Item Features
Geology Geology  Composed of basaltic-rhyolitic lava and pyroclastic rocks, and sedimentary
rocks (conglomerate-sandstone) of Nazreth Group (Pliocene-Pleistocene).
 Boseti volcano and erupted lavas (obsidians), basalt lava at the surface in the
northern part are classified as Wonji Group (Pleistocene), underlain by
Nazreth group with unconformity.
Fault/Fracture Satellite  Many normal faults are developed at the direction of NNE-SSW, which is
System Imagery concordant with the direction of Rift Valley.
Geology
Geophysical  Low resistivity zone is observed at the depth of GL-800m to GL-2,300m in
Survey the center of survey area and its direction is concordant with normal faults on
the ground.
Heat Source Geology  According to the result of topographic analysis, lavas were intruded and
erupted along the NNE-SSW fault (Fb-2) in the center of survey area (Korme
et.al., 1997).
Gravity  High-density rock is assumed at the depth of GL-2,000m below Boseti
Survey Volcano (D.G. Cornwell et al., 2006).
Geothermal Fluid Geochemical  Fumaroles are observed along NNE-SSW fault (Fb-1) in the survey area.
Analysis
 Temperature of geothermal fluid would be 170-220°C, classified as Class C
(by Silica Thermometer)
Cap Rock Structure Geophysical  Low resistivity zone (less than 5ohm-m) which was found at the depth of
Survey GL-800m to GL-900m is interpreted as cap rock.
Source: JICA Project team
7.3.2 Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model
The Conceptual Geothermal Reservoir Model in Boseti, which is indicated by the above features, is
prepared. The characteristics of the model is shown in Table 7.3.2, diagram and section are shown in
Figure 7.3.1 and Figure 7.3.2.
Table 7.3.2 Characteristics of Geothermal Reservoir

Item Description
Basalt-rhyolite lava and pyroclastic rocks, and sedimentary rocks along the NNE-SSW normal
faults are expected as a geothermal reservoir in the area. The margin would be clearly divided by
Geothermal Reservoir
steep faults and/or fractures. Cap rock is assumed at the top of reservoir, which is mainly
composed of clay layers altered from basaltic-rhyolitic rocks.
Fluid may be discharged by the surface and aquifers in Nazreth Group. Geothermal fluid is
Geothermal Fluid convecting in the ground restricted by faults and fault zones. Up-flow zone would be formed
along the fault zone in the center of the survey area.
Heat Source Intrusive rock(s) which may be distributed along NNE-SSW at the depth below 2,000m.
Source: JICA Project team

1km 1km
1km N
Normal Faults
Boseti Volcanic Body
Volcanic Vent
Normal Fault
Fb-1
Intrusive
Fb-2
Cap Rock Fumaroles
Reservoir Faults
Intrusive Fluids
Geothermal Volcanic Vent
Fluid
Figure 7.3.1 Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model in Boseti site
WNW ESE
Fb-1
Fb-2
Fumarole
CAP ROCK
Geothermal
Reservoir
？
Basaltic/
Basaltic/ Rhyolitic Rocks
Rhyolitic Rocks
Intrusive Rock
？？
Figure 7.3.2 Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model (Section) in Boseti site

7.3.3 Preliminary Target for Test Well Drilling
According to the geothermal model, a wide channel of NNE-SSW high temperature convective zone
(low resistivity zone) associated with two distinctive faults are observed on the ground, namely Fb-1 and
Fb-2. This high-temperature zone may continue toward the south, below Boseti Volcano, and it seems
that the reservoir temperature may increase as the zone gets closer to the volcano. It is expected that the
drilling depth needs to be about 2,000 m to drill up to the assumed high temperature convective zone
with subsurface fault zones. Tentative target and specification of the test well is proposed in Table 7.3.3
and Table 7.3.4. Selected drilling locations are shown in Figure 7.3.3 and Figure 7.3.4.
Table 7.3.3 Tentative Specification of Test Well Drilling in Boseti
Target Area Target Test Drilling

NNE-SSW low resistivity zone along Fault Fb-1 where many Directive Well
BS-1 Area
fumaroles are located.
Center of the reservoir (low resistivity zone) along Fault Fb-2 near Directive Well
BS-2 Area
the volcanic body.
Center of the reservoir (low resistivity zone) along Fault Fb-2 Directive Well
BS-3 Area
where the Fault is clearly observed on the ground.
Table 7.3.4 Tentative Specification of Test Well Drilling in Boseti

Item BS-1 BS-2 BS-3
Outline of the target Aiming at NNE-SSW low Aiming at NNE-SSW low Aiming at NNE-SSW low
resistivity zone along Fault resistivity zone along Fault resistivity zone along Fault
Fb-1. Fb-2. Fb-2.
Location of the Direction from true North Direction from true North Direction from true North
target from standard : S 30°E, standard : S30°E, standard : S30°E,
wellhead Vertical depth: 1,840 m Vertical depth: 1,840 m Vertical depth: 1,840 m
Horizontal distance: 600 m Horizontal distance: 600 m Horizontal distance: 600 m
Approximate depth
of the target 1,000–1,840 1,000–1,840 1,000–1,840
(GL-m)
Estimated
temperature at the Approx. 250–300 oC Approx. 250–300 oC Approx. 250–300 oC
target
KOP (kick off
800 m 800 m 800 m
point)
Drilling depth to
1,840 m 1,840 m 1,840 m
bottom

Geothermal
Reservoir
Figure 7.3.3 Test Well Drilling Plan in Boseti
WNW ESE
Fb-1
Fumarole Fb-2
CAP ROCK
Geothermal
Reservoir
？
Basaltic/
Basaltic/ Rhyolitic Rocks
Rhyolitic Rocks
Intrusive Rock
？？
Figure 7.3.4 Schematic Section of Test Well Drilling in Boseti

7.4 Recalculation of Geothermal Resources and Priority of Geothermal Development
7.4.1 Re-evaluation of Geothermal Potential
Geothermal resources were re-evaluated for Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera) and Boseti geothermal sites based
on geothermal conceptual models. Volumetric method was used for re-calculation of geothermal
resources as described in chapter 3. Reevaluated reservoir volumes and potentials are shown in Table
and Table .
Table 7.4.1 Reservoir Volume Estimated by Geothermal Conceptual Model

Site name Tendaho-2(Ayrobera) Boseti
Estimated
Reservoir Volume 40.0 (12.5) 37.5 (48.6)
(km2)
( ): Estimated Reservoir Volume in Paragraph 3.5 Source: Project Team
Table 7.4.2 Geothermal Potential Recalculated by Reservoir Volume

Site name 80% Occurrence Most Probable 20% Occurrence
Probability (MW) (MW) Probability (MW)
Tendaho-2(Ayrobera) 120 (47) 180 (100) 330 (230)
Boseti 175 (160) 265 (320) 490 (800)
( ): Estimated Geothermal Resource in Paragraph 3.5 Source: Project Team
Compared with the preliminarily estimated results conducted in a previous section, the re-evaluation
resulted in an increase of 80 MW for Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera), and a decrease of 55MW for Boseti
geothermal site.
7.4.2 Review of Priority of Geothermal Development
It is noted that the prioritization conducted in Chapter 5 has already reflected these re-evaluated
potential resources.
7.5 Drilling Plan
7.5.1 Test Drillings
(1) Purpose of Test Drillings
Test drillings are conducted for examination of geothermal resources from geological, geochemical,
and geophysical information. Figure 7.5.1 shows the purpose and method for examination and criteria
for successful/ unsuccessful wells.
(2) Types of Test Wells
There are three types of test wells as shown in Table 7.5.1. The wells with the final diameter under 6 in.
are called ‘Slim Hole’. The drilling cost of smaller diameter test wells are normally cheaper, however,
Type 2 or Type 3 should be adopted when directional drilling and/or production test are applied. Also,
at least 8-1/2 in. is necessary if the test drilling bore will be used for production afterwards.
(1) Clarification of Permiability START (2) Clarification of (3) Clarification of

<During drilling> Temp. and Potencial of Steam
- Discharge of drilling fluid Pressure Product
- Change of weight on drilling bit <After drilling> <After drilling>
<After drilling> - Measurement of - Geothermal Fluid
- Injection test
(1) Permiability NO real temp. and Flow Simulation by
- Fall-off test pressure by well using the result of (1)
- Estimation of Thichness and permiability is Sufficient? logging and (2)
of target strata
YES
[Unsuccessful but techinical Results
obtained] NO (2) High Temp. and (2) High Temp. and
Pressure? Pressure?
NO
- Low-temp. area was clarified
- Injection well area can be considered (3) High potential of (3) Some potential of
Steam Product? Steam Product?
YES
YES [Unsuccessful but techinical Results
(4) Geothermal fluid obtained]
NO is produced with - Low-temp. and low-permiability area
sufficient temp. and was clarified
pressure? - The area will be rejected from
[Partly Successful] Geothermal Development
- High-temp. area was clarified
<To assess low permiability>
[Partly Successful]
- High-temp. area was clarified YES - Geological feature and clogging by
cuttings
- Steam produict is less sufficient - Dedication of Permiability model
<To assess the above phenomena> Successful (4) Clarification of Geothermal Fluid
- Implovement of Permiability
- Geological feature Production
- Consideration of Production Test
- Clogging by cuttings <After drilling>
- Improvement of Permiability Geothermal resource was found - Measurement of temp. pressure and
and clarified flow rate by Production test
Figure 7.5.1 Criteria for Successful/ Unsuccessful Wells
Table 7.5.1 Types of Test Drilling

Size
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Item
Depth (m) 1,500 2,000 2,000
Temperature (°C) 200> 350> 350>
Final Diameter (in.) N～H* 5-5/8”-6-1/4” 8-1/2”
Drilling Type Spindle Rotary Rotary
Coring All coring Spot coring Spot coring
Directional Drilling N/A Applicable Applicable
Testing/ Temperature
Applicable Applicable Applicable
Examination Recovery
Injection Test Applicable Applicable Applicable
Production Test 1 month> 1 month< 1 year
Logging N/A Applicable Applicable
Use for Production Well N/A N/A Applicable
Purpose of Drilling Geological Reservoir evaluation by
evaluation production test
*N: 78.5 mm, H: 98.2 mm N/A: Not Applicable Source: JICA Project Team
(3) Test Drilling at the Target Sites
For the test drillings in Ayrobera and Boseti, it is recommended to drill with Type 2 or 3 for the
purpose of directional drilling to the target at the fractured zone along the faults, and the examination
and evaluation of geothermal reservoir by loggings and production test.

7.5.2 Considerations for Test Drilling
There are some considerations while drilling test wells at the target sites, which were pointed out from
the geological and geographical characteristics.
(1) Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera) Site
 Attention should be paid for drilling problems such as 'stuck pipes' while drilling soft-sediment
formation and pyroclastic formation at a depth from 0 to 50 m.
 It is necessary to prepare enough amounts of drilling water, inhibitor and cement against 'lost
circulation' at the formation with fractures and shallow groundwater aquifer.
 Blow-out Preventer (BOP) should be used while drilling. There is a possibility of a blow-out
even in shallow formation since shallow geothermal reservoir is observed at a depth of 500 m
in Tendaho-1 (Dubti).
(2) Boseti Site
 It is necessary to prepare enough amounts of drilling water, inhibitor and cement against ‘lost
circulation’ of drilling water at the formation with fractures in volcanic rocks, boundaries, and
shallow groundwater aquifer.
 Attention should be paid for drilling problems such as ‘stuck pipe’ at a depth from 0 to 100 m
where alternation of soft-sediment and volcanic rocks are expected.

CHAPTER 8 DATABASE CONSTRUCTION
8.1 Objective and Utilization of the Database
A geothermal database was constructed to systematically store various geothermal data such as
geological, geochemical, and geophysical test results as well as information on topography and
infrastructures.
“G*BASE”, the database software procured for the Geological Survey of Ethiopia (GSE), has been
produced by Geothermal Energy Research and Development Co. Ltd., Japan based on Oracle7/8TM
exclusively for geothermal-related database, and has been used by various geothermal-related users in
Japan. If sufficient information is collected, GSE would be able to conduct reservoir computer
simulations in the near future. At such stage, G*BASE can be also utilized for data input into
TOUGH2, a geothermal reservoir/groundwater simulator and storage of calculation results widely
used worldwide.
8.2 Structure of the Database
The database was constructed using the G*BASE software by digitizing all information for each
prospect. The data and information that can be input in G*BASE are summarized in Table 8.2.1.
Table 8.2.1 Database Structure of “G*BASE”

Data Type Information Examples
Depth Well logging, lost circulation/feed point. casing program, well
(Z, numerical data) direction coordinates, geologic column
2D Discrete data Altitude, depth to the top of rock phases, planar distributions of
(X, Y, numerical) geophysical and geochemical survey
3D Discrete data Geophysical survey (MT resistivity, vertical electronic sounding,
(X, Y, X; numerical) etc.), reservoir simulation results
Chronological data Well test, production-reinjection well record, pressure-temp
(t; numerical) monitoring, geochemistry monitoring, etc.
Place name, manifestation point (hot spring, fumaroles), sampling
Mark data
point coordination, volcano
Road, river, lake, facilities, boundary line, geological maps, faults,
Polygon data
caldera
Image data Satellite imagery, geological maps, geological cross sections,
(planar or sectional pictorial image) seismic reflection survey, planar section at depths
Geochemical data Geochemical analysis results
Each prospect is given a site ID to input and display data and information of the site in G*BASE.
Table 8.2.2 shows the site IDs. Because there are some surveys such as geophysical survey and drilling
survey beyond the boundary of prospects in the Tendaho and Aluto areas, three prospects of Tendaho
1~3 and Aluto 1~3 are integrated in one site ID respectively and registered in G*BASE. The startup
menu of the database is shown in Figure 8.2.1. G*BASE has several applications that need to be
started to input data and information, import geochemical data, display 2-D or 3-D model, and manage
the database. It needs to log in with the site ID and password to start the applications, as shown in
Figure 8.2.1. The site IDs are shown below and the passwords are provided to each GSE staff
separately.
Table 8.2.2 Prospect IDs in G*BASE

Site ID Geothermal Prospects in the Master Plan
dallol 1. Dallol
2. Tendaho 3 (Tendaho-Allalobeda)
tendaho 21. Tendaho 1 (Tendaho-Dubti)
22. Tendaho 2 (Tendaho-Ayrobera)
boina 3. Boina
damali 4. Damali
teo 5. Teo
danab 6. Danab
mateka 7. Meteka
arabi 8. Arabi
dofan 9. Dofan
kone 10. Kone
nazareth 11. Nazareth
gedemsa 12. Gedemsa
tulumoye 13. Tulu Moye
14. Aluto 2 (Aluto-Finkilo)
aluto 15. Aluto 3 (Aluto-Bobesa)
20. Aluto 1 (Aluto-Langano)
abaya 16. Abaya
fantale 17. Fantale
boseti 18. Boseti
corbetti 19. Corbetti
(left: input application, right: login window) Source: JICA Project Team
Figure 8.2.1 Startup Menu of G*BASE
Instructions and training on how to operate G*BASE were given to the GSE staff through training in
Japan and on-the-job training (OJT) in Ethiopia so that GSE is able to update the database in Ethiopia.
A detailed operations manual for G*BASE, which explains how to import data and display 2-D and
3-D geothermal models, is provided to GSE in a separate volume.
8.3 Data and Information in G*BASE
The JICA Project Team constructed the database and input geothermal data provided by GSE and
acquired in this study. Table 8.3.1 presents the list of input data and information. A detailed data list
showing all data stored in G*BASE is shown in Appendix-7.
Table 8.3.1 Geothermal Data in G*BASE

Classification Input Data
Basic Information Topographic Contour
River
Lake
Primary Roads
Railway
Geological Data Geological Map
Fault
Volcano
Caldera
Topography Hydrothermal Alternation
(Remote Sensing Data) Circular Landform
Lineament
Surface Survey Geothermal Manifestation
Sampling Location
Geochemical Geochemical Analysis Result
Geophysical MT/TEM Survey Map
VES Map
Magnetic Sounding Map
Bouguer Anomaly Map
Microseismic Map
Drilling Well Data Well Location
Well Curve
Casing Program
Geological Column
Well Event (Lost circulation point)
Well Logging Data Temperature Logging
Pressure Logging
Well Head Pressure Test
Injection Test
Fall-off Test
Production Test
Discharge Flow Test
Inference Test
Build-up Test
The JICA Project Team had imported into the database not only the survey results of this study but
also data collected from GSE as much as possible. Using one of the applications in G*BASE, the 2-D
and 3-D model can be built as shown in Figure 8.3.1 below. It can be utilized for geothermal reservoir
and fluid simulation.

Figure 8.3.1 2-D Geothermal Model (left) and 3-D Geothermal Model (right) of the Aluto Area
8.4 Management and Upgrading of the Database
It is necessary that GSE upgrade and manage the database properly when it obtains new geothermal
data. Before commencement of this study, existing geothermal data had not been utilized fully by the
GSE staff because most of the data were scattered and not accumulated properly. Moreover, there were
some missing data (including logging data, acquisition date, test conditions, and data unit, etc.). To
avoid the same mistakes, GSE is expected to accumulate all data into the G*BASE database properly.
In utilizing the database, GSE should plan further geothermal surveys and drilling programs and
simulate several tests of geothermal reservoirs and fluids.

The project for Formulating Master Plan
CHAPTER 9 PROPOSED SURVEY UP TO TEST WELL DRILLING
Up until the previous chapters, we have formulated a Master Plan on the Development of Geothermal
Energy in Ethiopia, for the nominated 22 geothermal prospects. Among those, we have selected three
sites i.e. Ayrobera (Tendaho-2), Boseti and Meteka as high priority sites for development except the
sites that have already been committed by other donors or a private firm for development. We
conducted geophysical surveys (MT survey and TE-survey) in Ayrobera (Tendaho-2) and Boseti to
locate targets of test wells to be drilled for resource confirmation, leaving Meteka for GSE to conduct
geophysical survey by themselves. However, it is considered to be a prudent approach that further
detailed surface surveys shall be conducted before costly test wells are to be drilled.
On the other hand, we pointed in section 5.5 that a new public organization be needed for integral
implementation of geothermal energy development. A similar recommendation is said to have been
proposed by IFC.
In this chapter, we will make recommendations on further surface surveys and an approach to creating
the new implementation organization.
9.1 Recommendations on Surface Surveys in the Selected Sites
9.1.1 Target sites to be additionally surveyed
In addition to Ayrobera (Tendaho-2) and Boseti, where we conducted the MT/TEM survey, we
propose to include Butajira (approximately 150 km southwest from Addis Ababa) in our survey
program as a portfolio approach where several sites are to be surveyed in parallel to select the best site
for the costly test well site. Butajira was recognized as a seemingly promising site that was
accidentally identified in May 2014 while drilling a water well. We measured the temperature of a hot
spring at 83.6 ºC; geochemical analysis of the spring water we conducted indicated the temperature
would range from 210 to 250 ºC.
9.1.2 Present development status of Butajira
It is noted that the present development status of Butajira is as follows.
 It is found on the GRMF web site that a consultant submitted EoI to GRMF for surface
survey; the feedback on the EoI will be sent to the applicant on 6th March, 2015;
 GSE explained that the license section of the Ministry of Mines has not receive any
application regarding Butajira geothermal development,
 It is expected that if the application should be accepted, the applicant to GRMF would apply
the license to the Ministry of Mines for surface survey.
 At this moment, Butajira could be included in a future program under JICA.

