LESSON 2 ELECTRONIC

DEVICES
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
 are devices or machines that use electricity
in order to work.
Electronic Data Processing
•There are different types of data processing systems
and each performs one or more required operation(s) on
data by means of various devices. When a machine
performs most of the required operations, the system is
called an automatic data processing (ADP) system.
More particularly, when that machine is an electronic
digital computer, the system is described as an
electronic data processing (EDP) system or simply as a
computer system.
In the broadest terms, an electronic data
processing system consists of : HARDWARE,
SOFTWARE AND PEOPLEWARE.
1. HARDWARE
-Personal computer hardware is the component devices that are the
building blocks of personal computers. These are typically installed into a
computer case, or attached to it by a cable or through a port. In the latter
case, they are also referred to as peripherals.
2. SOFTWARE
- System software is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing
the individual hardware components of a computer system so that other
software and the users of the system see it as a functional unit without
having to be concerned with the low-level details such as transferring data
from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display.
3. PEOPLEWARE
- These are the people who are using and instructing the computer and
programs.
-They are also used to be called the users.
TWO TYPES OF USER
1. COMPUTER PROFESSIONAL
-It is the users that who are studied computer or know how to manipulate
the computer.
2. END USER
-Users that didn’t know how to use or didn’t study about computer. But they
know how to use computer.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
1. OPERATING SYSTEM
-It use to manage the data, hardware, application software. No computer
can run without operating software.
2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
-Tools of the users. It enables users to create, manipulate and present data.
KINDS OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE
1. EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE
-It is an application software where the main purpose is for education and
for students
2. ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE

- It is an application software where the main purpose is to entertain the

user.
3. BUSINESS APPLICATION SOFTWARE
- It is use for business application, for computation of grades, and other
business matter.
4. BROWSER
- It is also kind of application software where you can use it for research
work.
ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
- Speed
-Accuracy
-Automatic Operation
-Decision Making Capability
-Compact Storage
-Discipline it Impose