9.1.3 Approach of the additional survey
We recommend to adopt a two step approach, namely the first step is for additional surface survey in
the nominated three sites, and the second step is for temperature gradient well drillings.
(1) The first step – surface survey
The first step survey consists of (1) Micro-seismicity survey, (2) gravity survey, (3) Magnetic survey,
(4) MT/TEM survey, (5) MT 3D analysis, (6) 2-m depth temperature survey, (7) geological and
geochemical survey, and (8) preliminary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA).
In Ayrobera, Micro-seismicity, additional MT/TEM survey followed by a detailed 3 D analysis are

proposed; In Boseti, a gravity survey and a magnetic survey are proposed for comparison with the
MT/TEM information obtained by this Master Plan Project; and in Butajira, a gravity, magnetic and
MT/TEM survey are proposed. For all the three sites, a 2 m depth temperature survey is proposed. In
addition, geological-geochemical survey and preliminary ESIA will have to be conducted in Butajira if
this should be included in the survey of the next step.
Based on those survey together with the results of the existing survey results, one or two candidate
sites will be proposed for temperature gradient shallow well survey.
Table 9.1.1 Proposed Additional Surface Survey and TG Wells

GSE Input
Butajira
Step
Survey Items Ayrobera Boseti (if additionally JICA Assistance

requested) Capacity Building Equipment
T/C,
Micro-seismicity ☑ - - -
Survey equipment
T/C,
Gravity Survey (Existing data) ☑ ☑ -
Survey equipment
Magnetic
(Existing data) ☑ ☑ Survey equipment T/C
Survey - Geologists,
MT/TEM - Geophysists,
☑ - ☑ - Reservoir engineers Survey equipment T/C
Survey
MT 3D Analysis - - - T/C
1st
2m Depth
T/C,
Temperature ☑ ☑ ☑ -
Survey materials
Survey
Geological and
- Geologist, T/C,
Geochemical done done ☑ Lobo analysis
Labo
- Geochemist Survey materials
survey
T/C,
Preliminry ESIA done done ☑ - -
(out-sourcing)
- Drilling service, Drilling machine,

2nd
TG wells At one or tow

two promising site/s
- Drilling managers, Supporting T/C,
- Geologists, equipment, Drilling Drilling consumables
3rd
Test Wells At the most promising site

- Reservoir engineers crew
Note: TG wells: Temperature gradient wells; T/C: Technical cooperation (Source：JICA Project Team)
ESIA: Environmental, Social Impact Assessment

(2) The second step – Temperature gradient well
At one or two sites that will be selected from the three, drilling of temperature gradient wells is
proposed. A depth of about 300 m per a well is proposed taking into consideration the GSE equipment.
It is desirable to drill 4 wells in one site.
It is noted that the well-head valve together with BOP shall be fixed to the well to avoid possible
blow-out from some of wells.
(3) Third step –Test well
After all the information available and to be made available be integrated examined, test well targets
that were proposed in this master plan project shall be reviewed.
9.2 Proposal for on Master Plan Formulation Project on Establishment of EEGeD
9.2.1 Special Purpose Public Entity (Enterprise)
The recommended new special purpose entity temporarily named as Ethiopian Enterprise for
Geothermal Energy Development (EEGeD). The mandates of EEGeD may be as follows:
 To undertake the geothermal resource surface survey and test drilling,

 To undertake project feasibility study when necessary for a future business of EEGeD,
 To undertake field development wherever possible, and
 To operate steam production and sales wherever possible.
There may be a possibility that EEGeD may extend its operation to power generation.
The merits of forming EEDeD are as follows:
 EEGeD will be able to concentrate its efforts to geothermal development mainly for the
purpose of electricity generation;
 EEGeD will also be able to accumulate its knowledge and experiences within the
organization, which will accelerate geothermal development; and
 EEGeD, as the single focal point for geothermal development in Ethiopia, will be able to
attract donors’ attention, which will make financial arrangement much easier.
9.2.2 Characteristics of EEGeD
The new geothermal-specialized public entity EEGeD shall be financially sustainable once it becomes
a fully-fledged operation. It is for this reason that EEGeD shall undertake steam production and sales,
thereby ensuring stable revenue.
9.2.3 Proposal for the Master Plan Formulation Project on Establishment of EEGeD
To establish the new enterprise EEGeD, a design of institutional and regulations will be necessary.
Even though the final status of EEGeD shall be a financially sustainable organization, there will be a
transitional period when the EEGeD may need financial supports until its fully-fledged operation.
Thus, we would propose a Master Plan Formulation Project to be implemented. The proposed Terms
of Reference is shown in the Table
Table 9.2.1 Proposed TOR of a Master Plan Project on Establishment of EEGeD

1. Rationale for EEGeD
2. Vision and Mission
3. Situation analysis
(Assessment of human, physical and financial resources)
4. Business model
(Value chain mapping and ownership structure)
5. Human Resource Development (Organization and staffing)
6. Legal and regulatory framework
7. Geothermal resource development
8. Financial plan
9. Steam Sales Agreement (SSA)
10. Action Plan for Formation of EEGeD

CHAPTER 10 THE WAY FORWARD:

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Project Team assessed geothermal resources of the nominated 22 sites in Ethiopia based on
existing information, remote sensing analysis, field geological and geochemical survey followed by its
laboratory analysis, and environmental-social impact assessment. Thereby, the Team formulated the
Master Plan on Development of Geothermal Energy in Ethiopia.
Prior to describing conclusions and recommendations, we would first reconfirm and emphasize its
significances of the geothermal energy development in Ethiopia:
1. Geothermal power generation provides reliable electricity supply as base

load throughout a year;
2. Geothermal energy is supreme to other climate-dependent renewable
energies such as wind, solar and/or others;
3. Geothermal energy will reduce drought risks of hydropower-dependent
Ethiopian power supply;
4. Thus, priority has to be given to the earliest and the maximum development
of geothermal energy.
The conclusions and recommendations the Project Team reached are as follows.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The geothermal resources of the target sites are estimated at a 4,500 MW as the most probable
occurrence probability (O/P), a 2,100 MW as 80% O/P, and a 10,800 MW as the 20% O/P. This
estimation is classified as “inferred geothermal resource” since only surface surveys were
conducted for the estimation. This estimation needs to be refined to a level of “indicated or
measured geothermal resources” through conducting geophysical survey and test well drilling for
formulating more specific development plans.
2. The environmental and social impact assessment identified no significant adverse impacts on
natural and social environment with a few exceptions that were eventually ranked at lower
priorities.
3. The 22 sites are classified into the five priority groups, i.e. Priority-S, A, B, C and D on the basis
of the multi-criteria analysis conducted. The analysis concluded that a 610 MW of the Priority-S
should be developed for the period of 2014 to 2018, an approximately 2,800 MW of the Priority A
and B for the period of 2019 to 2025, and an approximately 1,100 MW of the Priority-C and D
for the period of 2026 to 2037.

4. Among the Priority A and B to be developed for the period of 2019 to 2025, the three sites, i.e.
Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera), Boseti and Meteka, are green fields where no other donors or private firms
have committed to development. Those three sites were nominated as priority sites for new
development.
5. The analysis also concluded that the geothermal sites of the Priority A and B should first be
developed prior to some of the wind and solar power generating facilities planed by EEP. EEP
presently plans to install an total of an approximately 1,200 MW of wind and solar power
facilities by 2018.
6. The financial analysis revealed that the generation cost could be below the present domestic tariff
level only when the Priority-A sites are developed with most concessional financing programs
such as Japan’s ODA loans; The generation cost could then be below the present exporting tariff
level when the Priority-A and B sites are developed with more concessional financing programs
such as World Bank loans; the generation cost will exceed the both tariff levels if geothermal sites
are developed with private funds. In other words, public financing schemes shall be utilized for
the geothermal development under the present tariff policy. If private investments are to be
promoted, financial and/or institutional supporting policies will have to be established.
7. The geothermal development has to be implemented by a public entity who shall handle projects
with public financing schemes. A new public entity named EEGeD needs to be established by
merging the existing geothermal related sections in GSE and EEP. Financial sustainability of
EEGeD could be maintained by selling steam to the electricity producer (EEP, etc). Private firms,
however, should be allowed to participate in any stage of the geothermal energy development.
8. The Project Team identified three priority sites, i.e. Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera) of Priority-A, and
Boseti and Meteka of Priority-B, from green fields where other donors or private firms have not
yet committed. Out of those three, geophysical survey was conducted in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera)
and Boseti. Based on the geophysical survey conducted, the outer limits of geothermal reservoir
were preliminarily inferred for each site; thereby, targets of test wells were proposed.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Geothermal power generation will be of paramount importance as a stable base load energy for the
hydropower dependent Ethiopia power supply system, which is susceptible to climate change and
unstable in drought years. The Project Team proposes the following recommendations in order to
accelerate the geothermal development in Ethiopia.
1. To ensure the smooth implementation of the Priority-S projects that are already committed by
other donors or a private firm;

2. To implement, at an earliest convenient, an additional surface survey including temperature

gradient wells at Ayrobera and Boseti. In Butajira that was first identified in 2014, surface survey
including geophysical survey shall be conducted.
3. To realize, as earliest as possible after the above survey, test well drillings at Ayrobera, Boseti or
Butajira wherever deemed to be the most promising;
4. To conduct geophysical survey by GSE at Meteka, were the Master Plan project did not conduct
the geophysical survey though it was selected as one of the priority site.
5. To review and update the geothermal resource assessment as further exploration proceeds,
6. To conduct, as an urgent requirement, a master plan project for the establishment of EEGeD; to
implement capacity building to EEGeD, at very earliest convenient, in order to accelerate the
geothermal development; and
7. To review and update the Master Plan from time to time, since the Ethiopia economy is being
rapidly growing and the world economic circumstances are drastically changing.
End of Document

APPENDIX
List of Appendix
Appendix-1 Remote Sensing Analysis

Appendix-2 Site Reconnaissance
Appendix-3 Volumetric Calculation Method
Appendix-4 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Appendix-5 Calculation of EIRR
Appendix-6 Geophysical Survey
Appendix-7 Database
Appendix-8 Minutes of Meeting
Appendix-9 Record photographs
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. April 2015

JMC Geothermal Engineering Co., Ltd.
APPENDIX-1
REMOTE SENSING ANALYSIS

Figure A.1.1 ASTER Band Ratio Image of Dallol and Boina Sites
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. A-1-1 April 2015
Figure A.1.2 ASTER Band Ratio Image of Danab and Arabi Sites
Figure A.1.3 ASTER Band Ratio Image of Tendaho, Teo, Damali, and Meteka Sites
Figure A.1.4 ASTER Band Ratio Image of Central Part (Gedemsa and Others)
Figure A.1.5 ASTER Band Ratio Image of Southern Part (Aluto and Others)
Figure A.1.6 PALSAR Mosaic Image of Single Polarized Wave (HH) of Dallol and Boina Sites
Figure A.1.7 PALSAR Mosaic Image of Single Polarized Wave (HH) of Danab and Arabi Sites
Figure A.1.8 PALSAR Mosaic Image of Single Polarized Wave (HH) of Tendaho, Teo, Damali, and
Meteka Sites
Figure A.1.9 PALSAR Mosaic Image of Single Polarized Wave (HH) of Central Part (Gedemsa and
Others)
Figure A.1.10 PALSAR Mosaic Image of Single Polarized Wave (HH) of Southern Part (Aluto and
Others)
APPENDIX-2
SITE RECONNAISSANCE
Site No. 2 Site Name: Tendaho-3 (Tendaho-Allalobeda) Regional State: Afar

Satellite Imagery and Route Map
0.5 km
N
Legend
Surveyed Route
Fumarole
Hot Spring
Other Geological
Feature
Center Coord. (WGS84)
Lat: N 11038’34.29”
Lon: E41000’58.70”
Surveyed Date:
12 April, 2014
by Google Earth Pro:
http://www.google.com/earth
General Geology Photos
The site is located at the western edge of Manda-
Hallaro Graven. Layered basalt and andesite lava
of Afar Stratoid are observed (1-4Ma, by V.
Accolela et.al. (2008))
Geological Structure, Fault and Others

The site is located along NW-SE marginal fault of
Manda- Halaro Graven, associated with minor
faults. The height of fault scarp is approx. 200m.
Manifestation
More than 20 hot springs and geysers are found
along NW-SE marginal fault within 1 km Overview
diameter, showing definite relationship between
the faults and manifestations. Whitish gray
amorphous silica is deposited around the springs.
Alteration
No alteration was observed at the host rock.
Others
Remote sensing result shows no indication of
alteration; due to no alteration minerals were
found.
Geyser

Site No. 7 Site Name: Meteka Regional State: Afar

0.5 km
N
Legend
Surveyed Route
Fumarole
Hot Spring
Other Geological
Feature
Lat: N 9059’18.78”
Lon: E40032’56.33”
Surveyed Date:
08-09 April, 2014
The site is located at the steep fault scarp.
Andesite lava and pyroclastic rocks of Afar
Stratoid are observed at the fault scarp. Western
side is a swampy area where Awash River is
flown to the north.

The site is located along NE-SW steep but unclear
fault; height of fault scarp is approx. 200m.
Quaternary volcanoes of Wonji Group are located
at approx. 9km east-northeast of the manifestation
sites.
Manifestation
Many hot springs are found at the foot of fault
scarp distributed within 2km, showing Hot spring at roadside
relationship between the faults and
manifestations.
Alteration
Amorphous quartz, Calcite in amygdule, and
gypsum vain are observed in andesite, indicating
low hydrothermal alteration.
Others
Remote sensing result indicated the alteration
zone at the Quaternary volcanoes; however the
area is dangerous and difficult to reath them.
Hydrothermal Alteration in rock

Site No. 9 Site Name: Dofan Regional State: Afar

2.0 km
N
Legend
Surveyed Route
Fumarole
Hot Spring
Other Geological
Feature
Lat: N 9022’14.19”
Lon: E40007’26.81”
Surveyed Date:
07 April, 2014
The site is geologically located at the center of rift
valley, composing the volcanic mountain. Basalt
and andesite lava of Quaternary Dofan Basalt is
observed.

Wonji faults (NNE-SSW faults) are commonly
run through volcanic mountain. Wonji Basalt was
erupted and covers Dofan basalt in some area.
Manifestation
Many fumaroles are observed at the center of the
Overview of Fumarole site
volcanic mountain, associated with white clay and
sulfur. Large hot springs are observed at the
northern foot of the mountain.
Alteration
White clay with sulfur is observed around
fumaroles, indicates acidic alteration by H2S in
fumaroles gas. The alteration zone is distributed
by circle in ground, indicates that piped-shape
alteration zone may continue down to the ground.
Others
The alteration zone matched the result of remote
sensing results.
Hot Spring

Site No. 10 Site Name: Kone Regional State: Afar

2.0 km
N
Legend
Surveyed Route
Fumarole
Hot Spring
Other Geological
Feature
Lat: N 8050’51.57”
Lon: E 39041’57.15”
Surveyed Date:
24, 30 January, 2014
The site is geologically located at the center of rift
valley, mainly rhyolitic welded tuffs of Wonji
Group are distributed at the area.

Distinctive two calderas are observed. Larger
caldera is called Kone caldera, (6km x 4km).
Small caldera is called Korke caldera (2km x
1km). Outflow of caldera is not found. Wonji
faults (NNE-SSW faults) are commonly run
through outside of caldera. Wonji Basalt was
erupted and filled in both calderas; some of them
are very recent.
Manifestation
Very weak fumarole is found at the inside of Site Overview (Korke)
Kone caldera.
Alteration
No alteration was observed at the host rock.
Others
Remote sensing result shows some clay and
chlorite-type alterations at surrounded area;
however alteration zone was not found by survey.
Fumarole in Caldera

Site No. 11 Site Name: Nazreth (Boku, Sodole) Regional State: Oromia
3.0 km
N
Legend
Surveyed Route
Fumarole
Hot Spring
Other Geological
Feature
Lat: N 8026’46.13”
Lon: E 39019’39.66”
Surveyed Date:
27 January, 2014
The site is located at the south of Nazreth
(Adama). Rhyolitic volcanic rocks of Priocene are
mainly distributed. The crescent shape ridge
(Boko scarp) ridge is located at Boko, may
indicate remnant of caldera structure.

run through outside of caldera. The eastern part of
Boko ridge, Wonji Basalt is erupted with forming
volcanic cones.
Manifestation
Sodole hot spring and Boko fumarole is famous;
Fumarole from fractures (Boko)
however other manifestation is not common.
Boko is located at the foot of Wonji Fault,
fumaroles are coming from fractures.
Alteration
Amorphous silica (agate) with clay minerals are
found in pyroclastic rock in Boko; it may indicate
low-grade alteration or hydrothermal alteration.
Others
alteration.
Hot Spring (Sodole)

Site No. 12 Site Name: Gedemsa Regional State: Oromia

5.0 km
N
Legend
Surveyed Route
Fumarole
Hot Spring
Other Geological
Feature
Lat: N 8021’11.14”
Lon: E 39010’41.46”
Surveyed Date:
25, 29 January, 2014
The site is located at the southwest of Nazreth
town, and east of Lake Koka. The site composed
of large caldera (12km x 10km) in Nazret Group
and volcanoes inside the caldera.

developed at outside of caldera. Wonji Basalt was
erupted at north and south of caldera.
Some of Wanji fault continues inside the caldera.
Manifestation
No manifestation was found inside the caldera;
Weak fumarole from western caldera rim
only weak fumaroles are found at the western
caldera rim. Hot springs and some fumaroles are
found at the outside of caldera; that coincide
distribution of Wonji fault.
Alteration
Amorphous quartz (agate) was found at welded
tuff outcropped at caldera rim, however there is
no or few relation with geothermal alteration.
Others
Remote sensing result shows clay alteration at the
volcano inside the caldera; however alteration
was not found.
Hot Spring (Gergedi, Hippo Pool)

Site No. 14 Site Name: Finkilo (Aluto-2) Regional State: Oromia

1.0 km
N
Legend
Surveyed Route
Fumarole
Hot Spring
Other Geological
Feature
Lat: N 7047’38.91”
Lon: E 38046’26.72”
Surveyed Date:
21 January, 2014
The site is located in Aluto volcanic complex and
at the west of Aluto-Langano Geothermal site.
The area is composed of Quaternary rhyolite
lavas and pyroclastic rocks of Aluto Volcanics.

The site is located at slope and terrace area inside
the volcanic complex. No faults are visible at the
site. Small crater with fumaroles and outflown
obsidian lava was observed at the northern part of
the site
Manifestation
Many fumaroles are observed at the valley at the
Overview of Finkilo Site
southern part.
Alteration
Altered clay was observed only at the fumaroles
points, indicates very low alteration.
Others
Remote sensing result shows clay alteration in
some parts; low-altered pumice tuffs are
distributed.
Fumaroles at the valley

Site No. 15 Site Name: Bobesa (Aluto-3) Regional State: Oromia

1.0 km
N
Legend
Surveyed Route
Fumarole
Hot Spring
Other Geological
Feature
Lat: N 7047’29.14”
Lon: E 38049’16.38”
Surveyed Date:
19-20 January, 2014
The site is located in Aluto volcanic complex and
at the east of Aluto-Langano Geothermal site. The
area is composed of Quaternary rhyolite lavas and
pyroclastic rocks of Aluto Volcanics.

The site is located at the eastern part and outside
of the volcanic complex. No faults are visible at
the site; however the distribution of fumaroles
may indicate subsurface faults of NNE-SSW.
Manifestation
Mainly two fumaroles are observed;
Overview
1) Active fumaroles area approx. 6km east of
Power Plant (Bobesa)
2) Active fumaroles in the valley outside the
mountain (Gebiba)
Alteration
Others
Remote sensing result matched the fumaroles area
in Bobesa.
Fumaroles from the fractures

Site No. 18 Site Name: Boseti Regional State: Oromia

0.5 km
N
Legend
Surveyed Route
Fumarole
Hot Spring
Other Geological
Feature
Lat: N 11038’34.29”
Lon: E41000’58.70”
Surveyed Date:
12 April, 2014
The site is located at the north of Boseti mountain
(Boseti bericha). The area was consisted of
basaltic lavas of Wonji Basalt, which was covered
by obsidian lava flows outpoured by Boseti
Volcano.

Wonji Fault (NNE-SSW faults) are commonly
developed the area, forming sharp scarps. Boseti
mountains coincide with NNE-SSW faults and
some obsidian lavas outpoured through the open
faults.
Manifestation
Some fumaroles are observed along Wonji Fault
in northern part (Kintano) of Boseti Bericha Overview
mountain.
Alteration
Others
Remote sensing result shows some clay and
chlorite-type alterations at the eastern foot of the
mountain; however no alteration was found by
survey.
Sampling of fumaroles at fault scarp

Site No. 20 Site Name: Aluto-Langano (Aluto1) Regional State: Oromia

0.5 km
N
Legend
Surveyed Route
Fumarole
Hot Spring
Other Geological
Feature
Lat: N 7047’38.57”
Lon: E 38047’46.97”
Surveyed Date:
19 January, 2014
The site is located mostly at the center in Aluto
volcanic complex. The area is composed of
Quaternary rhyolite lavas and pyroclastic rocks of
Aluto Volcanics.

Total nine (9) geothermal wells were drilled in the
area where subsurface faults are expected. Three
(3) wells are used for productive well while one
(1) well is used for injection well. NNE-SSW
fault scarps are observed beside LA-6 and LA-8,
considered as Wonji Fault.
Manifestation
Few fumaroles are found besides NNE-SSW fault Fumarole near the power plant
scarps at the south of Power Plant.
Alteration
Others
Remote sensing result shows no alteration rock at
the surface.
Gas Sampling from LA-6

Site No. 21 Site Name: Tendaho-1 (Dubti) Regional State: Afar

0.5 km
N
Legend
Surveyed Route
Fumarole
Hot Spring
Other Geological
Feature
Lat: N 11046’51.44”
Lon: E41008’11.00”
Surveyed Date:
12 April, 2014
The site is geologically located at the center of
Manda- Hararo Graven. The site is covered by
alluvial sediments supplied by Awash River.