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
1. By Purpose
•General Purpose Computers
-These are computers that can do wide variety of task or jobs.
-Able to act in response to programs created to meet different needs.
•Special Purpose Computers
-Designed to perform one specific task.
-The program of instructions is built into, or permanently stored in the
machine.
2. By type of data handled
•Analog Computer
-is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of
physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities
to model the problem being solved. In contrast, digital computers represent
varying quantities incrementally, as their numerical values change.
•Digital Computer
-A computer that stores data in terms of digits (numbers) and proceeds in
discrete steps from one state to the next. The states of a digital computer
typically involve binary digits which may take the form of the presence or
absence of magnetic markers in a storage medium (see memory), on-off
switches or relays. In digital computers, even letters, words and whole texts
are represented digitally. Unlike analog computers, digital computers can
only approximate a continuum by assigning large numbers of digits to a
state description and by proceeding in arbitrarily small steps.
•Hybrid Computer
-are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and
digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller
and provides logical operations, while the analog component normally
serves as a solver of differential equations.
1. According to capacity
• MICROCOMPUTERS
-The Microcomputer has the lowest level capacity. The machine has
memories that are generally made of semiconductors fabricated on silicon
chips. Large-scale production of silicon chips began in 1971 and this has
been of great use in the production of microcomputers. The microcomputer
is a digital computer system that is controlled by a stored program that uses
a microprocessor, a programmable read-only memory (ROM) and a
random-access memory (RAM). The ROM defines the instructions to be
executed by the computer while RAM is the functional equivalent of
computer memory. The Apple, the Radio Shack TRS-80, and the Genie III
are examples of microcomputers and are essentially fourth generation
devices. Microcomputers have from 4k to 64k storage location and are
capable of handling small, single-business application such as sales
analysis, inventory, billing and payroll.
•MINICOMPUTERS
-In the 1960s, the growing demand for a smaller stand-alone machine
brought about the manufacture of the minicomputer, to handle tasks that
large computers could not perform economically. Minicomputer systems
provide faster operating speeds and larger storage capacities than
microcomputer systems. Operating systems developed for minicomputer
systems generally support both multiprogramming and virtual storage. This
means that many programs can be run concurrently. This type of computer system
is very flexible and can be expanded to meet the needs of users.
•MEDIUM-SIZE COMPUTERS
-Medium-size computer systems provide faster operating speeds and
larger storage capacities than minicomputer systems. They can support a
large number of high-speed input/output devices and several disk drives
can be used to provide online access to large data files as required for
direct access processing and their operating systems also support both
multiprogramming and virtual storage. This allows the running of variety of
programs concurrently. A medium-size computer can support a
management information system and can therefore serve the needs of a
large bank, insurance company or university. They usually have memory
sizes ranging from 32k to 512k. The IBM System 370, Burroughs 3500
System and NCR Century 200 system are examples of medium-size
computers.
•LARGE COMPUTERS
-Large computers are next to Super Computers and have bigger capacity
than the Medium-size computers. They usually contain full control systems
with minimal operator intervention. Large computer system ranges from
single-processing configurations to nationwide computer-based networks
involving general large computers. Large computers have storage
capacities from 512k to 8192k, and these computers have internal
operating speeds measured in terms of nanosecond, as compared to small
computers where speed is measured in terms of microseconds.
Expandability to 8 or even 16 million characters is possible with some of
these systems. Such characteristics permit many data processing jobs to
be accomplished concurrently. Large computers are usually used in
government agencies, large corporations and computer services
organizations. They are used in complex modeling, or simulation, business
operations, product testing, design and engineering work and in the
development of space technology. Large computers can serve as server
systems where many smaller computers can be connected to it to form a
communication network.
•SUPERCOMPUTERS
-The supercomputers are the biggest and fastest machines today and they
are used when billion or even trillions of calculations are required. These
machines are applied in nuclear weapon development, accurate weather
forecasting and as host processors for local computer. And time sharing
networks. Super computers have capabilities far beyond even the
traditional large-scale systems. Their speed ranges from 100 million-
instruction-per-second to well over three billion. Because of their size,
supercomputers sacrifice a certain amount of flexibility. They are therefore
not ideal for providing a variety of user services. For this reason,
supercomputers may need the assistance of a medium-size general
purpose machines (usually called front-end processor) to handle minor
programs or perform slower speed or smaller volume operation.
WHAT THE COMPUTERS CAN AND CANNOT DO?
•COMPUTER CAPABILITIES
- Ability to perform certain logic operations
- Ability to provide new time dimensions
- Ability to store and retrieve information
- Ability to control error
- Ability to check itself
•COMPUTER LIMITATIONS
- Dependence on prepared instructions
- Inability to derive meanings from objects
- Inability to generate information
- It cannot correct wrong instructions
•WHY COMPUTER SOMETIMES FAIL?
- Input errors
- Errors in instructing a computer
- The communication gap
- Improper controls
-Lack of standards
-Lack of adequate manufacturer support
PLACES WHERE COMPUTERS ARE USED
1. Schools
2. Government facilities
3. Businesses
4. Hospitals
5. Computer shop
6. Institutions
7. Factories, etc…
PEOPLE WORKING WITH COMPUTERS
1. Programmer is a person who writes computer software. The
term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area
of computer programming or to a generalist who writes code for
many kinds of software. One who practices or professes a formal
approach to programming may also be known as a programmer
analyst.
2. Encoder is a person that converts information from one format or code to
another, for the purposes of standardization, speed, secrecy, security, or
saving space by shrinking size.
3. Computer Technician is a person who repairs and
maintains computers and servers. The technician's responsibilities may
extend to include building or configuring new hardware, installing and
updating software packages, and creating and maintaining computer
networks.
4. System Analyst researches problems, plans solutions,
recommends software and systems, and coordinates development to meet
business or other requirements.
5. System/Network Administrator is a person employed to maintain and
operate a computer system and/or network. System administrators may be
members of an information technology (IT) or Electronics and
Communication Engineering department.