No geological structure is found at the site;
however mud pools are aligned the direction of
NW-SE, which is concordant with the main
spreading axis of the Graven. Five (5) test wells
were drilled in 1990s’.
Manifestation
More than ten (10) mud pools are aligned at the
Mud pool (Diameter :10m)
alluvial plain. The gas with muddy water is
continuously bubbled at the mud pools. Some
fumaroles are found at around mud pools.
Alteration
No alteration was observed.
Others
alteration; because of alluvial plain.
Sampling from test well

Site No. 22 Site Name: Tendaho-2 (Tendaho-Ayrobera) Regional State: Afar

0.2 km
N
Legend
Surveyed Route
Fumarole
Hot Spring
Other Geological
Feature
Lat: N 11053’26.28”
Lon: E 41005’37.76”
Surveyed Date:
14 April, 2014
The site is located at the center of Manda- Hararo
Graven and the north of Dubti. Layered basalt and
andesite lava, pyroclastic rocks and volcanic
sediments of Afar Stratoid are observed (1-4Ma,
by V. Accolela et.al. (2008))

The site is located at the side between basalt hills
and alluvial plain. NW-SE faults are commonly
developed in basalt hills.
Manifestation
Ten (10) or more fumaroles are found along
Overview: Mounds in Alluvial Plain
NW-SE direction. Fumaroles are spout out
directly from the ground. In alluvial plain,
fumaroles points originate many mounds.
Alteration
No alteration was found.
Others
alteration.
Geyser

APPENDIX-3
VOLUMETRIC CALCULATION METHOD

PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal energy Reservoir Engineering
Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 26-28, 2015
SGP-TR-204
A Rational and Practical Calculation Approach for Volumetric Method

Shinya Takahashi, Satoshi Yoshida
Nippon Koei, Co., Ltd, 5-4 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8539, Japan
[email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: volumetric method, typical power cycle process, steam-liquid separation process, adiabatic heat drop, exergy efficiency,
available thermal energy function
ABSTRACT
The USGS volumetric method together with Monte Carlo simulations is widely used for assessing the electrical capacity of a
geothermal reservoir. However, the USGS method appears not to be easily usable with the probabilistic method. On the other hand,
some of prevailing references practice the volumetric method calculations differently from the USGS method; in many cases rational
explanations are not necessarily provided. Instead, we herein propose a rational and practical calculation method by reflecting both the
steam-liquid separation process at separator and the adiabatic heat-drop process at turbine, together with a rational temperature at
condenser; that can be used with Monte Carlo method also. The proposed method enables us to assess electrical capacity by clearly and
rationally defined parameters for the equations; resulting in clearer understandings of the electrical capacity estimation of a geothermal
reservoir. The proposed method shows an approximate agreement with the USGS method, but gives larger estimation results than the
ones given by the prevailing calculation method. This might be attributed to how underground-related parameters should be estimated.
1. INTRODUCTION
USGS (Muffler, L.J.P, Editor 1978) introduced the stored heat method for assessing the electrical capacity of a geothermal reservoir.
The equations for the methods are as follows.
qr = ρCV (Tr − Tref ) [kJ] (1)
Rg = qWH qr [-] (2)
qWH = mWH (hWH − href ) [kJ] (3)
WA = mWH [hWH − h0 − T0 ( sWH − s0 )] [kJ] or [kW] (4)

(for a geothermal reservoir temperature > 150°C)
E = WAηu /(FL) [kJ/s] or [kW] (5)
Where qr is reservoir geothermal energy, qWH is geothermal energy recovered at wellhead, Tr is reservoir temperature, Tref is reference
temperature, T0 is rejection temperature (Kelvin), mWH is mass of geothermal fluid produced at wellhead, hWH is specific enthalpy of
geothermal fluid produced at wellhead, href is specific enthalpy of geothermal fluid at reference temperature, h0 is specific enthalpy of
fluid at final state, sWH is specific entropy of fluid at wellhead, s0 is specific entropy of fluid at final state, ρC is volumetric specific heat
of reservoir, V is reservoir volume, Rg is recovery factor, WA is available work (exergy), E is power plant capacity, ηu is utilization factor
(that includes energy ratio of steam fraction separated from the fluid and exergy efficiency), F is power plant capacity factor and L is
power plant life.
While it is said that this is a good approach from theoretical perspectives, it includes issues to be discussed when used for liquid
dominant geothermal fluid recovered at wellhead.
S K. Garg et al (2011) pointed out that the “available work” of USGS methodology is a strong function of the reference temperature,
and that the utilization factor (i.e. ratio of electric energy generated to available work) depends on both power generating system and
reference temperature. On the other hand, the AGEG Geothermal energy Lexicon (compiled by J. Lawless 2010) described that
recovery factor of the USGS method rejects both the fraction of heat below commercially useful temperature and fraction of
unrecoverable heat, when used for liquid dominant geothermal fluid. These and other relevant references we reviewed suggest that we
should examine utilization factor and/or recovery factor in connection with both of liquid-steam separation process and reference
temperature when we use the USGS method for a flash type power cycle using liquid dominant geothermal fluid. The determination of
these parameters with considerations on the relations among these, will require proper and deep understandings of geothermal
generation system. In addition, we observe that the equation (1) to (4) appear to be imbalancing, because the equations (1) to (3) include
two reference-related parameters (Tref, href) whereas the exergy equation (4) does not include reference-related parameters in the square
bracket. We also observe that the calculations using the USGS equations that include variable Tr dependent-parameters (hWH, sHW), with
1
S. Takahashi and S. Yoshida, Nippon Koei, Co., Ltd, Tokyo
Monte Carlo simulations, would be laborious. Thus, we consider that the USGS method would not be easily applicable for assessment
of electric capacity of a geothermal reservoir with Monte Carlo simulations.
In place of the USGS method, the different method is being used by many prevailing references for geothermal resource estimations.
We name this different method “the prevailing method”. The equation of the prevailing method is given as follows.
E = Rgη c ρCV (Tr − Tref ) /( FL) [kJ/s] or [kW] (6)
Where ƞc is named as “conversion factor”.
The core term ρCV(Tr – Tref) in the equation (6) is exactly the same as the equation (1) of the USGS method. The theoretical concept,
however, appears to be quite different. The prevailing method adopts much higher temperatures such as 150 ºC, 180 ºC or others to the
reference temperature (Tref); while the USGS method defines that the reference temperature (Tref) for all cycles is chosen as 15 ºC (i.e.
the average ambient temperature of the USA) and the rejection temperature as T0=40 ºC (i.e. a typical condenser temperature) in the
calculation of available work (WA) of the equation (4). The reference temperature in the prevailing method is sometimes named as the
abandonment temperature.
The prevailing method is said to be derived from Pálmason, G. et al (1985, in Icelandic). There seems however to have been variations
in slecting the temperature (AGEG, 2010 refers to various cases). It is explained sometimes in such a way that it adopts a separator
temperature to the reference temperature to exclude the geothermal energy to be abandoned as liquid form that is separated from fluid at
separator. Here, a question arises on how the equation distinguishes the steam and the liquid; both separated in the separator at the same
temperature; thereafter the liquid is to be abandoned whereas the steam to be used. Another application is that a cut-off temperature is
sometimes selected. It would be conceived that the cut-off temperature is included in the equations to exclude non-economically-
valuable fluid produced from the reservoir that has already been delineated by practitioners, where the cut-off temperature is understood
as the one that defines the outer limit of the reservoir. Here, another question arises on why the cut-off temperature should be included
in the equation if the outer limit of the reservoir has already been defined by the cut-off temperature to exclude non-economically-
valuable fluid. Both cases above seem to be illogical.
The other different point is that the prevailing method adopts the conversion factor ηc ranging from 0.13 to 0.16 approximately; while
the USGS method recommends 0.4-0.45 to the utilization factor ηu defined by the equation (5). Obiter, the equation (6) appears to be
nothing but expressing a thermodynamic process: the term RgρCV(Tr – Tref), (Tr >0 ºC and Tref>0 ºC are assumed here), is the recovered
heat energy that is made available when the temperature of fluid changes from Tr to Tref, the fluid that conveys the heat from the
reservoir. The term RgρCV(Tr – Tref) in the equation (1) of the USGS method expresses the heat energy available at the temperature
condition of Tref ; in this context, it is clear that the utilization factor ηu was intended to include the steam energy ratio against the
recovered energy and the exergy efficiency. On the other hand, it appears not to be clear what efficiencies are included in the conversion
factor ηc because inclusion of the Tref of much higher temperature in the equation (6) makes the thermodynamic implication of the
equation ambiguous.
Thus, we consider that the prevailing method might be an empirical method based on field wisdom that attempts to assess electric
capacity of geothermal reservoir that produces liquid dominate fluid at wellhead by modifying the concept of the USGS method. This is
further discussed in the section 6 of this paper.
Instead, we herein propose a rational and practical method that defines the aboveground-related key parameters; that reflects the steam-
liquid separation process in the calculations; that can be used with the Monte Carlo method also. The proposed method enables us to
select a reference temperature, a recovery factor and a conversion/utilization factor rationally and independently, and separately from
consideration of the steam-liquid separation process; that results in clearer understanding of the resource estimation.
2. INTRODUCTION OF AVAILABLE THERMAL ENERGY FUNCTION ζ

We begin our explanation with turbine side; because our primary interest lies on electrical power generation, and for that reason here
includes the key point of this paper. We calculate electric energy by using the adiabatic heat-drop concept (or exergy concept) at turbine.
This is widely used for design of turbine-generator system. In Figure-1 we illustrated the conceptual model of geothermal generation
system we assumed. The electric capacity produced at turbine-generator system is written as;
E = η ex mtbin (htbin − htbout ) ( FL) [kW] (7)

or
E = η ex (qtbin − qtbout ) ( FL) [kW] (8)
Where ηex is exergy efficiency, mtb in is mass of steam at inlet of turbine, htb in is specific enthalpy at inlet of turbine, htb out is specific
enthalpy at outlet of turbine, qtb in is thermal energy at inlet of turbine, qtb out is thermal energy immediately after turbine.
Here, we introduce the “available thermal energy function” defined by the following equation.
ζ = ( qtbin − qtbout ) qWH [-] (9)
2
Where ζ is the available thermal energy function.
The available thermal energy function (9) we introduced, represents the ratio of the heat-drop at turbine against thermal energy available
at wellhead. In other word, it represents the ratio of available thermal energy for electrical power generation against thermal energy
available at wellhead.
Combined with the available thermal energy function (9), the equation (8) is rewritten as;
E = η ex ζqWH ( FL) [kW] (10)
Further, combined with the equations (1) and (2), the equation (10) is rewritten as;
E = ηex ζRg ρCV (Tr − Tref ) ( FL) [kW] (11)
where
ρC = (1 − ϕ )C r ρ r + ϕC f ρ f [kJ/(kgºC)] (12)
Where Cr is specific heat of reservoir rock matrix, Cf is specific heat of reservoir fluid, ρr is density of reservoir rock matrix and ρf is
density of reservoir fluid.
𝐄𝐄 = Ƞ𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞 (𝐪𝐪𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢 − 𝐪𝐪𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 )

𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
𝐦𝐦𝐭𝐭𝐛𝐛𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢 = 𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
Separator 𝐪𝐪𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢
Generator
T=𝐓𝐓𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 Steam
Turbine
𝐪𝐪𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨
Condenser T=𝐓𝐓𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜
𝐦𝐦𝐖𝐖𝐖𝐖
𝐪𝐪𝐖𝐖𝐖𝐖 = 𝐑𝐑 𝐠𝐠 𝐪𝐪𝐫𝐫
𝐪𝐪𝐫𝐫 = 𝛒𝛒𝛒𝛒𝛒𝛒(𝐓𝐓𝐫𝐫 − 𝐓𝐓𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫 ) Reservoir
Figure 1 Simplified single flash power plant schematic
The available thermal energy function ζ in the equation (11) exclusively includes the thermal energy of the steam fraction only that is
used for power generation. By introducing the available thermal energy function ζ to the volumetric method calculation, we can limit
our considerations about utilization factor or conversion factor to turbine-generator related matters; and we can also limit our
considerations about recovery factor to underground phenomenon. Thereby, the proposed method enables a rational assessment of
electrical capacity of a geothermal reservoir by rationally defined parameters of the equations of the volumetric method.
3. INTRODUCTION OF READILY CALCULABLE EQUATIONS FOR ζ

In this section, we will describe the procedure of how we obtain calculable equations of the available thermal energy function ζ ; and
thereafter, we will introduce approximation equations of the available thermal energy function ζ for practical uses, as direct functions
of a reservoir temperature Tr .
3.1 Assumptions
We assume that geothermal energy is recovered as saturated and single-phase liquid. This is not only for a simplification of calculation;
but also for a reason that S. K. Sanyal et al (2005) pointed out that the “explicit consideration of the two-phase volume in reservoir
estimation is not critical”.
We also assume a single flash power cycle with a separator of a typical pressure. Dry steam is assumed at inlet of turbine; wet steam is
then assumed immediately after turbine to obtain near-realistic power output. We will assign a typical temperature to condenser, too.
3
3.2 Determination of “available thermal energy function ζ ”

3.2.1 Geothermal energy recovered at the wellhead ( qWH )
The geothermal energy recovered at wellhead is defined by the equation (3) when the final state of the fluid is the one under the ambient
condition. However, since we assume a geothermal power plant of single flash type, the final state of the fluid contributing power
generation should be under the condenser condition. We will assume at a later part of this paper the condenser temperature. Thus, at this
step of calculation we assume that all the recovered heat at the well head will be sent from the wellhead to the separator.
qWH L = mWH L hWH L [kJ] (13)
Where qWH L is geothermal energy recovered as liquid phase at wellhead, mWH L is mass of single phase geothermal liquid produced at
wellhead, hWH L is specific enthalpy of single phase geothermal liquid produced at wellhead.
3.2.2 Thermal energy at the inlet of the turbine ( qtbin )
The thermal energy at turbine inlet ( qtbin ) should be the thermal energy of dry steam separated at separator from fluid recovered at
wellhead. The following equations give the mass of the steam fraction separated at separator, and to be sent to turbine.
msp S = α sp S mWH L [kg] (14)
α sp S = (hWH L − hsp L ) (hsp S − hsp L ) [-] (15)
Where msp s is mass of steam fraction separated at separator, αsp s is ratio of steam mass fraction separated at separator, hsp L is specific
enthalpy of liquid fraction separated at separator, and hsp S is specific enthalpy of steam fraction separated at separator.
From the above, the thermal energy at turbine inlet is given by;
qtbin = msp S hsp S = α sp S mWH L hsp S [kJ] (16)
3.2.3 Thermal energy immediately after the turbine( qtbout )

The dry steam in turbine is losing its thermal energy; and becomes wet steam when exhausted from turbine. The adiabatic heat-drop
concepts explains this process. The following equation gives the dryness (quality) of the wet steam immediately after turbine.
χ = ( ssp S − scd L ) ( scd s − scd L ) [-] (17)
Where χ is quality of steam (dryness of steam), Ssp S is entropy of steam fraction at separator, Scd L is entropy of liquid fraction at
condenser and Scd S is entropy of steam fraction at condenser.
Then the enthalpy of the wet steam is given by;
htbout SL = hcd L + (hcd S − hcd L ) χ [kJ/kg] (18)
Where htbout SL is specific enthalpy of wet steam immediately after turbine, hcd L is specific enthalpy of liquid fraction at condenser and
hcd-S is specific enthalpy of steam fraction at condenser.
Since the same mass as that of the dry steam is exhausted out of turbine, the thermal energy immediately after turbine is given by;
qtbout = msp S htbout SL = α sp S mWH htbout SL [kJ] (19)

L
3.2.3 The available thermal energy function ζ

Replacing the variables of the equation (9) with the equations (13), (16), and (19) gives the following equation.
ζ = α spS (hsp − htboutSL ) (hWH L ) [-] (20)

S
With the equation above, we can obtain specific values of the ζ by giving the enthalpies.
3.2.3 Introduction of approximation equations of ζ for practical uses.

Calculation using the variables in the equation (20) for each reservoir temperature is laborious and not readily usable with the Monte
Carlo Method. We will then introduce approximation equations of the ζ from the calculation results of the five typical reservoir
temperatures, i.e. 180 ºC, 200 ºC, 250 ºC, 300 ºC, and 340 ºC.
For the calculation we assume that the separator pressure is 5 bar (151.8 ºC), because the produced electrical power would be maximum
when the separator pressure is around 4 bar to 5 bar. Let us assume the power generation is E=1.00 when the separator temperature is
150 ºC. A simplified calculation for various separator temperatures gives the following results: i.e. when the separator temperature is
4
120 ºC, 140 ºC, 160 ºC, and 180 ºC; then, electric energy produced at turbine-generator system will be E=0.95, E=1.00, E=0.98, and
E=0.88 respectively. R. Dipippo (2008) shows similar results.
We assume typical values for the other factors as follows.
Condenser temperature(Tcd) : 40.0 ºC (a typical temperature of condenser)
The results are shown in Figure-2. It confirms that the ζ can be expressed as functions of the reservoir temperate (Tr). The form of the
approximation equation is given below.
ζ = 0.0000000127Tr3 − 0.0000124900Tr2 + 0.0046543806Tr − 0.4591082158 [ - ] (21)
The curve of the equation (21) is shown in the Figure-2. It shows the available heat function ζ will be zero when the reservoir
temperature equals to the separator temperature Tsp (151.8 ºC). At this state, the recovered fluid no longer flashes in the separator. This
temperature shall be “the plant minimum operation temperature” for a flash type system, that is defined only by separator temperature.
Note this should be differentiated from “cut-off temperature” that should define the spatial outer limits of the reservoir
ζ=(qtb_in - qtb_out)/qWH
18% (single flash)
16%
14%
12%
10%
ζ 8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
Reservoir Temperature (ºC)
Figure 2: Calculation results of ζ against various reservoir temperatures..

3.3 Selection of Conversion Factor – Turbine-generator efficiency: Exergy Efficiency ( ηex )
We have started the electric capacity calculation with the equation (7). The coefficient η ex should therefore be defined as:
η ex = {E ( FL)} /{mtb in (htbin − htbout )} [-] (22)
Note that this coefficient ƞex is the “functional exergy efficiency (DiPippo 2008, p 240)” that is different from both the “utilization factor
ƞu” defined in the equation (5) of the USGS method and the “conversion factor ƞc” in the equation (6) of the prevailing method; the
“utilization factor” will include the energy ratio of steam separated from the fluid and exergy efficiency; the “conversion factor” may
include the energy ratio of steam separated from the fluid, Carnot efficiency and exergy efficiency (the “conversion factor” of the
prevailing method is not necessarily clearly defined, because the method appears not to be explainable from thermodynamic point of
view.)
For the parameters in the right side of the equation (22), we examined the 189 existing geothermal power stations all over the world
which are listed in the booklet (ENAA 2013 in Japanese), thereafter, we calculated each exergy efficiency defined by the equation (22).
In the calculation, steam dryness was also considered immediately after the turbine. After the calculation, we examined the correlation
between the exergy efficiencies and the temperature drops (Ttbin − Tcd ) between turbine inlet and condenser. Thereby, we obtained the
following approximation equation.
ηex = 0.163897 ln(Ttbin − Tcd ) − 0.001766 ± 0.05 [-] (23)
Where Ttb in is temperature of turbine inlet and Tcd is temperature of condenser.

The graphical scatter plot showed large variations; we, therefore, added a distribution range of ± 0.05. This is because the actual
efficiencies of turbine-generator system depend on many factors that include the efficiency of basic power plant design, resource
temperature, concentrations of dissolved gases in the reservoir fluid, the condition of plant maintenance and so on. Nevertheless and for
that reason, the approximation equation (22) reflects actual conditions and therefore applicable for the calculation of the volumetric
method.
5
For our case of Ttbin = 151.8 ºC, Tcd = 40 ºC,
ηex = 0.77 ± 0.05 [-] (24)
3.3 About Recovery Factor Rg

There are a number of references that discussed on the recovery factor. M. A. Grant (2014) recently pointed out that the past values of
recovery factor have been in all cases high in comparison with actual performance. We herein refer to some of the papers we examined.
GeothermEx (2004) describes: “Based on our assessment of more than 100 geothermal energy sites around the world, we have found it
more realistic to apply a recovery factor in the range of 0.05 (Min) to 0.2 (Max) without application of a most-likely value”.
C.F.Williams et al (USGS open-file Report 2008-1296) describes that the recovery factor “ Rg for fracture-dominated reservoirs is
estimated to range from 0.08 to 0.2, with a uniform probability over the entire range. For sediment-hosted reservoirs this range is
increased from 0.1 to 0.25”.
S.K. Garg and J. Combs (2010) describes: “Prior to geothermal energy well drilling and testing, it will not in general be possible to
obtain any reliable estimates of reservoir thickness and thermal recovery factor. Since it may eventually prove impossible to produce
fluid from a geothermal energy reservoir, the possibility of the thermal recovery factor being zero cannot be discounted during the
exploration phase; therefore, the proper range for thermal recovery factor is from 0 to 0.20 (the latter value is believed to be the
maximum credible value based on world-wide experience with production from liquid-dominated reservoirs)”.
AGEA compiled by J. Lawless (2010) describes: “In fracture dominated reservoirs where there is insufficient information to accurately
characterize the fracture spacing, adopt the mean USGS value of 14%, or 8 to 20 % with a uniform probability over the entire range
when used in probabilistic estimates”. “In sedimentary reservoirs or porous volcanic-hosted reservoirs, of ‘moderate’ porosity (less than
7% on average), adopt the mean USGS value of 17.5%, or 10 to 25% with a uniform probability over the entire range when used in
probabilistic estimate”. “In the case of sedimentary or porous volcanic-hosted reservoir of exceptionally high average porosity (over
7%), adopt the empirical criterion of recovery factor 2.5 times the porosity to a maximum of 50%”.
M.A. Grant (2014) pointed out that there are a wide range of recovery factors: 3-17 % covers the entire range of observed results. This
indicates that any result is subject to an error of at least a factor of 2, or alternatively ± 70%. One conclusion is immediate: past recovery
factors have been too high, and comparison with actual performance show that an average value of 10% should be used.
The decision on what values should be chosen is left to professionals in charge, that depends on the site conditions, past experiences
and/or degrees of diagnostic confidence. Note that the proposed method enables that the recovery factor can be determined
independently from both the liquid-steam separation process and conversion process of thermal energy to electric energy.
4. EXAMINATIONS OF THE RESULTS

We calculated electric powers per km2 (power density) by three different methods of the USGS method, the proposed method and the
prevailing method for a comparison purpose with the following parameters.
Cr = 1.0 [kJ/(kg ºC)]

ρr = 2750 [kg/m3 ]
Cf = 5.0 [kJ/(kg ºC)]
ρf = 790 [kg/m3 ]
V =2 [km3], (Reservoir thickness 2 k m)
F = 0.9 [-]
L = 30 [years to be converted to second when applied]
Rg = 0.12 [-]
Tref = 0.01 ºC (hL=0 kJ/kg for the proposed method assuming all the recovered heat is sent to the separator)
= 20 ºC for the USGS method;
= 150 ºC or 180 ºC for the prevailing method
T0 = 40 ºC for the USGS method (condenser temperature)
Conversion factor ηC = 0.13 for the prevailing method
Utilization factorηU = 0.45 for the USGS method
Exergy efficiency η ex = 0.77 for the proposed method
The results are given in Figure-3. It shows that the proposed method is in good agreement with the USGS method. In addition, it gives
similar results to the power density (‘the main sequence’) presented by wilmarth et al (2014). A deviation from the USGS method is
observed at lower side of reservoir temperature. This is because that the USGS method adopts a fixed utilization factor; whereas the
6
proposed method adopts ‘the available thermal energy function” that is a function of Tr as shown in Figure-2. This suggests that the
utilization factor may have to be smaller than 0.45 when reservoir temperature is lower, though its impact will be negligible.
On the other hand, the Figure-3 shows that the prevailing method is considerably different from both of the proposed method and USGS
method.
We calculated the electric capacity by the proposed method, for the four cases of recovery factors of Rg =0.08, 0.12, 0.15, and 0.20. The
other parameters remain same as above. The results are shown in Figure-4. It demonstrates that selection of the recovery factor will give
a significant impact on the calculation results of electric capacity estimation by the volumetric method. Similarly, the other
underground-related factors ρC, Tr and/or V will have similar impacts on the calculation; which must be emphasized.
From the above and since we have defined the aboveground-related key parameters, the significant differences between the prevailing
method and the proposed method shown in Figure-3 may be attributed to the definition differences of the underground-related
parameters. This is further discussed in the section 6 Discussion of this paper.
Comparison of the Three Methods

70
Proposed Method (Rg=0.12)
60
Prevailing (To=150ºC, Rg=0.12, η=0.13)
50 Prevailing (To=180ºC, Rg=0.12, η=0.13)

MWe/km2
USGS (Rg=0.12, η=0.45)

40
Power Density (Wilmarth 2014)
30
20
10
0
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Figure 3: A Comparison of calculated electric power among three methods (Single Flash Power Cycle)
Effects of Revovery Factor on Calculated Electric Power

70
Proposed method (Rg=0.20)
Proposed method (Rg=0.15)
60
50
MWe/km2
40
30
20
10
0
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Figure 4: Effects of Recovery Factor on Calculated Electric Power (Single Flash Power Cycle)
5. SUMMARY
We proposed herein a rational and practical calculation approach of the volumetric method by introducing ‘the available thermal energy
function ζ . The introduction of the available thermal energy function ζ enables us to include the steam-liquid separation process in the
7
calculation equations rationally, which further enables us to examine the underground-related parameters separately and independently
from the aboveground-related parameters; i.e the recovery factor and turbine-generator efficiency (exergy efficiency) can be selected
independently, without consideration on steam-liquid separation process; thereby, the proposed method realizes rational and practical
calculations of geothermal resources of liquid dominant geothermal field; that can used with the Monte Carlo method.
We hereunder summarize the proposed method for a practical use. Assuming saturated single phase geothermal liquid of temperature
Tr ºC at wellhead, Tsp=151.8 ºC, and Tcd =40 ºC, the following equations for the volumetric method will give an estimation result of
electricity capacity of a liquid dominant geothermal reservoir if the underground-related parameters are properly selected.
E = η ex ζRg ρCV (Tr − Tref ) ( FL) [kW] (25)
where
ρC = (1 − ϕ )Cr ρ r + ϕC f ρ f [kJ/(m3 ºC)] (26)

ζ= 0.0000000127Tr3 − 0.0000124900Tr2 + 0.0046543806Tr − 0.4591082158 [-] (27)
Tref =0.01 [ºC] (28)
ηex = 0.77 ± 0.05 [-] (29)
Rg = 0.05 − 0.2 proposed by GeothermEx 2004), [-] (30)
or Rg = 0.08 − 0.2 or Rg = 0.1 − 0.25 proposed by C.F.Williams (2008),
or Rg = 0 − 0.2 proposed by S.K. Garg et al (2010)
or Rg = 0.05 − 0.2 or Rg = 0.10 − 0.25 , or Rg =2.5 times the porosity to a maximum 50%, proposed by AGEA (2010).
or Rg = 0.03 − 0.17 , 0.10 in average proposed by M.A. Grant (2014)
We may adopt different constants for the available thermal energy function ζ and use a different value of ηex when it should become
necessary to change, separator temperature and/or condenser temperature. The calculation procedures are given herein the above. Once
the equations are given in a spreadsheet, we can examine as many cases as possible about underground related factors together with the
Monte Carlo method.
6. DISCUSSIONS
Having summarized the proposed calculation method above, we continue this paper to examine the relationship between the prevailing
method and the proposed method. We regard the USGS method ≈ the proposed method in the following discussions, since the
theoretical background of the proposed method is almost same, and the both produce similar calculation results,
6.1 Deriving of Approximation Equations of the Proposed Method

Under the conditions of Tsp=151.8 ºC and Tcd=40 ºC, Figure 3 implies that the variable term ζ (Tr − Tref ) in the equation (11) will be a
near liner relation with Tr, thus this liner relation is approximated as:
ζ (Tr − Tref ) = (0.3312T r −51.911) [liner approximation] [ºC] (31)
With the equation (31), the equation (11) becomes;
E = η ex Rg ρCV (0.3312Tr − 51.911) ( FL) [KW] (32)
This is further reduced as;
E = (0.77 ± 0.05) Rg ρCV (0.3312Tr − 51.911) ( FL)

E = 0.3312 (0.77 ± 0.05) Rg ρCV (Tr − 157) ( FL)
E = (0.26 ± 0.02) Rg ρCV (Tr − 157) ( FL) [KW] (33)
The equation (33) shows that the equation (11) of the proposed method has eventually become the same equation form as the equation
(6) of the prevailing method. Note that the second constant 157 should be the Tsp (151.8 ºC) as shown in the previous section 3.2.3; the
constant 157 here is the one that resulted from the linear approximation shown in the equation (31).
6.2 Discussions on the Approximation Equation of the Proposed Method in connection with the prevailing method
As the conclusion, two constants of the equation (33) are mere the products of the linear approximation, therefore, any discussions on
the equation (33) relating with resource estimations would appear to be meaningless or misleading. However, step-by-step discussions
would be helpful to reach this conclusion for future possible discussions that may be instigated; thereafter we will discuss on possible
reasons of the differences between the prevailing method and the USGS method.
8
6.2.1 Is the second constant 157 the cut-off temperature?

A number of constants have been proposed for the equation (6) of the prevailing method in various references. The constants in the
equation (33) might be considered to be a variety of the equation (6) of the prevailing method. Here are our observations on the equation
(33) in connection with the prevailing method.
a. The approximation constant 157 in equation (33) appears to be the one that is sometimes named as “cut-off temperature”. However,
this has to be named as the “plant minimum operation temperature”, at which the fluid no longer flashes in separator of the
assumed separator temperature (151.8 ºC) as described in the previous section 3.2.3. The “plant minimum operation temperature”
is rather a “plant-related temperature” that shall be differentiated from the “cut-off temperature”. The cut-off temperature is defined
as “the temperature below which there is no economic value in the fluid - the temperature at which wells cease to flow or it
becomes uneconomic to pump them. This defines the outer limits of the resource (M A Grant, et al 2011, p 47).” Thus, the cut-off
temperature is a “reservoir related temperature”. The plant minimum operation temperature shall not be larger or preferably
sufficiently lower than the reservoir related cut-off temperature to ensure fluid to flash in the separator. From this point, the
approximation constant 157 in the equation (33) shall not be replaced with reservoir-related cut-off temperature that has to be
separately decided from field observations. (If the separator temperature should be designed at 180 ºC for an instance, then the
second constant in the equation (33) will be 180; however, the first constant has to be changed in accordance to the calculation and
approximation shown above.)
b. As mentioned before, such explanation that the cut-off temperature is included in the equation to exclude fluid of no-economic
value from the already defined reservoir seems to be illogical and unexplainable. The inevitable possibility that drilling wells may
fail to produce useful fluid from the reservoir shall be dealt with the recovery factor or probabilistic approaches.
c. In addition, the cut-off temperature (= Tref ) in the prevailing method is commented by M.A. Grant (2014) in such a context that
“the different approaches also implies unrecognized assumptions about the physical process controlling reservoir depletion”. The
“different approaches” here means the ones that assign a cut-off temperature to Tref, that are derived from the Icelandic practice.
Our observation on the unrecognized assumptions is that such physical process controlling reservoir depletion seems not to be a
matter of Tref to be expressed in the thermodynamic equation. If the temperature of a part of the reservoir is expected to fall down
below the cut-off temperature during operation period, it seems to be logical to reduce the value of either the reservoir volume or
the recovery factor, or the plant life time for an extreme case.
6.2.2 Is the second constant 157 the reference temperature for the power generation cycle?
a. On the other hand, from a thermodynamics point of view, the equation (33) could possibly be interpreted in such a way that the
power capacity E calculated is an energy fraction converted from the recovered heat energy when the temperature changes from Tr
to 157 ºC, with adjustment by the multiplier (0.26 ± 0.02) and the divisor (FL). In this context, the approximation constant 157 in
the equation (33) is the one that is named as “reference temperature”, “rejection temperature”, “base temperature” or the like; the
temperature in the equation (33) shall be defined as the temperature of the final state of the fluid at a point of a power plant.
However, this corresponds to the rejection temperature at the separator, not the final state temperature of the whole power
generation cycle as seen above. This constant shall not be regarded as the final state temperature of the power cycle. At the same
time, the first constant (0.26 ± 0.02) shall not be defined as a kind of a logically-derived efficiency, though it looks seemingly to be
a meaningful coefficient.
6.2.3 What are the fist and the second constants in the equation (33)?
Consequently, we have to come back to the equation (33); whereat, we recall that the both constants 157 and (0.26 ± 0.02) were the
mere resultants of the linear approximation. They were derived as the impartible combination under the specific assumptions
(Tsp=151.8 ºC and Tcd=40 ºC). Any of these two constants shall not be examined independently or shall not be changed separately.
Those two approximation constants, as it were, are “the virtual reference temperature” and “the virtual conversion factor” of “the
virtual geothermal power plant” that is virtualized on the basis of the approximation equation (33), that has been derived through
the series of calculations, that does not represent the thermodynamic process of any actual power plant. Thus, discussions on these
approximation constants will probably be meaningless and possibly be misleading or even harmful when geothermal resource is
estimated by the volumetric method.
6.3 Discussions on the Relation between the Prevailing Method and the USGS Method (≈the Proposed Method)
a. Nevertheless, the equation (33) is simple in form, not many variables included, and thus easy to use with Monte Carlo simulation.
The prevailing method appears to have been used by adopting approximate a half value of the first approximation constant (0.26 ±
0.02) and a cut-off temperature similar to the second approximation constant 157 to suit field conditions. Although these constants
shall not be allowed to use from the thermodynamic point of view, estimations by the prevailing method have been reported to be
in accordance with other more precise estimation methods or field observations (Sarmiento et al 2007, which practices the
prevailing method, but appears to have referred to Muffler P., et al (1978) of the USGS method as the methodological base. Similar
undistinguishing quotations are seen in other references).
b. At the same time and on the other hand, the USGS method (≈ the proposed method) has been used for resource estimations,
although the USGS method gives larger results than the ones of the prevailing method when the same underground-related
parameters are given to the both methods as shown in Figure -3. Our observations are as follows.
9
(i) We have defined the aboveground-related parameters for the proposed method (≈ the USGS method), thus the discrepancy
may possibly be due to differences of interpretations on underground-related parameters; i.e. for the resource estimation of
the same geothermal field, the practitioners of the prevailing method would propose the (RgρCV)prevailing as their
underground-related parameters; whereas the other practitioners of the USGS method (≈ the proposed method) would
propose the different parameters (RgρCV)USGS; (RgρCV)prevailing ≠ (RgρCV)USGS.
(ii) The USGS method appears to assume that the all the heat energy relating to (RgρCV)USGS should be extracted at the ground
surface, because the method (when Rg=0.12 in Figure 3) gives similar results to the “main sequence” of the power density
(Wilmarth et al., 2014); the analysis of the power density does not include the information of failed wells. In other words,
possibility of well failures may not be included in the USGS method. Geothermal wells however are not always successful
to produce useful fluid. Sanyal S.K et al. (2012) analyzed 2,528 geothermal wells in 52 field in 14 countries and found that
the mean success rate was 68%. At early stages of exploitation the rate varies in a range from 20% to 60 % approximately. If
the average drilling success rate should be considered for a resource estimation, the resultant recovery factor would be
Rg=0.12 x 68%= 0.08; with this Rg=0.08 the USGS method will come close to the prevailing method of T0=150 ºC as shown
in Figure-4. M.A. Grant (2014) strongly pointed out the past values of Rg have been all cases too high, an average value of
Rg=0.10 should be used.
(iii) On the other hand, the prevailing method even with Rg=0.25 is reported to be in good agreement with actual performance
(Sarmiento et al 2007). Thus, it may allow localized non-productive zones to be included within the reservoir, by adopting
amended constants to the places of the first and second constants of the equation (33) “to calibrate” the results to the actual
performance. However, again, it shall not be the constants of the equation (33) but the underground-related parameters such
as Rg, V and/or others that shall be examined. In other words, the calculation form of the equation (33) may have falsely
diverted our attentions from the underground-related parameters to the aboveground-related parameters or the approximation
constants in the approximation equations.
6.4 Closing discussion

(i) All those may be resultants from usage of ambiguously defined parameters, which may has allowed practitioners to adopt
various values of not only underground-related parameters (Rg, ρC, V, cut-off temperature) but also aboveground-related
parameters (Tref, Tsp, Tcd), with considerations on relations with others as if some of those would be functions of others; such
considerations however may sometimes not be necessary if the parameters used should be well-defined.
(ii) Instead, we have introduced the equation (11) with clear definitions of the aboveground-related key parameters, including
the flashing process with the typical condenser conditions. The proposed method could allow us to examine the
underground-related parameters rationally, being independent from considerations of relations with aboveground-related
parameters. The proposed method will also allow us to avoid possible misleading that may be caused by the prevailing
method in the form of the equation (33).
(iii) In any cases, it is of paramount importance to use the volumetric method with very careful and prudent examinations and
considerations together with clear definitions on the underground-related parameters.
7. CONCLUSION
The USGS method is theoretical, but practice with the equations together with Monte Carlo method seems to be laborious; the
prevailing method is somewhat questionable from theoretical point of view. We have herein proposed a rational and practical
calculation method for volumetric method for a specific but typical case. We would like to recommend to use the equation (25) because
the proposed method enables us to assess electrical capacity by clearly and rationally defined parameters for the equations; thereby we
could examine the underground-related parameters, resulting in clearer understandings of the electrical capacity estimation of a
geothermal reservoir. Once clearer assessment with the specific but typical conditions of the aboveground parameters has been made,
one could extend assessments with other conditions of the aboveground parameters for comparisons. If the aboveground-related
parameters Tsp and/or Tcd should be changed to suit a particular field condition, we could modify the constants of the available energy
function.
We have also derived the simplified equation (33) that appears to be the same form of the prevailing method and provides us with a
simple calculation procedure. It however masks its theoretical background completely, which may hinder us from proper and deeper
understanding of underground related parameters to be used for the volumetric estimation. This may mislead us to unnecessary
considerations and/or discussions on the virtual “conversion factor” and/or virtual “reference temperature” of the “virtual power plant”
virtualized by the equation (33). We therefore would like to recommend to avoid using this equation (33).
Finally, very careful and prudent examinations and considerations shall be required for determination of underground-related factors, in
particular Rg and/or V. If estimation results by the proposed method should not be in accordance with other more precise estimation
methods or field monitoring results, the underground related parameters have to be examined. Well drilling success rate could be in
cooperated when we determine Rg and/or V.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to express our greatest appreciation to Tsuneo Ishido, Daisuke Fukuda, Mineyuki Hanano, Katsuya Kuge and Mayumi
Hayashi for helpful discussions and suggestions; Steinar Þór Guðlaugsson, Helga Tulinius and Benedikt Steingrímsson for their
10
comprehensive comments on a drafted paper; and following eminent professionals Jim Lawless, Sabodh K. Garg and Hirofumi
Muraoka for kind e-mail communications. We also would like to express our gratitude to our colleagues working together for helpful
discussions as well as Nippon Koei Co., Ltd for supporting us to complete this work.
REFERENCES
AGEG-Australian Geothermal Energy Group Geothermal Code Committee. Geothermal Lexicon For Resources and Reserves
Definition and Reporting Edition 2, compiled by J. Lawless. Australia: AGRCC-The Australian Geothermal Reporting Code
Committee, November 2010.
Brook, C.A., Mariner, R.H., Mabey, D.R., Swanson, J.R., Guffanti, M. and Muffler, L.J.P. Hydrothermal Conversion Systems with
Reservoir Temperature >90ºC: in Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States – 1978, L.J.P. Muffler, editor,
U.S. Geological Survey Circular,. Arlington,VA, US: USGS, 1978.
DiPippo, Ronald. Geothermal Power Plants; Principles, Applications, Case Studies and Environmental Impact, 2nd edition. Oxford,
UK: Elsevier, 2008.
ENAA: Engineering Advncement Association of Japan. Study on Small Scale Geothermal Power Generation and Cascade Use of
Geothermal Energy (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Oil Gas and Metals Nationla Corporation, 2013.
ESMAP (Energy Sectore Management Assistance Program, World Bank). Geothermal handbook: Planning and Financing Power
Generation. Washington, USA: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2012.
Garg, Sabodh K. Appropriate Use of USGS Volumetric "Heat in Place"Method and Monte Carlo Calculations. Stanford, CA, U.S:
Proceedings, Thirty-Fourth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, 2010.
Garg, Sabodh, K. and Jim Combs. A Reexamination of USGS Volumetric "Heat in Place" Method. Stanford, CA, USA: Proceedings,
36th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, 2011.
GeothermEx. New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification. California: California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy
Reserch Program, 2004.
Grant, M. A and P, F. Bixley. Geothermal Reservoir Engineering second Edition. Oxford, UK, 359p: ELSEVIER, 2011.
Grant, M. A. Stored-heat assessments: a review in the light of field experience. Geothe. Energy. Sci,. 2, 49-54, 2014. Germany:
Geothermal Energy Science, 2014.
Muffler P., Cataldi R. Methods for Regional Assessment of Geothermal Resources. Great Britain: Geothermics., Vol. 7. pp. 53-89,
Pergamon Press Ltd, 1978.
Muffler, L. J. P.; Editor. Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States - 1978; Geological Survey Circular 790. USA:
USGS, 1978.
Pálmason, G., Johsen, G. V., Torfaxon, H., Sæmundsson, Ragnars, K, Haraldson, G.I., and Halldórsson, G.K. Mat á Jarðvarma Íslands
(Assessment of Icelandic Geothermal Resources) (in Icelandic). Report OS-85076/JHD-10,. Reykjavik, Iceland: Orkustofnun
Jarðhitadeild (Iceland Energy Authority, Geothermal Division), 1985.
Sanyal, S. Success and the Leaning Curve Effect in Geothermal WEll Drilling - a Worldwide Survey. Proceedings of the 37th Workshop
in Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,. Stanford, CA, USA: Stanford University, 2012.
Sarmiento, Z. F, Bjormsson, G. Reliability of early modeling studies fr high-temperature resevoirs in Iceland ad The Philippienes.
Proceedings, 32nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. Stanford, CA, US: Stanford University, 2007.
Subir, Sanyal K.; Sarmiento, Zosimo. "Booking Geothermal Energy Reserves." GRC Transactiions, vol. 29. 2005.
Wiliams, C. F. Development of Revised Techniques for Assessing Geothermal Resources. Stanford, California, USA: Proceedings, 29th
Workshop on Geothermal Reservior Engineering, Stanford Univ., 2002.
Williams, Colin F., Marshall J. Reed and Robert H. Mariner. A Review of Methods Apllied by the U.S. Geological Survey in the
Assessment of Identified Geothermal Resources. USA: Open-FileReport 2008-1296, U.S. DEpartment of the Interior, U.S.
Geological Survey, 2008.
Wilmarth, Maxwell and James Stimac. Worldwide Power Density. Stanford, CA, USA: Proceedings, Thirth-Ninth Workshop on
Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford Unversity, 2014.
EoD
11
APPENDIX-4
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Appendix 4.1
Table A.4.1 Major Regulations, Guidelines and Proclamations Applicable to the

Geothermal Energy Development Project
No. Title No/ Description
Date of Issue
1 Environmental Impact 299/ This Proclamation prescribes that no person shall commence
Assessment 31 De, 2002 any new development activity under any category listed in any
Proclamation directive issued pursuant to this. Defining the Environmental
Protection Authority, requirement of fulfilling EIA requirements
by licensing agencies before issuing an investment permit is
prescribed.
2 Environmental Pollution 300/ This Proclamation consists of 22 articles divided into 6 Parts:
Control Proclamation 03 Dec, 2002 Preliminary (1); Control of pollution (2); Environmental
standards (3); Environmental inspectors (4); Offences and
penalties (5); Miscellaneous provisions (6), providing various
environmental standard.
3 Environmental 295/ The proclamation provides the responsibility and roles of the
Protection Organs 31 Oct, 2002 Environmental Protection Authority at central level, Sectoral
Establishment Environmental Unit at each competent agency and Regional
Proclamation Environmental Agencies at local level.
4 Expropriation of 455/ This Proclamation grants the power to specified local public
Landholdings for Public 15 Jul, 2005 bodies to expropriate rural or urban landholdings for public
Purposes and Payment purpose. The Proclamation sets out the procedure of
of Compensation expropriation and provides with respect to compensation (which
Proclamation shall be paid in advance) and appeals. Displacement
compensation based on average annual income from land shall
be paid to rural landholders that are permanently or temporarily
expropriated. Substitute land may be made available.
5 Rural Land 456/ This Proclamation provides for a new system of administration
Administration and land 15 Jul, 2005 for rural land management and use and for sustainable rural land
Use Proclamation, use planning based on the different agro-ecological zones of the
Proclamation country necessary for the conservation and development of
natural resources.
6 Ethiopian Water 197/ This Proclamation aims to ensure that all surface and ground
Resource Management Mar, 2000 waters of Ethiopia are properly protected and managed.
Proclamation The text consists of 33 articles divided into 9 Parts: General
provisions (1); Supervising body (2); Inventory of water
resources and registry of actions (3); Permits and professional
licenses (4); Fees and water charges (5); Servitude (6); Water
banks and harmful effect of water (7); Association of water users
(8); Transitory provisions (9).
All water resources of Ethiopia are declared common property
(art. 5). Article 6 sets out the fundamental principles of water
management and administration.
7 Solid Waste 513/ This Proclamation makes provision for the management of solid
Management 12 Feb, 2007 waste and for designation and implementation of solid waste
Proclamation management action plans at the lowest administrative units of
urban administrations so as to ensure community participation.
8 Environmental Impact Nov, 2003 This is a guideline prepared by Environmental Protection
Assessment Procedural Authority to provide detail procedure for the EIA process in the
Guideline Series 1 country.
9 Draft EMP for the 01 May, 2004 This is a draft guideline prepared by Environmental Protection
Identified Sectoral Authority aiming to provides EMP framework for different
Developments in the sectors.
Ethiopian Sustainable
Development & Poverty
Reduction (ESDPRP)
10 Investment Proclamation 280/ This proclamation prescribes detail scheme of foreign
02 Jul, 2002 investment to enhance the country’s development, consisting of
42 articles. This defining the condition and administration for
the foreign investment.
11 Council of Ministers 64/ This is a regulation prescribes some incentives on the foreign
Regulations on 07 Feb, 2003 investment such as tax exemption, etc including 18 articles in
Investment Incentives total.
No. Title No/ Description

Date of Issue
and Investment Areas
Reserved for Domestic
Investors
12 The FDRE 455/ This law provides the detail procedure such as expropriation
Proclamation, “Payment Y2005 process and compensation standard are prescribed in “the
of Compensation for Expropriation of Landholding for Public Purposes and Payment
Property Situated on of Compensation Proclamation, Proclamation No. 455/2005”.
Landholdins
Expropriated for Public
Purposes”
13 Council of Ministers 135/ This regulation provides further detail standard such as
Regulation, “Payment of Y2007 compensation standard for the each expropriating asset.
Compensation for This prescribes that land expropriation is implemented by local
Property Situated on government, Woreda or Urban administration exclusively for the
Landholdins public purpose and it should be adequately compensated to
Expropriated for Public PAPs. As the principle of the compensation, transferring cost for
Purposes” the asset on the land is compensated for the residential land and
10 times of the annual income which is averaged the incomes in
last 5 years is compensated for the farm land. The one of the
preferable way, the regulation prescribes that provision of the
alternative land which enable to be utilized equal to the previous
land.
14 Oromya Regional 5/ Regional regulation on the compensation at expropriation
Administration Council Y2003 process for the public project.
Directives, “Payment of
Compensation for
Property Situated on
Landholdins
Expropriated for Public
Purposes”
15 Investment (Amendment) 373/ This proclamation amended previous Investment Proclamation
Proclamation 28 Oct, 2003 (2002). This consists of 6 articles including description of
investment permit.

Appendix 4.2
IC submits proposal to undertake

an activity to Assessment
Assessment Agencies decide whether the

proposal is acceptable or EIA is required
CA appoints consultants, IC holds

No Yes “pre-screening” meeting with CA, IC
DECISIO conducts initial review and submits
screening report to CA
CA decides whether or not the report is

suitable, IC revises report as necessary
CA decides whether or not screening is

necessar
No Yes IC conducts scoping and prepares

DECISIO scoping report and submits to CA and
stakeholders for review
CA and stakeholders decide whether

or not the report is suitable, IC
revises report as necessary
CA decides whether or not

additional EIA is necessary
No DECISIO Yes IC conducts EIA, prepares EIR and

submit to CA and stakeholders for
i
CA and stakeholder decide whether or not
the report is suitable, IC revises report as
CA and stakeholder decide whether or not

the project is environmentally acceptable
DECISIO
Project rejected
CA prepares record of
decision
Stakeholders appeal Project approved
decision PP: Project Proponent
CA: Competent Authority
CA and PP negotiate IC: Independent Consultant
conditions of approval EIR: Environmental Impact
Report
PP implements the (Source: Environmental Impact
activity Assessment Guideline Document,
)
Figure A.4.1 EIA Procedual Flow in Ethiopia

Appendix 4.3
Table A.4.2 Gaps between Relevant Regulations in Ethiopia, JICA Guidelines and
World Bank Safeguard Policies Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Aspect JICA Guidelines for Environmental World Bank OP4.10 Government Laws Gaps between JICA Mechanisms to
and Social consideration (April 2010) Guidelines and Bridge Gaps
Government Laws
Objectives To ensure transparency, predictability, Environmental Assessment (EA) of The purpose of the environmental No significant gaps None
and accountability in its support for an impact assessment serves is to bring
projects proposed is required for Bank were identified.
examination of environmental and social about administrative transparency and
financing to help ensure that they are
considerations. accountability, as well as to involve
environmentally sound and sustainable,
and thus to improve decision making. the public and, in particular,
communities in the planning of and
decision taking on developments
which may affect them and its
environment.
Section 15 also specifies public
participation and access to the EIA
report, and ensures to solicit
comments on it. (Environmental
Impact Assessment Proclamation
2002_299)
Procedure of EA JICA supports and examines appropriate EA evaluates a project’s potential The law states that environmental No significant gaps None
environmental and social considerations environmental risks and impacts for impact assessment is used to predict were identified.
undertaken by project proponents etc. to preventive measures over mitigatory or and manage the environmental effects
avoid or minimize development projects’ compensatory measures, whenever which a proposed development
impacts on the environment and local feasible. activity as a result of its design
communities, and to prevent the sitting, construction, operation, or an
occurrence of unacceptable adverse ongoing one as a result of its
impacts.(1.4) modification or termination, entails
and thus helps to bring about intended
development; and assessment of
possible impacts on the environment
prior to the approval of a public
instrument provides an effective
means of harmonizing and integrating
environmental, economic, cultural
and social considerations into a

Government Laws
decision making process in a manner
that promotes sustainable
development
(Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation 2002_299)
Criteria of EA ‘Environmental and social EA takes into account the natural Section 2 Definitions specify that Less focus on social The project proponent
considerations’ means considering environment (air, water, and land); "Impact" means any change to the considerations, should adhere to the
environmental impacts including air, human health and safety; social aspects environment or to its component that especially involuntary policies of the financial
water, soil, ecosystem, flora, and fauna, (involuntary resettlement, indigenous may affect human health or safety, resettlement and institutions and
as well as social impacts including peoples, and physical cultural flora, fauna, soil, air, water, climate, indigenous peoples. consider both
involuntary resettlement, respect for the resources); and transboundary and natural or cultural heritage, other environmental and
human rights of indigenous people, and global environmental aspects. EA physical structure, or in general, social factors.
so on.(1.3.1) considers natural and social aspects in subsequently alter environmental,
JICA confirms that projects comply with an integrated way. It also takes into social, economic or cultural
the laws or standards related to the account environmental action plans; conditions.
environment and local communities in the country’s overall policy framework, Additionally, Section 6. Trans-
the central and local governments of host national legislation, and institutional Regional Impact Assessment specifies
countries; it also confirms that projects capabilities related to the environment the transboundary aspect of the EIA.
conform to those governments’ policies and social aspects; and obligations of (Environmental Impact Assessment
and plans on the environment and local the country, pertaining to project Proclamation 2002_299)
communities. (2.6.2) activities, under relevant international However, resettlement/relocation of
JICA confirms that projects do not environmental treaties and agreements. people and animals is also considered
deviate significantly from the World as a project which requires the full
Bank’s Safeguard Policies, and refers as EIA.
a benchmark to the standards of (Schedule of 1, Environmental Impact
international financial organizations; to Assessment Proclamation 2002_299;
internationally recognized standards, or EIA Procedural Guidelines 2003)
international standards, treaties, and
declarations, etc.; and to the good
practices etc. of developed nations
including Japan, when appropriate.
(2.6.3)
EA Instruments JICA conducts an environmental review A range of instruments can be Preliminary environmental impact No significant gaps Not applicable
in accordance with the project category, environmental impact assessment study (or IEE), full environmental were identified.

Government Laws
and refers to the corresponding (EIA), regional or sectoral EA, impact study report, Trans-Regional
environmental checklists for each sector environmental audit, hazard or risk Impact Assessment (SEA),
when conducting that review as assessment, and environmental Environmental Management Plan are
appropriate. management plan (EMP). mentioned (Environmental Impact
Assessment Proclamation 2002_299;
EIA Procedural Guidelines 2003)
Environmental Category A: Project proponents etc. must Category A: A proposed project is Section 5 Projects Requiring The preparing of a Differences exist in the
Screening submit EIA reports. JICA publishes the classified as Category A if it is likely to Environmental Impact Assessment Resettlement Action screening process,
status of host countries’ submission of have significant adverse environmental specified that 1) Every project which Plan (RAP) and an IPP namely, the government
major documents on environmental and impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or falls in any category listed in any is not mentioned. uses project types and
social considerations on its website. Prior unprecedented. For a Category A directive issued pursuant to this some thresholds to
to its environmental review, JICA also project, the borrower is responsible for Proclamation shall be subject to In the governmental determine the type of
discloses the following: (1) EIA reports preparing a report, normally an EIA (or environmental impact assessment. law, there is no the EA report required.
and environmental permit certifications, suitably comprehensive regional or 2) Any directive provided under Sub equivalent category to Since there is a possible
(2) RAPs for projects that will result in sectoral EA). Article 1 of this Article shall among JICA’s Category FI. problem that the
large-scale involuntary resettlement, and other things, determine categories of: government does not
(3) IPPs for projects that address issues Category B: A proposed project is (a) projects not likely to have require a full EIA due to
of indigenous people. Specifically, JICA classified as Category B if its potential negative impacts, and so do not the project type but the
discloses EIA reports 120 days prior to adverse environmental impacts on require environmental impact JICA considers the scale
concluding agreement documents. JICA human populations or environmentally assessment; of impact is significant
undertakes its environmental reviews important areas – including wetlands, (b) Projects likely to have negative and categorizes the
based on the EIA and other documents forests, grasslands, and other national impacts and thus require project A such as rural
submitted by project proponents etc. habitats – are less adverse than those of environmental impact assessment. roads and
Category B: The scope of environmental Category A projects. The findings and (Environmental Impact Assessment manufacturing,
reviews for Category B projects may results of Category B EA are described Proclamation 2002_299; EIA screening also needs to
vary from project to project, but it is in the project documentation (Project Procedural Guidelines 2003) be done as per the JICA
narrower than that of Category A Appraisal Document and Project Guidelines.
projects. JICA discloses the following: Information Document). More specifically, Schedule 1 of the
(1) EIA reports and environmental permit guidelines has the list of projects that
certifications, (2) RAPs for projects, and Category C: A proposed project is require full EA; Schedule. 2 for the
(3) IPPs for projects that will require classified as Category C if it is likely to list of projects require a preliminary
measures for indigenous people, when have minimal or no adverse environmental impact study; and
these documents are submitted by project environmental impacts. Beyond Schedule 3 for the lists of projects
proponents etc. screening, no further EA action is that may not require environmental

Government Laws
required for a Category C project. impact assessment.
Category C: For projects in this category, (Environmental Impact Assessment
environmental review will not proceed Category FI: A proposed is classified Proclamation 2002_299; EIA
after categorization. as Category FI if it involves investment Procedural Guidelines 2003)
of Bank funds through a financial
Category FI: JICA examines the related intermediary, in subprojects that may
financial intermediary or executing result in adverse environmental
agency to see whether appropriate impacts.
environmental and social considerations
as stated in the guidelines are ensured for
projects in this category.
EA for Special Category FI projects: JICA examines Sector Investment Lending(SIL) Category FI is not mentioned but EA for the FI is not For Category FI
Project Types the related financial intermediary or During the preparation of each the emergency operations are described. projects, the sub-
executing agency to see whether proposed subproject, the project categorized under Schedule 3 of the project developer
appropriate environmental and social coordinating entity or implementing list of projects does not require the should adhere to the
considerations as stated in the institution carries out appropriate EA EIA. policies of the lending
guidelines are ensured for projects in according to country requirements (Environmental Impact Assessment agencies and usually
this category. JICA also examines and the requirements of this policy. Proclamation 2002_299; EIA requires the EIA
institutional capacity in order to The Bank’s judging criteria are as Procedural Guidelines 2003) framework.
confirm environmental and social asks follows:
advice from the Advisory Committee (a) screen subprojects
when it is necessary considerations of (b) obtain the necessary expertise to
the financial intermediary or executing carry out EA
agency, and, if necessary, requires that (c) review all findings and results of
adequate measures be taken to EA for individual subprojects
strengthen capacity. (d) ensure implementation of
The financial intermediary or executing mitigation measures (including,
agency examines the potential positive where applicable, an EMP) (e)
and negative environmental impacts of monitor environmental conditions
sub-projects and takes the necessary during project implementation of
measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate, Financial Intermediary Lending (FI).
or compensate for potential negative The Bank requires that each FI screen
impacts, as well as measures to proposed subprojects and ensure that
promote positive impacts if any such subborrowers carry out appropriate

Government Laws
measures are available. (3.2.1(4)) EA for each subproject.
Measures Taken in an Emergency In an In appraising a proposed FI
emergency—which means a case that operation, the Bank reviews the
must be dealt with immediately, such as adequacy of country environmental
restoration after natural disasters or requirements relevant to the project
post-conflict restoration—when it is and the proposed EA arrangements
clear that there is no time to follow the for subprojects, including the
procedures of environmental and social mechanisms and responsibilities for
considerations mentioned in the environmental screening and review
guidelines, JICA reports at an early of EA results.
stage to the Advisory Committee for
Environmental and Social Emergency Operations under OP8.00
Considerations on categorization, The policy set out in OP 4.01
judgment of emergency, and normally applies to emergency
procedures to follow, and discloses a operations processed under OP/BP
result. JICA 8.00, Rapid Response to Crises and
Emergencies.
The Bank requires at a minimum that
(a) the extent to which the emergency
was precipitated or exacerbated by
inappropriate environmental practices
be determined as part of the
preparation of such projects
(b) any necessary corrective measures
be built into either the emergency
operation or a future lending
Institutional JICA provides support for and When the borrower has inadequate The guidelines state that an Not applicable Not applicable
Capacity examinations of the environmental and legal or technical capacity to carry out Environmental Agency has
social considerations that project key EA related functions (such as responsibility to make sure that
proponents etc. implement in accordance review of EA, environmental appropriate support is made available
with Sections 2 and 3 of the guidelines, monitoring, inspections, or to build capacity and create awareness
depending on the nature of cooperation management of mitigatory measures) on EA, etc.
projects. (1.5) for a proposed project, the project (Environmental Impact Assessment
includes components to strengthen that Proclamation 2002_299; EIA

Government Laws
capacity. Procedural Guidelines 2003)
Public Project proponents etc. consult with local For all Category A and B projects Section 5.2.1 suggests the project Public consultation is Since JICA emphasizes
Consultation stakeholders through means that induce proposed for IBRD or IDA financing, proponent to conduct pre-screening emphasized in the law public consultation
broad public participation to a reasonable during the EA process, the borrower consultation to discuss how best to and guidelines; meetings for
extent, in order to take into consideration consults project-affected groups and proceed with the EA between the however, the detailed stakeholders including
the environmental and social factors in a local nongovernmental organizations project proponent and respective requirements are not indirectly/directly
way that is most suitable to local (NGOs) about the project’s environmental or sectoral agencies. specified, the affected persons at the
situations, and in order to reach an environmental aspects and takes their However, the details are not given. preliminary screening scoping stage and draft
appropriate consensus. views into account. consultation is not a final report stage
JICA encourages project proponents etc. The borrower initiates such Section 5.2.6 also describes that a mandatory, and the specifically, these need
to publicize in advance that they plan to consultations as early as possible. For summary of evaluation is made public consultation at to be complied by the
consult with local stakeholders, with Category A projects, the borrower available to the public; and reasons the later stage is not project proponent.
particular attention to directly affected consults these groups at least twice: (a) for decision and conditions of clearly specified.
people, in order to have meaningful shortly after environmental screening approval are made public are
meetings. and before the terms of reference for considered when reviewing the EIA.
In the case of Category A projects, JICA the EA are finalized; and (b) once a (Environmental Impact Assessment
encourages project proponents etc. to draft EA report is prepared. In addition, Proclamation 2002_299; EIA
consult with local stakeholders about the borrower consults with such groups Procedural Guidelines 2003)
their understanding of development throughout project implementation as
needs, the likely adverse impacts on the necessary to address EA-related issues
environment and society, and the analysis that affect them.
of alternatives
at an early stage of the project, and
assists project proponents as needed.
(2.4)
Consultations with relevant stakeholders,
such as local residents, should take place
if necessary throughout the preparation
and implementation stages of a project.
Holding consultations is highly desirable,
especially when the items to be
considered in the EIA are being selected,
and when the draft report is being
prepared. (Appendix 2)

Government Laws
In the case of Category B projects, JICA

encourages project proponents etc. to
consult with local stakeholders
when necessary. (2.4)
Disclosure Information about the environmental and For meaningful consultations between Section 15. Public participation Public disclosure of the JICA discloses the EIA
social considerations of their projects. the borrower and project-affected describes that 1) The Authority or the EIA is not specified in report of category A
JICA encourages project proponents etc. groups and local NGOs on all Category relevant regional environmental the government law or projects at JICA’s
to disclose and present information about A and B projects proposed for IBRD or agency shall make any environmental guidelines, though the website at least for 120
environmental and social considerations IDA financing, the borrower provides impact study report accessible to the law requires the EIA days before signing the
to local stakeholders. Project proponents relevant material in a timely manner public and solicit comments on it. report needs to be LA, which needs to be
etc. disclose information well in advance prior to consultation and in a form and (Environmental Impact Assessment accessible to interested complied by the Project
when they have meetings with local language that are understandable and Proclamation 2002_299; EIA and affected persons. Proponent.
stakeholders in cooperation with JICA. accessible to the groups being Procedural Guidelines 2003)
On these occasions, JICA supports consulted.
project proponents etc. in the preparation For a Category A project, the borrower Section 4.3 describe that the
of documents in an official or widely provides for the initial consultation a consulting firm needs to ensure that
used language and in a form summary of the proposed project’s Interested and Affected Parties are
understandable by local people. (2.1/1, objectives, description, and potential provided with all means and facilities
6,7) impacts. In addition, for a Category A (e.g. notice, assembly holes,
For Category A project, JICA publishes project, the borrower makes the draft reasonable time, understandable
the status of host countries’ submission EA report available at a public place language, fair representation, etc.)
of major documents on environmental accessible to project-affected groups enabling them to adequately air their
and social considerations on its website. and local NGOs. views and concerns.
Prior to its environmental review, JICA Any separate Category B report for a (Environmental Impact Assessment
also discloses EIA reports and project proposed for IDA financing is Proclamation 2002_299; EIA
environmental permit certifications 120 made available to project-affected Procedural Guidelines 2003)
days prior to concluding agreement groups and local NGOs.
documents. JICA discloses a translated
version of EIA reports, subject to
approval by project proponents etc.
For Category B project, JICA discloses
EIA reports and environmental permit
certifications, when these documents

Government Laws
are submitted by project proponents etc.
(Sec.3/3.2/3.2.1/(1), (2))
Monitoring JICA confirms with project proponents The borrower reports on (a) Section 8 I. Environmental Impact Details of monitoring Since JICA needs to
Implementation etc. the results of monitoring the items compliance with measures agreed Study Report requires (i) procedures requirements are not disclose the
that have significant environmental with the Bank on the basis of the of self auditing and monitoring discussed in the law monitoring results of
impacts. This is done in order to findings and results of the EA, during implementation and or guidelines. Category A project at
confirm that project proponents etc. are including implementation of any operation. JICA’s website, this
undertaking environmental and social EMP; (b) the status of mitigatory Section 12. Implementation needs to be complied
considerations for projects that fall measures; and (c) the findings of Monitoring states that the Authority by the project
under Categories A, B, and FI. The monitoring programs The Bank bases or the relevant regional proponent.
information necessary for monitoring measures set out in the legal environmental agency shall monitor
confirmation by JICA must be supplied agreements, any EMP, and other the implementation of an authorized
by project proponents etc. by project documents. project in order to evaluate
appropriate means, including in writing. compliance with all commitments
When necessary, JICA may also made by, and obligations imposed
conduct its own investigations. on the proponent during
JICA discloses the results of authorization.
monitoring conducted by project (Environmental Impact Assessment
proponents etc. on its website to the Proclamation 2002_299; EIA
extent that they are made public in Procedural Guidelines 2003)
project proponents etc.
(3.2.2/1,2, 7) undertaking
environmental and social
considerations for projects that fall
under Categories A, B, and FI. The
information necessary for monitoring
confirmation by JICA must be supplied
by project proponents etc. by
appropriate means, including in writing.
When necessary, JICA may also
conduct its own investigations.
JICA discloses the results of
monitoring conducted by project
proponents etc. on its website to the

Government Laws
extent that they are made public in
project proponents etc.
(3.2.2/1,2, 7)
Source: JICA. 2010. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations; World Bank. 2012. Operational Policies; Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia. 2002. Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation; Environmental Protection Agency, 2003. EIA Procedural Guidelines.

Table A.4.3 Gaps between Relevant Regulations in Ethiopia, JICA Guidelines and Appendix 4.4
World Bank Safeguard Policies – Involuntary Resettlement
Aspect JICA Guidelinesfor World Bank OP4.10 Government Laws Gaps Between JICA Mechanisms to
Environmental and Social Guidelinesand Bridge
Consideration (April 2010) Government Laws Gaps
Avoid Involuntary resettlement and loss of Involuntary resettlement should be Not mentioned in the govt. law, The first effort to The project
involuntary means of livelihood are to be avoided avoided where feasible though in Ethiopia, land belongs avoid involuntary proponent should
resettlement when feasible by exploring all viable to the State and people can only resettlement is not make an effort to
alternatives. own usufruct rights over land. described. avoid involuntary
(FDRE Constitution) resettlement where
feasible as per the
JICA’s Guidelines.
Minimize When, after such an examination, Minimize involuntary resettlement by Not mentioned in the govt. law, The initial effort to The project
involuntary avoidance is proved unfeasible, effective exploring all viable alternative project though in Ethiopia, land belongs minimize proponent should
resettlement measures to minimize impact and to designs. to the State and people can only involuntary make an effort to
compensate for losses must be agreed own usufruct rights over land. resettlement is not minimize involuntary
upon with the people who will be (FDRE Constitution) described. resettlement where
affected. feasible as per the
JICA’s Guidelines.
Mitigate People who must be resettled Where it is not feasible to avoid Article 44 No. 2 of FDRE Mitigation measures Not applicable.
adverse social involuntarily and people whose means of resettlement, resettlement activities Constitution states that: “All for adverse social
impacts livelihood will be hindered or lost must should be conceived and executed as persons who have been displaced or impacts are required
be sufficiently compensated and sustainable development programs, whose livelihoods have been by the govt. law.
supported by project proponents etc. in a providing sufficient investment adversely affected as a result of
timely manner. resources to enable the persons state programs have the right to
displaced by the project to share in commensurate monetary or
project benefits. alternative means of compensation,
including relocation with adequate
state assistance.
(Article 44 No.2 of FDRE
Constitution)
Section 13. Responsibilities of
Woreda and Urban Administrations
include “pay or cause the payment
of compensation to holders of
expropriated land in accordance

with this Proclamation, and provide
them with rehabilitation support to
the extent possible”
(Proclamation 455/2005)
Screening JICA classifies projects into four The Bank also requires early Not mentioned in the govt. law. Screening is not Not applicable.
categories (i.e. A, B, C and FI) screening in resettlement planning. recognized by the In practice, it should
according to the extent of govt. law as a step of be done as per the
environmental and social impacts, resettlement JICA guidelines
taking into account an outline of planning. since the screening
project, scale, site condition, etc. JICA format needs to be
requests that Project proponents etc. fill submitted to JICA
in the screening form found in when the
Appendix 4; the information in this government requests
form will be a reference for the JICA’s assistance.
categorization of proposed projects.
Categorization Projects that are likely to have a significant The Bank classifies the proposed Not mentioned in the govt. law. Not applicable. The project proponent
adverse impact on the environment and project into one of four needs to follow the
society are categorized as “Category A” environmental categories (A, B, C categorization of
even if they are not included in the sectors, and FI), depending on the type, JICA Guidelines.
characteristic, or areas on the list. Sensitive location, sensitivity, and scale of the
Characteristics (1)Large-scale involuntary project as well as the nature and
resettlement magnitude of its potential impacts.
Resettlement For projects that will result in large-scale To cover the direct social and Not mentioned in the govt. law. RP/framework are not The project
plan involuntary resettlement, resettlement economic impacts that that are caused required by the govt. proponent needs to
action plans must be prepared and made by the involuntary taking of land and/or law. prepare a respective
available to the public. In preparing a the involuntary restriction of access to RP for the project
resettlement action plan, consultations legally designated parks and protected which involves
must be held with the affected people and areas, the borrower will prepare a resettlement or
their communities based on sufficient resettlement plan (RP) or resettlement physical or economic
information made available to them in policy framework . The RP or displacement
advance. framework will include measures to according to the
ensure that the displaced persons are requirements of the
provided assistance during relocation; JICA guidelines.
provided with residential housing, or

housing sites, or as required
agricultural sites; offered transitional
support; provided with development
assistance in addition to compensation.
Alternatives Involuntary resettlement and loss of means Assess all viable alternative project Not mentioned in the govt. law. Alternative The project
of livelihood are to be avoided when designs to avoid, where feasible, or considerations are not proponent needs to
feasible by exploring all viable minimize involuntary resettlement. required by the govt. consider alternatives
alternatives law. to minimize the scale
of the impact
according to
requirements of the
JICA guidelines.
Social The impacts to be assessed with regard to Through census and socio-economic Not mentioned in the govt. law. Social assessment is not The project proponent
assessment environmental and social considerations. surveys of the affected population, required by the govt. needs to conduct the
These also include social impacts, identify, assess, and address the law for land acquisition. social assessment for
including migration of population and potential economic and social impacts the RP of the project
involuntary resettlement, local economy of the project that are caused by which involves
such as employment and livelihood, involuntary taking of land (e.g. resettlement or physical
utilization of land and local resources, relocation or loss of shelter, loss of or economic
social institutions such as social capital and assets or access to assets, loss of displacement according
local decision-making institutions, existing income sources or means of livelihood, to requirements of the
social infrastructures and services, whether or not the affected person must JICA guidelines.
vulnerable social groups such as poor and move to another location) or
indigenous peoples, equality of benefits involuntary restriction of access to
and losses and equality in the development legally designated parks and protected
process, gender, children’s rights, cultural areas.
heritage, local conflicts of interest,
infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and
working conditions including occupational
safety.
Involvement of Appropriate participation by affected Consult project-affected persons, host Not mentioned in the govt. law. Public consultation is The project proponent
stakeholders people and their communities must be communities and local not required by the govt. needs to conduct
promoted in the planning, implementation, nongovernmental organizations, as law, though the land adequate public
and monitoring of resettlement action plans appropriate. Provide them opportunities acquisition procedure consultation for the RP

and measures to prevent the loss of their to participate in the planning, includes issuing some of the project which
means of livelihood. implementation, and monitoring of the notifications to involves resettlement or
resettlement program, especially in the landholders. physical or economic
process of developing and displacement according
implementing the procedures for to requirements of the
determining eligibility for JICA guidelines.
compensation benefits and
development assistance (as
documented in a resettlement plan),
and for establishing appropriate and
accessible grievance mechanisms. Pay
particular attention to the needs of
vulnerable groups among those
displaces, especially those below the
poverty line, the landless, the elderly,
women and children, Indigenous
Peoples, ethnic minorities, or other
displaced persons who may not be
protected through national land
compensation legislation.
Existing social The impacts to be assessed with regard to To the extent possible, the existing Not mentioned in the govt. law. Only compensation for The project proponent
and cultural environmental and social considerations. social and cultural institutions of land and assets are needs to pay attention
institutions These also include social impacts, resettlers and any host communities are mentioned in the govt. to ensure the affected
including social institutions such as social preserved and resettlers’ preferences law. persons will not lose
capital and local decision-making with respect to relocating in pre- existing social and
institutions, existing social infrastructures existing communities and groups are cultural institutions
and services, vulnerable social groups such honoured. according to the JICA
as poor and indigenous peoples. guidelines.
Definition of People who must be resettled involuntarily 1) those who have formal legal rights Not mentioned in the govt. law, The definition of The definition of the
displaced and people whose means of livelihood will to land (including customary and though landholders are defined. displaced persons is not displaced persons as per
persons be hindered or lost must be sufficiently traditional rights recognized under the (Proclamation 455/2005) clear. Especially, it is the JICA Guidelines
compensated and supported by project laws of the country); not clear whether the needs to be used by the
proponents etc. in a timely manner. 2) those who do not have formal legal entitled displaced project proponent.
rights to land at the time the census persons include

begins but have a claim to such land or informal occupants.
assets - provided that such claims are
recognized under the laws of the
country or become recognized through
a process identified in the resettlement
plan; and
3) those who have no recognizable
legal right or claim to the land they are
occupying.
Vulnerable Appropriate consideration must be given to Particular attention must be paid to the Not mentioned in the govt. law. Special The project proponent
group vulnerable social groups, such as women, needs of the vulnerable groups among resettlement/rehabilitati needs to provide
children, the elderly, the poor and ethnic those displaced, especially those below on assistance for the additional assistance to
minorities, all members of which are the poverty line, landless, elderly, vulnerables is not the vulnerable groups
susceptible to environmental and social women and children, ethnic minorities described in the govt. as per the JICA
impacts and may have little access to etc. law. Guidelines.
decision-making processes within society.
Replacement Prior compensation, at full replacement The methodology to be used in valuing Section 7. Basis and Amount of No significant gap is Not applicable.
costs cost, must be provided as much as possible losses to determine their replacement Compensation states that the amount observed.
cost of compensation for property is
calculated on the basis of
replacement cost of the property.
Capacity JICA makes efforts to enhance the Financing of technical assistance to Not mentioned in the govt. law. Capacity building is not The project proponent
building comprehensive capacity of organizations strengthen the capacities of agencies mentioned in the govt. needs to pay attention
and operations in order for project responsible for resettlement, or of law. to capacity building of
proponents etc., to have consideration for affected people to participate more the person in charge of
environmental and social factors, effectively in resettlement operations. involuntary
appropriately and effectively, at all times resettlement as
proposed in the RAP,
which is required by
the JICA
Guidelines/WB OP
4.12.
Grievance Appropriate and accessible grievance A grievance redress mechanisms for Section 11. Complaints and Appeals Grievance redness The project proponent

procedures mechanisms must be established for the simplicity, accessibility, affordability, in Relation states: (a) rural areas andmechanism at the needs to establish the
affected people and their communities. and accountability in an urban center where an project level (i.e. field grievance redress
administrative organ to hear and headquarters mechanism within the
grievances related to urban levels) is not specified. project especially at
landholding is not yet established, a the field level and
complaint relating to the amount of headquarters levels as
compensation shall be submitted to per the international
the regular court having jurisdiction; practice, which is also
(b) Where the holder of an required by the JICA
expropriated urban landholding is Guidelines.
dissatisfied with the amount of
compensation, he may lodge his
complaint to the administrative organ
established by the urban
administration to hear grievances
related to urban landholdings; and (c)
The organ referred to in Sub-Article
(2) of this Article shall examine the
compliant and give its decision
within such short period as specified
by directives issued by the region and
communicate its decision to the
parties in writing; (d) A party
dissatisfied with a decision, rendered
in accordance with Sub-Article (I)
and (3) of this Article may appeal, as
may be appropriate, to the regular
appellate court or municipal appellate
court within 30 days from the date of
the decision. The decision of the
court shall be final.
Information For projects that will result in large-scale Disclose draft resettlement plans, Not mentioned in the govt. law. Information disclosure The project proponent
disclosure involuntary resettlement, resettlement including documentation of the is not specified in the should follow their own

action plans must be prepared and made consultation process, in a timely govt. law. guidelines to ensure
available to the public. In preparing a manner, before appraisal formally full implementation of
resettlement action plan, consultations begin, in an accessible place and in a actions related to
must be held with the affected people and form and language that are information disclosure
their communities based on sufficient understandable to key stakeholders. which is required by the
information made available to them in JICA Guidelines.
advance.
Monitoring After projects begin, project proponents The borrower is responsible for Not mentioned in the govt. law. Monitoring is not The project proponent
etc. monitor whether any unforeseeable adequate monitoring & evaluation of specified in the govt. should follow
situations occur and whether the the activities set forth in the law. monitoring
performance and effectiveness of resettlement instrument. requirements of the
mitigation measures are consistent with the JICA Guidelines such
assessment’s prediction. They then take as internal/external
appropriate measures based on the results monitoring as well as
of such monitoring. regular monitoring
during implementation
of land acquisition and
resettlement/post-
resettlement
evaluation as per the
international practices
which are required by
the JICA Guidelines.
Source: JICA. 2010. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations; World Bank. 2012. Operational Policies; Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia. FDRE Constitution; Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. 2005. Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation Proclamation; Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia. 2007. Council of Ministers Regulations on the Payment of Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for Public Purposes.

on Development of Geothermal Energy in Final Report
Ethiopia
Appendix 4.5
Table A.4.4 Summary of Prospective Geothermal Energy Development Sites
Location
Natural and geological Accessibility Status of geothermal
No Site Rift locality Socioeconomic conditions Potential Impact
Region Wareda Kebele conditions /Road development
1 Dallol Afar Afar Berhale Ahamed- Arid and dry land, Harsh climatic  Not residential area, and no Accessible, Technical studies/or scientific (Social)
depression Ela condition, Located at lowest social services. Farming or 7km sandy investigation/ at pre-feasibility None
depression, Exposed rock surface grazing road level (Surface exploration level (Natural)
and sandy soil, Huge deposits of  Availability of water construction is lower), No practical activities  Gas emission (H2S)
solid salt and salty water bodies, resources: Pond water, required are currently observed on the  Water pollution
Rich also in other mineral 25-30km distance (No water sites, The site is used for salt  Change in land use
resources such as Sulfur, Potash. resources nearby), scarcity production
No natural and historical points. all year, not safe water
(shortage of water)
2 Tendaho- Afar Afar Dubti Gurmudale Arid and dry land, Rain fall: 200  Not residential area , and no Accessible, Technical studies/or scientific (Social)
3 depression – 300mm, Plain topography, social services About 12km investigation/ at pre-feasibility  Dispossession of grazing land
(Allelobe Exposed sand soil surface, Hot  Availability of water sandy road level (Surface exploration level
da) springs with relatively big resources: River ・ Dam construction is lower), WB plans (Natural)
volume of water, used for (Dubti electric Dam) required development. The site is either  Gas emission
drinking animals and grazing water, 0.5-2 km distance bared or used for grazing  Water pollution
livestock. No natural and (water availability high), not  Change in land use
historical points. safe water  Water use competition
 Far from main road
 Tribal/minority conflicts
 A few unidentified stone
tombs are observed
3 Boina Afar Afar Erebti Gira-Ale Located at the top of mountain, at  Not residential area , and Poor Technical studies/or scientific (Social)
depression higher altitude as compared to no social services accessibility, investigation/ at pre-feasibility None
Dallol, Arid and dry land, Very  Availability of water About 40km level (Surface exploration level
(Natural)
hot environment, Rain fall: 300 – resources: Rain/pond water, rugged, rocky, is lower), No practical activities
 Gas emission
500mm, Rugged topography. No 15km-25km distance, and sandy are currently observed on the
 Water pollution
natural and historical points. April-June scarcity, not require sites, The site is either bared or
 Change in land use
safe water (shortage of construction used for grazing.
water) of road. Far
from main
electrical
grid.
4 Damali Afar Afar Asayta Harsh environment, Arid and dry  Not residential area , and Difficult to Technical studies/or scientific (Social)
depression land with erratic rain fall pattern, no social services access. investigation/ at pre-feasibility None
Rain fall: 200 – 300mm, Exposed  Availability of water Far from level (Surface exploration level
rock surface with shrub and grass, resources: River water, not main is lower), No practical activities (Natural)
Located at central Afar safe water electrical are currently observed on the  Gas emission
depression. No natural and grid. sites, The site is either bared or  Water pollution
historical points. used for grazing.  Change in land use

Ethiopia
Location
5 Teo Afar Afar Mille Harsh environment, Arid and dry  Not residential area , and Difficult to Technical studies/or scientific (Social)
rock surface with shrub and grass, resources: River water, main is lower), No practical activities (Natural)
Located at central Afar scarcity all year, not safe electrical are currently observed on the  Gas emission
depression, Hot spring. No water grid. sites, The site is either bared or  Water pollution
natural and historical points. used for grazing.  Change in land use
6 Danab Afar Afar Dubti Harsh environment, Arid and dry  Not residential area , and Difficult to Technical studies/or scientific (Social)
rock surface with shrub and grass, resources: River water, main is lower), No practical activities (Natural)
Located at central Afar scarcity all year, not safe electrical are currently observed on the  Gas emission
depression, water grid. sites, The site is either bared or  Water pollution
Located in the nearby salt flat. No used for grazing.  Change in land use
natural and historical points.
7 Meteka Afar Afar Gewane Meteka Harsh environment, Arid and dry  Located within the village Easy to Technical studies/or scientific (Social)
depression land with erratic rain fall pattern, of Meteka Kebele, access investigation/ at pre-feasibility  Dislocation of people,
Rain fall: 200 – 300mm, Low Residential area with a level (Surface exploration level dispossession of grazing land,
altitude with relatively plain number of social services is lower), No practical activities and social services
topography, Exposed sand soil  Availability of water are currently observed on the (Natural)
surface with scattered shrub and resources: Borehole/River sites, The site is on nearby  Interference with ecologically
grass, Perennial swamps cover water, 0.5km distance water settlement area. sensitive aquatic (Swampy)
some portion of Meteka availability high), safe area (Regional conservation
(Sensitive wet land), Hot spring water area)
for use of bathing, washing  Orthodox church (St. Mary  Gas emission
cloths/cars. No natural and Church located  Water pollution
historical points.  Tribal/minority conflicts  Change in land use
8 Arabi Afar Somali Dembel Arabi Good environment, Upper Kola  Not residential area , and Difficult to Technical studies/or scientific (Social)
depression climatic conditions, Flat plain no social services (about access, About investigation/ at pre-feasibility  Dispossession of grazing land
topography, Bushed exposed 4km away from residential 35km rugged, level, No practical activities are
surface with scattered grass area of Arabi Kebele) sandy, and currently observed on the sites, (Natural)
vegetation, Big River called  Availability of water rivers require The site is used for agriculture  Gas emission
Arabi is found along side of the resources: Borehole/River construction and grazing.  Water pollution
site, An industrial input mineral water, 0.5km distance of road.  Change in land use
called Diatomite Earth is (water availability high),
identified in the area, Hot spring. safe water
No natural and historical points.

Ethiopia
Location
9 Dofan Main rift Afar Dulecha Dofan Good environment, Arid and dry  Relatively a few people Difficult to Technical studies/or scientific (Social)
valley land with erratic rain fall pattern, settled but no social access, more investigation/ at pre-feasibility  Dispossession of grazing land
Rain fall 200 - 300 mm, Closer to services than 35 km, level, No practical activities are
Awash River, Relatively flat  Availability of water rugged, currently observed on the sites, (Natural)
plain topography, Surrounded by resources: River water, sandy, and The site is either bared or for  Gas emission
intensively cultivated land and 0.5-1 km distance (water river requires gazing.  Water pollution
state farm, Sulfur deposits are availability high), not safe road  Change in land use
reported in the area. No natural water construction  Disturbance to surrounding
and historical points.  History of tribal/minority wild life; lion species
conflict
10 Kone Main rift Afar Fentale Tututi Good environment, Lower to  Not residential area , and Easy to Technical studies/or scientific (Social)
valley Kola climatic condition, Rain no social services access, 1.5 investigation/ at pre-feasibility  Dispossession of grazing land
fall: 500-900 mm, Flat plain  Far from villages, the km sandy level (Surface exploration level
topography, Constantly surrounding area is used for road requires is lower), No practical activities (Natural)
increasing water covers large common grazing construction are currently observed on the  Interference with ecologically
surface area of the prospect site;  Availability of water sites, The site is either bared or sensitive aquatic (Swampy)
Beseka lake, Intensively resources: lake water, 0.5-1 used for grazing. area (Awash N. Park)
cultivated land and sugar km distance (water  Gas emission
factories, Hot spring for bathing. availability high), not safe  Water pollution
No natural and historical points. water  Change in land use
11 Nazareth Main rift Oromia Adam Boku Good environment, Hot spring  A few residential huts Easy to Surface exploration level is (Social)
valley for healing. No natural and around, Hot springs located access lower  Dispossession of agriculture
historical points. in the farming plots, and grazing land
Religious/Church (Natural)
 Availability of water  Gas emission
resources: Birka/River  Water pollution
water, 0.5 km distance, safe  Change in land use
water  Biologically/ecologically no
 Orthodox church located significant impacts

12 Gedemsa Main rift Oromia Adam Gedemsa Good environment, Moist Wena  Not residential area , and Accessible, Technical studies/or scientific (Social)
valley Dega climatic conditions, More no social services, nearly 10 km investigation/ at pre-feasibility  Dispossession of agriculture
than 900 mm rain fall, Flat Surrounded by farming plot rugged, level (Surface exploration level and grazing land
topography, Dense shrub land  Availability of water Current sandy is lower), No practical activities (Natural)
and intensively cultivated land, resources: River water, 7 and rocky are currently observed on the  Gas emission
Suitable soil for agriculture, km distance, scarcity earth road sites, The site is used for  Water pollution
Water body called Koka lake is summer time, not safe requires agriculture and grazing.  Change in land use
available in the surrounding. No water construction  Biologically/ecologically no
natural and historical points. of road significant impacts

Ethiopia
Location
14 Aluto-2 Main rift Oromia Zeway Aluto Good environment, Dry Wena  Relatively few people Easy to Techno-economic feasibility (Social)
(Altu-Fin valley Dega climatic conditions, Below settled but no social access studies are currently, July 2014,  Displacement of people,
kilo) 700 mm rain fall, Gentle slope services studied for existing pilot plant. dispossession of agricultural
topography, Open wooded land &  Availability of water WB/ICEADA plans MT. and grazing land
wooded grass land, Closer to two resources: Lake/River (Natural)
water bodies; Lake Zeway (8 Km water, 7 km distance, not  Gas emission
south) and Lake Langano (10Km safe water  Water pollution
north), Suitable soil for  Adjacent to Aluto-Langano  Change in land use
agriculture. No natural and Geothermal project site  Biologically/ecologically no
historical points. significant impacts
15 Aluto-3 Main rift Oromia Zeway Aluto Good environment, Dry Wena  Relatively few people Easy access Techno-economic feasibility (Social)
(Aluto-B valley Dega climatic conditions, Below settled but no social studies are currently, July 2014,  Displacement of people,
obessa) 700 mm rain fall, Gentle slope services studied for existing pilot plant. dispossession of agricultural
topography, Open wooded land &  Availability of water WB/ICEADA plans MT. and grazing land
wooded grass land, Closer to two resources: Lake/River (Natural)
water bodies; Lake Zeway (8 Km water, 7 km distance, not  Gas emission
south) and Lake Langano (10Km safe water  Water pollution
north), Suitable soil for  Adjacent to Aluto-Langano  Change in land use
agriculture. No natural and Geothermal project site  Biologically/ecologically no
historical points. significant impacts
18 Boseti Main rift Oromia Boseti Geri Good environment, Moist Wena  Farming land small Easy access, Technical studies/or scientific (Social)
valley Dega climatic conditions, Above residential area 1.5 km earth investigation/ at pre-feasibility  Dispossession of agriculture
900 mm rain fall, Flat  Availability of water road, level (Surface exploration level and grazing land
topography, Dense shrub land resources: Pipe/pond water, and 12km is lower), No practical activities  Limitation of suitable
and intensively cultivated land, 2 km distance, scarcity gravel road are currently observed on the relocation sites
Suitable soil for agriculture. Jan.- May, safe water upgrading sites, The site is used for
Forest/green area, Hot spring for agriculture and grazing. (Natural)
healing. No natural and historical  Gas emission
points.  Water pollution
 Change in land use
 Biologically/ecologically no
significant impacts

Appendix 4.6
Table A.4.5 Potential Impact at each prospect project site

Social Environment Natural Environment Pollution
No. Project Site
Hazards(Risks) (infectious disease such as

Land use and utilization of local resources
Water usage or water rights and rights of

The poor, indigenous and ethnic people
Topography and geographic features
Fauna and flora and biodiversity

Local conflicts of interests
Wetlands, rivers and lakes

Involuntary resettlement
Living and Livelihood
Water contamination
Working Conditions
Noise and vibration

Land subsidence
Ground water
Air pollution
Soil erosion
HIV/AIDS)
Landscape
Accidents
common
Disaster
Climate
Wastes
Odor
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
1 Dallol ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
2 Tendaho-3 (Allalobeda) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
3 Boina ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
4 Damali ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
5 Teo ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
6 Danab ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
7 Meteka ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
8 Arabi ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
9 Dofan ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
10 Kone ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
11 Nazareth ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
12 Gedemsa ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
14 Aluto-2 (Altu-Finkilo) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
15 Aluto-3 (Aluto-Bobessa) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
18 Boseti ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
22 Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
(Source: JICA Study Team)

Note: The possible impacts rated as B+ are counted.

Appendix 4.7
Table A4.6 Potential Impact at Activities at Project Phase
No Likely Impacts Planning/Designing Phase Construction Operation
Phase Phase
Overall Rating
Land Clearing
land use for
Resettlement
Operation of
Well drilling
construction
power plant
Acquisition
geothermal
and testing
Change of
Facility
Land
the
the
Social Environment
1 Involuntary C- C- B-
resettlement
2 Living and Livelihood B- B-
B+ A+ A+
3 Land use and B- B-
utilization of local B+ B+
resources
4 The poor, indigenous D
and ethnic people
5 Local conflicts of D
interests
6 Water usage or water D
rights and rights of
common
7 Hazards(Risks) D
(infectious disease
such as HIV/AIDS)
8 Working Conditions D
9 Disaster D
Natural Environment
10 Topography and B- B- B-
geographic features
11 Land subsidence B- B-
12 Climate B- B-
13 Soil erosion B- B-
14 Wetlands, rivers and B- B-
lakes
15 Fauna and flora and B- B- B- B- B-
biodiversity
16 Landscape D
17 Ground water C- C- C-
Pollution
18 Air pollution B- B- B- B-
19 Water contamination B- B- B- B-
(Water use & Water
contamination)
20 Wastes C- C- C- C-
21 Noise and vibration B- B- B-
22 Odor C- C- C- C-
23 Accidents B- B- B- B-
(Source: JICA Study Team)
<Rating>
A-: Serious impact is expected, if any measure is not implemented to the impact.
B-: Some impact is expected, if any measure is not implemented to the impact.
C-: Extent of impact is unknown (Examination is needed. Impact may become clear as study progresses.)
D : No impact is expected.
A+: Remarkable effect is expected due to the project implementation itself and environmental improvement caused by the
project.
B+: Some effect is expected due to the project implementation itself and environmental improvement caused by the project.
Ethiopia
Appendix 4.8
Table A4.7 Name of offices and Personnel Visited for Baseline Data Collection and
Stakeholder Consultation
Name Responsibility/Profession Woreda
Health office
Amin Homo Human Resource Head Berhale
Desta Fisha Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Erbati
Demissie Shibiru Planning Head Boseti
Mitiku Basie Health Expert Boseti
Lubaba Yimer Health Administrator Boseti
Adem Nur Health Expert Alolbeda
Degu M/Mariam Disease Prevention Expert Dulech
Tegegne Biftu MSH Head Gedemsa
Hizquiel G/Kidan Health Expert Arabi
Alemayehu Siyoum Nurse Boku
Tegegne Biftu Nurse Boku
Fassika Terefe MCH Expert Boku
Mohamod Ali Disease Prevention Expert Zeway
Abdela Oliso Family Health Expert Zeway
Biruk Fekede Family Health Expert Metehara
Anwar Awol Rur. Water & Sanitation Expert Bahri
Kedir Awol Water & Energy Head Asayta
Aychew Gedefa Irrigation Expert Gewane
Culture and Tourism Office
Abdulwad Kasim Commu. And Info. officer Zeway
Hamid Wolo Commu. Desk Head Dubti
Tadele Gemechu Tourism Culture Rese. Officer Gewane
Elias Tirkiso Cul. Tour. Commu. Head Dulecha
Jafar Jemal Project Plan Head Nazreth
Education Office
Abdurahman Arin Exoert Arabi
Hassan Bereken Desk Head Arabi
Bati Girma Expert Nazreth
Jafar Jemal Project Plan Head Nazreth
Jemal Gededa Human Resource Head Boseti
Birhanu Yimer Human Resource Head Boseti
Mulugeta Educ. Quality Head Bahri
Tulu Gemechu Expert Zeway
Jemo Draro Expert Zeway
Shugete Gunechu Expert Zeway
Tibebe Qumbi Expert Zeway
Guro Gobe Educ. Officer Head Zeway
Biruk Nigussie Educ. Expert Gewane
Finance Economy and Divt. Office
Legesser Feyisa Finance and Eco. Expert Boseti
Kedir Hassen Animal Market Officer Dulecha
Yasin Mohamod Finance Officer Dulecha
Demissie Argaw Gri. Input Expert Dulecha
Tewodros Yitsedal Crop production Expert Dulecha
Ahmod Jemal Extension Worker Dulecha

Ethiopia
Different Office representatives

Ali Ahmod Kebeke Chair Dubti
Ebrahim Husien Woreda Chair Berhale
Gifta Yose Woreda Head Gewane
Tadelle Diridssa Woreda Head Arabi
Girma Grievance Handling Head Arabi
Jemu Gemeda Deputy Woreda Head Zeway
Teshite Jarso School Head Nazreth
Mulugeta Gonfa Woreda Council Boseti
Asebir Grievance Handling Head Nazreth
Habtamu Deputy Grievance Handling Boseti
Anggetu Daba Committee Boseti
Birra Rorissa Grievance Handling Gedemsa
Table A4.9 Names of Representatives in Community Consultation
Site Name Age Status

Afar
Tendaho Shiek Mohamod 53 Religious leader
Amila Kahsim 35 Woman
Ali Khasim 28 Youth
Hamad Ali Dula 52 Elderly
Dallol Mohamod Ali 52 Elderly
Hussien Mohamod 40 Religious leader
Hussien Edris 20 Youth
Halima Moha 40 Woman
Dofan Oumar Abhab 66 Religious leader
Ebrahim Shiek 43 Community leader
Ali Hamad 60 Elderly
Abato Humad 40 Resident
Erati Abdulkrim Mohamod 40 Community leader
Ayish Kedir 35 Woman
Ali Baba 30 Youth
Meteka Abadi Ali 37 Woman
Halale Ali 27 Youth
Medina Qumar 27 Resident
Oromia
Aluto 2 Birke Feleta 87 Elderly
Rufe Jilio 40 Woman
Gemede Abu 25 Youth
Gebo Barti 35 Resident
Aluto 3 Barke Fileto 64 Elderly
Gereda Abo 66 Religious leader
Shalo Azemach 25 Youth
Boku Biru Hawaz 58 Religious leader
Genet Melka 25 Woman
Katema Wagjira 30 Youth
Negewo Lema 36 Edir Chair
Boseti Beada Tufa 60 Religious leader
Dadi Gube 77 Elderly
Ethiopia
Mezgebua Babsa 28 Woman

Gedemsa Danse Jelila 46 Community leader
Dadi Shire 38 Woman
Girma Aboye 24 Youth
Belete Meojne 42 Resident
Somali
Arabi Ahmod Awol 55 Peace committee
Shiek Abdu 70 Religious leader
Adel Suluye 55 Elderly
Deqa Yenus 45 Woman
Ahmod Berreh 23 Youth

APPENDIX-5
CALCULATION OF EIRR
Table A.5.1 Calculation of EIRR (Tendaho-1)
Table A.5.2 Calculation of EIRR (Aluto-2)
Table A.5.4 Calculation of EIRR (Aluto-3)
APPENDIX-6
GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY
A6.1 Outline of Methodology
A6.1.1 MT Survey
(1) Principle of Method

MT (Magnetotelluric) method observes the earth’s magnetic field and telluric current in nature with
magnetic and electric sensors to investigate underground structures. MT method can investigate more
than 10,000 m deep.
The term “MT method” is an abbreviation for magnetotelluric method, derived from the combination of
the earth’s magnetism and telluric currents . It denotes a survey method using the earth’s telluric currents
produced in the ground by variations of the earth’s magnetic field (Figure A.6.1).The earth’s magnetic
field changes naturally and is thought to be due to the earth’s magnetic oscillation, less than 1Hz, driven
by solar activity and the earth’s magnetic pulsation, more than 1Hz, produced by lightning. MT method
observes these activities in the frequency range between 0.001Hz and 1,000Hz. Observation is
commonly carried out overnight when the noise level is low. The remote reference method eliminates
the noise at survey points. It uses an observation result at a reference station more than 50km away from
the subject site.
Magnetic sensor 10s of km

(Induction coil)
Reference station
Electric sensor
（Separation of electrode: 30～100m）
Station
Natual variations in the
Earth’s magnetic field
(Solar energy)
Period of
Method Range of frequency Survey depth
acquisition
MT 0.001～300 Hz 1 or2 nights More than 10,000 m
Station Earth’s magnetic field
Natural Equator (source： Application Manual of Geophysical Methods
variations to Engineering and Environmental Problems)
（Lightning）
Earth
Figure A.6.1 Schematic diagram of principles of MT method

The electromagnetic wave is attenuated gradually while it enters ground surface and penetrates
underground. MT method is some of the
The skin depth where the energy intensity decreases to 1/e (about 0.37time) of the intensity at ground
surface is regarded as a rule of thumb of the exploration depth for MT method.
The skin depth δ (m) depends on resistivity of ground ρ (ohm-m) and frequency f (Hz) of
electromagnetic wave and is estimated as the following equation.
 
   503
f f
Where μ is electric permeability.
This equation shows that the higher the resistivity and the lower the frequency, the deeper the
exploration depth into the ground. About MT method in the frequency range of 300 ~ 0.001Hz, the
resistivity of 10ohm-m indicates the skin depth of about from 92m to 50km. It is said that the exploration
depth of MT method is about 2-1/2 (≒0.707) of the skin depth.
As the variations of the earth’s magnetism and telluric currents in low frequencies like the
micropulsation affected by solar activity are observed for MT method, the measurement has to be
carried out overnight when the culture noise level is low at least for one night. However at MT
measurement, the variations of the earth’s magnetism and telluric currents are small and it is difficult to
distinguish those signals from noises. The remote reference station is set up at the far place from the
survey site and where noise is low and the measurement is carried out at the survey station and the
remote reference station simultaneously. The variations of observed signals at the survey station which
have the correlation with data at the remote reference station are recognized as correct signals and those
signals reduce affection of noise to acquired data. This technique is called the remote reference method.
The resistivity is the electrical property obtained from the electromagnetic or electric surveys including
MT method. The definition of resistivity is electric resistance per unit of length with electric current
flowing through the unit cross section area. This means, the apparent resistivity value is different
depending on the directions of the measurements in case of layered underground or fracture rock. In
other words, the resistivity shows anisotropy. MT method routinely measure this apparent anisotropy of
resistivity differently from electromagnetic surveys except for MT method or electric surveys. For
example, in case of the survey for fault, the resistivity in parallel with the strike direction of fault is TE
mode and that of the orthogonal direction of the strike is TM mode.
In MT method, generally Hx as magnetic field and Ex as electric field in NS direction (x axis) and Hy
and Ey in EW direction (y axis) are observed. Bold characters mean complex number. The definition of
impedance tensor Z is expressed as the next equation with the relationship of magnetic and electric field.

 Ex   H x   Z xx Z xy  H x 
  Z ＝  
E  Z yy  H y 
 y  H y   Z yx
The resistivity is related to the mutually-perpendicular components Zxy and Zyx of impedance tensor.
Therefore 2 orthogonal directions of the resistivity are obtained in MT method. If x axis is rotated from
NS direction to another, each component value of impedance tensor Z is varied. It means that by using
the impedance tensor Z calculated from the observed data at NS and EW directions, the resistivity at
arbitrary direction can be estimated.
(2) Measurement Method

Figure A.6.2 shows the schematic drawing for deployment of MT data acquisition system in the project.
For data acquisition, MTU-5A system of Phoenix Geophysics (compatible with MT/AMT) was used
and 2 components of the electric field and 3 components of the magnetic field were observed as time
series. at each station.
The Pb-PbCl2 non-polarized electrodes PE4 of Phoenix Geophysics were used at the measurement of the
telluric current and according to the condition of each station, the dipole of 50~100m range was selected.
The 2 directions of the dipole were NS and EW direction referring the magnetic north as standard. The
electrodes were buried with water and bentonite to reduce contact resistivity in the hole of about 30m
depth.
At the measurement of the magnetic field, the induction coils MTC-50/80 of Phoenix Geophysics were
used to observe the magnetic field in the direction of NS and EW (magnetic north as standard) and
verticality.
The remote reference stations were set up at more than 60 km far from the survey sites. The
measurements were conducted simultaneously at the survey station and the remote reference station for
more than 14 hours overnight and the survey equipment were moved and set up at next station during
daytime. At the beginning of each survey, the calibration was executed to test magnetic sensors and
decide coil coefficients.

surface
Horizontal magnetic field Pb-PbCl2

sensor Hx non-polarized
（MTC-50/80） electrode （PE4）
20cm
lead
chloride
gel
GPS
Pb-PbCl2 Horizontal electric field sensor Ex bentonite

non-polarized （Dipole length: more than 30m）
electrode （PE4）
Pb-PbCl2
non-polarized
electrode (PE4)
Vertical Data logger Horizontal electric field sensor Ex
magnetic field （MTU-5A）（Dipole length: more than 30m）
sensor Hz
（MTC-50/80）
Horizontal magnetic field

sensor Hy
（MTC-50/80）
Pb-PbCl2
non-polarized （MTC-50/80） 6cm
electrode （PE4）
141cm/82cm
Figure A.6.2 Schematic drawing for deployment of MT data acquisition system
(3) Data Processing

The time series data including 3 components of magnetic field and 2 components of electric field
acquired by data logger were moved to the laptop computer soon in the field after finishing the
measurement. each component of the time series data was processed by Fourier transform and each
power spectrum at every frequency f (Hz) was obtained. The spectral ratios of horizontal magnetic field
Hx(f) and Hy(f), electric field Ex(f) and Ey(f) compose each component of impedance tensor Z(f) at
every frequency. The mutually-perpendicular resistivity ρxy(f), ρyx(f) and phase difference xy(f),
yx(f) were computed from the impedance tensor Z(f) using the next equation.
1 1 Ex ( f )
 xy ( f )  Z xy ( f )  ,  xv ( f )  {H y ( f )}  {E x ( f )}
2f 5 f Hy( f )
1 1 Ey ( f )
 yx ( f )  Z yx ( f )  ,  xv ( f )  {H y ( f )}  {E x ( f )}
2f 5 f Hx( f )
Where,
f: frequency (Hz), : the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, : magnetic permeability
Ex(f )、Ey(f ): intensity of electric field (V/m), Hx(f ), Hy(f ): intensity of magnetic field (nT)

{Ex(f )}, {Ey(f )}: phase of electric field (degree), {Hx(f )}, {Hy(f )}: phase of magnetic field
(degree)
Calculated resistivity ρxy(f) and ρyx(f) mean exact resistivity in case that the ground resistivity is equal.
Actually, as they mean approximate resistivity because of the unequal ground resistivity, it is called
“apparent resistivity” in MT method. Phase difference is called “phase” xy(f), yx(f). An example of
apparent resistivity and phase curve is shown in Figure A.6.3.
In the project, the observed time series data were divided to 20 segments and each apparent resistivity
and phase is calculated at every segment. 20 processed values were obtained at every frequency and
statistically
mean and variance are calculated and variance is expressed as error bar on apparent resistivity curve or
phase curve. Generally, it is desirable and means high quality to have low scatter, moderate curvature
and well-joined frequency-band curve segments. Data processing by using only the observation data at
survey station is called local processing. In the project, after downloading data to the laptop computer,
the local processing was done and data quality of the observed data was estimated with the apparent
resistivity and phase curve.
Error bar
Error bar
Apparent resistivity curve Phase curve
Figure A.6.3 An example of an apparent resistivity and phase curve
About data processing of this survey, at 80 frequencies in the range between 320Hz ~ 0.00034Hz of MT
data, each impedance tensor Z(f) was computed.
After the field survey finishing, by using the acquired data at remote reference station, the remote
reference processing technique was applied to the acquired data at survey stations to remove local noises.
A concept of remote reference processing is given in Figure A.6.4. Both the observed data and the
remote reference data have artificial electromagnetic noises generated by power lines, residences, and
traffic of vehicles etc. in circles of Figure. If the distance between the survey site and the remote
reference station is fully far, the correlation of the signal is good and at the same time, noise shows no
correlation. Therefore after cross-correlation data processing, the processed data without noise are
created.

Data
Noise
Cross
correlation Noise-free data
Reference data
Figure A.6.4 A concept of remote reference processing
SSMT2000 software of Phoenix Geophysics was used for a series of remote reference data processing
technique. The processed data were edited by selecting the segment with high S/N at every frequency so
that the apparent resistivity and phase curves have small error bar and smooth curvature. For edit,
MT-editor software of Phoenix Geophysics was used.
(4) Data Analysis

As mentioned above, the apparent resistivity ρxy(f) and ρyx(f) computed through data processing just
indicate the mean value of resistivity to the exploration depth (about 0.707times skin depth). 2D
inversion analysis was executed using apparent resistivity and phase curves to infer the resistivity
structure.
For data analysis, considering the comprehensive strike direction of the survey site, profiles were set up
and y axis was put in the direction of the profile and x axis was put in the perpendicular direction of the
profile.
Impedance tensor was rotated and the apparent resistivity from the combination of electric field of x
direction and magnetic field of y direction as TE mode (parallel to structure) and the apparent resistivity
from the combination of electric field of y direction and magnetic field of x direction as TM mode
(perpendicular to structure) are computed respectively and used for 2D inversion as input data.
In 2D inversion , under the assumption that the resistivity structure doesn’t change and continue
infinitely in the direction perpendicular to profile, 2D resistivity model is computed automatically so
that the response of 2D resistivity model fits to the observed impedance. The resistivity value of each
cell in the resistivity model is calculated from all apparent resistivities of the profile by non-linear least
squares method. As apparent resistivity of adjacent survey station and adjacent resistivity cell are
considered, a relatively continuous model is obtain as reasonable analysis result.
In the project, 2D resistivity inversion analysis was executed using WinGLink of Schlumberger Inc.
which has an function of 2D inversion. The cross section of profile is composed by the elements of finite
element method for model calculation and resistivity cells combined by elements. The size of the
element and the resistivity cell are made enough fine at shallow zone and larger to the direction of
marginal and deep zone.
And next, the homogeneous model of 100 ohm-m resistivity is used as initial model and the response of
resistivity model by finite element method was computed at each survey station. Comparing the

calculated apparent resistivity with the observed apparent resistivity, the iteration of correcting
resistivity was continued until RMS (abbreviation of Root Mean Square) error becomes less than the
threshold.
A6.2.2 TEM Survey
(1) Principle of Method

TEM method is an abbreviation for transient electromagnetic method. It means a method that observes
the transients of magnetic field after turning off an input artificial magnetic field (Figure A.6.5).
An artificial magnetic field is transmitted in a vertical direction when an electric current flows in an
electric square loop on the ground (transmission loop). The loop may be rectangle or circle. When the
electric current is turned off, a secondary electric current starts in the ground in a circle to maintain the
input magnetic field. This current gradually spreads under the ground further. This current is called the
eddy current, or often called “smoke ring” comparing to the smoke loop from cigar. The input artificial
magnetic field decays in time and its rate is less where the resistivity is low. The resistivity of the
subsurface is estimated by measuring the decay of the artificial magnetic field by an induction (receiver)
coil. The decay immediately after stopping the current signal (early time response) indicates resistivity
at shallow ground and the late time response resistivity at deeper parts.
Transmitted signal Controlled vertical

magnetic field
Several Time t
second
Received signal
Receiver coil Loop source

Time transient curve
(Controlled magnetic field)
Survey
line Targeting depth
Station from number of ten meter to
number of hundreds meter
Survey line
Geological
Ground surface layer
Resistivity ρ1
〃 ρ2
Eddy current generated from source
(source： Application Manual of Geophysical Methods

〃 ρ3
to Engineering and Environmental Problems)
Figure A.6.5 Schematic diagram of principles of TEM method
Especially, TEM method is useful to the structure which shows low resistivity (high conductance) due
to groundwater, argillation, weathered deep layer, alteration etc.

The diffusion depth δ (m) is regarded as a rule of thumb of the exploration depth for TEM method and it
is estimated as the following equation.
2t


Where, ρ: ground resistivity (ohm-m), t: time after turning off the primary field (sec), μ: magnetic
permeability
This equation shows that the higher the resistivity and the longer the time, the deeper the exploration
depth into the ground.
It is difficult to investigate the structure under the distribution of low resistivity with electric methods at
the survey site where low resistivity distributes such as argillation or alteration at the shallower zone.
But TEM method is available to investigate deeper zone. Especially, in the survey site where argillation
or saline groundwater exists at the surface layer TEM method is suitable.
(2) Measurement Method

In the project, TEM method is used for static correction of MT data. As about 100m is needed as
exploration depth, 40m square loop was set up on the ground and the current was passed by the portable
transmitter to induce magnetic field. After turning off the current, the transient response of magnetic
field was measured by the induction coil in the center of the loop for a few times in central loop system.
Figure A.6.6 shows the survey schematic drawing for deployment of TEM data acquisition system in the
project. PROTEM CM HP system of Geonics Limited was used and the transient response of vertical
magnetic field was measured at each station. The transmitter current is about 1A, the number of time
windows is 20, the number of stacks is more than 10 times and 3 kinds of the repeat rate 237.5Hx,
62.5Hz and 25.0Hz were mainly used. TEM measurement system of Phoenix V8 was used, too at
several stations in Boseti site to make the survey period short. In this case, 200m square loop was used as
transmitter source.

Figure A.6.6 Schematic drawing for deployment of TEM data acquisition system
(3) Data Processing and Analysis

The 1D inversion analysis was carried out from the acquired TEM data. The analysis software is IX1D
of Interpex Limited. At each survey station, 5 or 6 layers structure was assumed and the values of
resistivity and layer’s thickness of the 1D layered model was obtained by 1D inversion analysis so that
the transient response of the 1D layered model fitted the observed transient response. An example of the
acquired TEM data and the result of 1D layered inversion analysis is shown in Figure A.6.7.

Observed data: □ and calculated curve: solid line (left） and 1D inversion result (right)
Figure A.6.7 An example of TEM data analysis
(4) Static Correction of MT data

An important feature in the data processes with MT method is static shift. The apparent resistivity curve
in Figure A.6.8 contains a static shift caused by a local resistivity anomaly in the shallow ground near
the survey station. Before starting the analysis, it is necessary to move the apparent resistivity curve
back to its normal position, where it would be without the anomaly. A qualitative process is used for this
purpose, incorporating shallow resistivity information by resistivity or other electromagnetic methods
like TEM, or the difference in a pair of apparent resistivity of higher frequency band.
Apparent resistivity a
True curve
Static shift
Electrode
Observed curve
Local anomaly near surface

Frequency f
(source： Application Manual of Geophysical Methods
to Engineering and Environmental Problems)
Figure A.6.8 Static-shift due to a near-surface anomaly

In the project, TEM measurement was taken at the same station as MT measurement and 1D inversion
analysis for TEM data was executed. By using the result of the analysis, the static correction was applied
to MT data. MT response of the analyzed 1D model calculated and the apparent resistivity curve of MT
data was shifted so that the curve of MT data in the highest frequency match MT response curve from
1D data analysis of TEM. The list of shift value for each station is at the back of the report.
A6.2 Results of the Survey
Result of the Survey at 2 sites are attached herewith.

Locations of MT stations (Tendaho-2[Ayrobera] site)
Coordinate (WGS84)
Station Elevation (m)
Latitude Longitude
TDH-101 11°55'0.4" 41°1'48.6" 356
TDH-102 11°55'20.2" 41°2'18.9" 360
TDH-103 11°55'33.1" 41°2'44.2" 358
TDH-104 11°55'49.4" 41°3'11.9" 361
TDH-105 11°56'8.6" 41°3'47.0" 366
TDH-106 11°56'41.3" 41°4'28.7" 365
TDH-107 11°57'4.4" 41°5'17.0" 363
TDH-108 11°57'23.3" 41°5'48.2" 366
TDH-109 11°57'42.1" 41°6'19.5" 356
TDH-110 11°58'0.8" 41°6'50.8" 366
TDH-111 11°58'20.0" 41°7'22.2" 357
TDH-112 11°58'38.1" 41°7'53.3" 365
TDH-202 11°55'50.5" 41°1'49.4" 359
TDH-203 11°56'13.7" 41°2'13.0" 369
TDH-204 11°56'33.1" 41°2'45.4" 365
TDH-205 11°56'51.8" 41°3'16.8" 368
TDH-206 11°57'9.1" 41°3'39.2" 368
TDH-207 11°57'29.8" 41°4'19.0" 364
TDH-208 11°57'48.2" 41°4'50.5" 366
TDH-209 11°58'6.9" 41°5'21.9" 373
TDH-210 11°58'23.4" 41°5'52.8" 362
TDH-211 11°58'44.5" 41°6'24.4" 361
TDH-212 11°59'3.2" 41°6'55.6" 357
TDH-213 11°59'22.1" 41°7'26.9" 360
TDH-900
(MT-Ref: 11°16′37.0″ 40°42′16.0″ 512
Mille)
Locations of MT stations (Boseti site)
Coordinate (WGS84)
Station Elevation (m)
Latitude Longitude
BST-201 8°38'43.8" 39°29'19.0" 1411
BST-202 8°38'38.4" 39°29'51.1" 1405
BST-203 8°38'28.7" 39°30'18.1" 1463
BST-204 8°38'17.8" 39°31'1.9" 1428
BST-205 8°38'16.2" 39°31'40.8" 1456
BST-206 8°38'10.2" 39°32'8.9" 1391
BST-207 8°37'58.3" 39°32'37.3" 1339
BST-208 8°37'47.5" 39°33'7.8" 1327
BST-300 8°39'14.8" 39°29'25.4" 1383
BST-301 8°39'7.6" 39°29'59.6" 1395
BST-302 8°39'1.5" 39°30'31.1" 1386
BST-303 8°38'55.0" 39°31'4.2" 1355
BST-304 8°38'35.3" 39°31'37.6" 1392
BST-305 8°38'34.7" 39°32'16.2" 1350
BST-306 8°38'33.4" 39°32'46.8" 1319
BST-307 8°38'27.1" 39°33'25.8" 1305
BST-400 8°39'47.8" 39°29'37.3" 1365
BST-401 8°39'45.4" 39°30'13.4" 1376
BST-402 8°39'33.2" 39°30'40.4" 1353
BST-403 8°39'25.7" 39°31'16.7" 1320
BST-404 8°39'20.4" 39°31'45.8" 1316
BST-405 8°38'59.7" 39°31'41.5" 1384
BST-406 8°39'4.8" 39°33'1.5" 1304
BST-407 8°39'3.6" 39°33'57.2" 1302
BST-501 8°40'17.6" 39°29'56.0" 1341
BST-502 8°40'6.3" 39°30'49.3" 1322
BST-503 8°39'57.5" 39°31'24.3" 1301
BST-504 8°39'48.8" 39°31'51.4" 1301
BST-505 8°39'43.9" 39°32'29.5" 1303
BST-506 8°39'34.4" 39°33'6.8" 1303
BST-900
(MT-Ref: 8°28'30.7" 39°2'27.5" 1647
Koka)
Resistivity cross section at profile 'TDH100'
Resistivity cross section at profile 'TDH200'

Resistivity cross section at profile 'TDO94'



Resistivity (2D Model) at 200 m Elevation

Resistivity (2D Model) at -700 m Elevation

TE Original TE Calculated TM Original TM Calculated TE Original TE Calculated TM Original TM Calculated
TDH-101C rms= 2.0786 TDH-102A rms= 1.1614 TDH-107B rms= 1.3586 TDH-108A rms= 0.8066
103 103 103 103
102 102 102 102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10
0 0 0 0
10 10 10 10
-1 -1 -1 -1
10 10 10 10
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60 60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
TDH-103A rms= 1.3364 TDH-104A rms= 0.8744 TDH-109A rms= 0.9194 TDH-110A rms= 1.2995
103 103 103 103
2 2 2 2
10 10 10 10
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10
0 0 0 0
10 10 10 10
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1

90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
3
TDH-105A rms= 0.9709 3
TDH-106A rms= 0.7939 TDH-111A rms= 0.7553 TDH-112A rms= 0.5126
10 10 3 3
10 10
2 2 2 2
10 10 10 10
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10
100 100 100 100
10-1 10-1
10-1 10-1
90 90
90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
30 30
0 0
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Period(sec) Period(sec)
103
TDH-208A rms= 0.9477 103
TDH-209B rms= 0.9351 103
TDH-202A rms= 1.6317 103
TDH-203A rms= 1.9873
2 2 2 2
10 10 10 10
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
101 101 101 101
100 100 100 100
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
10
3 TDH-210A rms= 0.6929 10
3 TDH-211A rms= 0.9229 3 TDH-204B rms= 1.4508 3 TDH-205A rms= 1.9461
10 10
102 102 102 102

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
101 101 101 101
100 100
100 100
-1 -1
10 10 -1 -1
10 10
90 90
90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
30 30
0 0
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
103
TDH-212A rms= 0.8401 103
TDH-213A rms= 0.8344 TDH-206A rms= 1.579 TDH-207A rms= 0.7896
103 103
102 102
102 102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
101 101
101 101
0 0
10 10 0 0
10 10
-1 -1
10 10 -1 -1
10 10
90 90
90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
30 30
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 0 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Period(sec) Period(sec) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Apparent resistivity and phase curve at profile TDH100 and TDH200

TDO9401a rms= 1.2506 TDO9402a rms= 1.2804 TDO9407a rms= 0.8139 TDO9408a rms= 1.6098
102 102 102 102

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10
100 100 100 100
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60 60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
2 2 2 2
10 10 10 10
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101 101 101
100 100 100 100
-1 -1 -1 -1
10 10 10 10
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
102 102 102 102

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101 101 101
0 0 0 0
10 10 10 10
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Period(sec) Period(sec) Period(sec) Period(sec)
TE Original TE Calculated TM Original TM Calculated
TDO9413a rms= 1.6325 TDO9414a rms= 1.01
102 102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
1 1
10 10
100 100
10-1 10-1
90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
TDO9415a rms= 1.1072 TDO9416a rms= 0.7338
2 2
10 10
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
101 101
100 100
-1 -1
10 10
90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
TDO9417a rms= 1.3179
102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
101
0
10
10-1
90
Phase (deg)
60
30
0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10
Period(sec)
Apparent resistivity and phase curve at profile TDO94

3 TDO9501 rms= 0.7081 3 TDO9502 rms= 0.9861 3 TDO9509 rms= 0.94 3 TDO9510 rms= 1.5282
10 10 10 10
102 102 102 102

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101 101 101
100 100 100 100
-1 -1 -1 -1
10 10 10 10
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60 60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
TDO9503 rms= 0.8752 TDO9504 rms= 1.4392 TDO9511 rms= 1.4593 TDO9512 rms= 0.5689
103 103 103 103
102 102 102 102

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101 101 101
0 0 0 0
10 10 10 10
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60 60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
103 103 103 103
102 102 102 102

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10
100 100 100 100
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60 60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
3 TDO9515 rms= 1.0529

10
102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
101
100
-1
10
90
Phase (deg)
60
30
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103

Period(sec)

102 102 102 102

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101 101 101
0 0 0 0
10 10 10 10
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60 60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
TDO9603 rms= 1.6354 TDO9604 rms= 0.7765 TDO9609 rms= 1.5594
102 102 102

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

1 1 1
10 10 10
100 100 100
10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60 60
30 30 30
0 0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Period(sec)
TDO9605 rms= 0.9543 TDO9606 rms= 1.1322
2 2
10 10
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
101 101
100 100
10-1 10-1
90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

2 2 2 2
10 10 10 10
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101 101 101
100 100 100 100
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
102 102 102 102

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101 101 101
100 100 100 100
-1 -1 -1 -1
10 10 10 10
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
102 102 102 102

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101 101 101
0 0 0 0
10 10 10 10
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
TDO9705 rms= 1.3989
2
10
Rho App. (ohm.m)
101
100
10-1
90
Phase (deg)
60
30
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103

Period(sec)

3
TDO9801 rms= 2.1216 3
TDO9802 rms= 3.1528 3
TDO9807 rms= 1.0548 3
TDO9808 rms= 1.2797
10 10 10 10
102 102 102 102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101 101 101
0 0 0 0
10 10 10 10
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
103 103 103 103
102 102 102 102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10
100 100 100 100
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
103 103 103 103
2 2 2 2
10 10 10 10
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
101 101 101 101
100 100 100 100
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
30 30
0 0
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
3
TDO9813 rms= 0.8348 3
TDO9814 rms= 1.3356
10 10
102 102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
101 101
0 0
10 10
10-1 10-1
90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
TDO9815 rms= 0.7699 TDO9816 rms= 0.7414

103 103
102 102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
1 1
10 10
100 100
10-1 10-1
90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

103 103 103 103
102 102 102 102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101 101 101
0 0 0 0
10 10 10 10
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60 60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
103 103 103 103
102 102 102 102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10
100 100 100 100
-1 -1 -1 -1
10 10 10 10
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
103 103 103 103
2 2 2 2
10 10 Rho App. (ohm.m) 10 10
Rho App. (ohm.m)

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
101 101 101 101
0 0 0 0
10 10 10 10
-1 -1 -1 -1
10 10 10 10
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
TDO9913 rms= 0.8274 TDO9914 rms= 0.8811

103 103
102 102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
101 101
0 0
10 10
10-1 10-1
90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103

Resistivity cross section at profile 'BST200'


Resistivity (2D Model) at 50 m Depth



BST-201A rms= 1.149 BST-202A rms= 1.0123 3

BST-300A rms= 0.9514 3
BST-301A rms= 0.9148
103 103 10 10
102 102 102 102

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10
100 100 100 100
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1

90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
BST-203A rms= 1.9984 BST-204A rms= 0.893 BST-302A rms= 1.6848 BST-303A rms= 0.9851
103 103 103 103
2 2 2 2
10 10 10 10
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101 101 101
100 100 100 100
-1 -1 -1 -1
10 10 10 10
90 90
90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
30 30
0 0
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
BST-205A rms= 0.7053 BST-206A rms= 1.0383 BST-304A rms= 0.8165 BST-305A rms= 0.773
3 3
10 10 103 103
102 102 102 102

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101
101 101
0 0
10 10
100 100
10-1 10-1 -1 -1
10 10
90 90
90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
30 30
0 0
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
BST-207A rms= 1.0763 BST-208A rms= 0.6952 3

BST-306A rms= 1.4505 3
BST-307A rms= 1.1294
10 10
103 103
102 102
102 102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
1 1
1 1 10 10
10 10
100 100
100 100
10-1 10-1
10-1 10-1
90 90 90 90
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 30 30
0 0 0 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
Apparent resistivity and phase curve at profile BST200 and BST300

BST-400A rms= 1.995 BST-401A rms= 1.2519 3 BST-501A rms= 1.5827 3 BST-502A rms= 1.8795
10 10
102 102
102 102
101 101
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

101 101
0 0
10 10
10-1 10-1
100 100
90 90
-1 -1
10 10
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30 90 90
0 0
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
BST-402A rms= 0.9572 BST-403B rms= 0.9047 30 30
102 102
0 0
1 1 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
10 10
BST-503A rms= 1.045 BST-504A rms= 1.0965

10
0
10
0 103 103
10-1 10-1
102 102
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

90 90
101 101
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
0 0
100 100
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
BST-404A rms= 2.193 BST-406A rms= 4.1631 10-1 10-1

2 2
10 10 90 90
1 1
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)
10 10 60 60
100 100 30 30
10
-1
10
-1 0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
90 90
BST-505A rms= 0.8654 BST-506A rms= 0.9378
103 103
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
30 30
102 102
0 0
Rho App. (ohm.m)
Rho App. (ohm.m)

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 1
10 10
BST-407A rms= 2.0284 100 100
102
10-1 10-1
101
Rho App. (ohm.m)
90 90
0
10
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
60 60
10-1 30 30
90 0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Phase (deg)
60
30
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103

Period(sec)
Apparent resistivity and phase curve at profile BST400 and BST500

l c�
Offset values for static correction� J Q�
a^q^
Station Static Shift (xy) Static Shift (yx) Station Static Shift (xy) Static Shift (yx)
BST-201 0.329 0.190 BST-400 0.295 0.284
BST-202 0.330 0.258 BST-401 0.192 0.271
BST-203 0.799 0.384 BST-402 0.301 0.299
BST-204 0.454 0.871 BST-403 0.516 1.000
BST-205 0.477 0.273 BST-404 0.683 1.000
BST-206 0.638 0.527 BST-405 1.064 0.539
BST-207 0.241 0.252 BST-406 0.408 0.305
BST-208 0.161 0.298 BST-407 0.499 0.462
BST-300 0.363 0.270 BST-501 0.572 1.000
BST-301 0.536 0.641 BST-502 0.300 1.000
BST-302 0.271 0.300 BST-503 1.364 0.813
BST-303 0.170 0.377 BST-504 0.371 0.557
BST-304 0.521 1.000 BST-505 0.142 0.547
BST-305 0.238 0.257 BST-506 0.318 0.089
BST-306 0.595 0.334
BST-307 0.363 0.199
TEM survey results of 1D inversion analysis (BST200)

Proposal For Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model and Target For Geothermal Test Wells

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Proposal For Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model and Target For Geothermal Test Wells

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The Project for Formulating Master Plan

on Development of Geothermal Energy in Ethiopia Final Report

CHAPTER 7 PROPOSAL FOR PRELIMINARY GEOTHERMAL

7.2 Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera) Geothermal Site

7.2.1 Interpretation of Survey Results

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. 7-1 April 2015

7.2.2 Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model

Table 7.2.2 Characteristics of Geothermal Reservoir

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. 7-2 April 2015

Basaltic Rock 2km

Source: JICA Project Team

Figure 7.2.1 Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera) Site

Source: JICA Project Team

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. 7-3 April 2015

7.2.3 Preliminary Target for Test Well Drilling

Area Target Well Type

Table 7.2.4 Tentative Specification of Test Well Drilling in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera)

Drilling depth to bottom 1,840 m 2,000 m 2,000 m

KOP :Kick-Off Point Source: JICA Project Team

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. 7-4 April 2015

Source: JICA Project Team

Figure 7.2.3 Test Well Drilling Plan in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera)

AY-3 AY-1 AY-2

Source: JICA Project Team

Figure 7.2.4 Schematic Section of Test Well Drilling in Tendaho-2 (Ayrobera)

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. 7-5 April 2015

7.3 Boseti Geothermal Site

7.3.1 Interpretation of Survey Results

7.3.2 Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model

Table 7.3.2 Characteristics of Geothermal Reservoir

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. 7-6 April 2015

Figure 7.3.1 Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model in Boseti site

Source: JICA Project Team

Figure 7.3.2 Preliminary Geothermal Reservoir Model (Section) in Boseti site

7.3.3 Preliminary Target for Test Well Drilling

Table 7.3.3 Tentative Specification of Test Well Drilling in Boseti

Target Area Target Test Drilling

Table 7.3.4 Tentative Specification of Test Well Drilling in Boseti

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. 7-8 April 2015

Source: JICA Project Team

Figure 7.3.3 Test Well Drilling Plan in Boseti

Source: JICA Project Team

Figure 7.3.4 Schematic Section of Test Well Drilling in Boseti

7.4 Recalculation of Geothermal Resources and Priority of Geothermal Development

7.4.1 Re-evaluation of Geothermal Potential

Table 7.4.1 Reservoir Volume Estimated by Geothermal Conceptual Model

Table 7.4.2 Geothermal Potential Recalculated by Reservoir Volume

7.4.2 Review of Priority of Geothermal Development

7.5 Drilling Plan

7.5.1 Test Drillings

(1) Purpose of Test Drillings

(2) Types of Test Wells

(1) Clarification of Permiability START (2) Clarification of (3) Clarification of

Source: JICA Project Team

Figure 7.5.1 Criteria for Successful/ Unsuccessful Wells

Table 7.5.1 Types of Test Drilling

(3) Test Drilling at the Target Sites

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. 7-11 April 2015

7.5.2 Considerations for Test Drilling