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L1-Understanding-Data-and-Ways-to-Systematically-Collect Data

PR2

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14 views16 pages

L1-Understanding-Data-and-Ways-to-Systematically-Collect Data

PR2

Uploaded by

Tryrix Amveus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Understanding

Data and Ways


to
Systematically
Collect Data
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Sample Size Determination
A sample (n) is a selection of respondents for a research study to represent the total population (N).
Making decision about sample size for a survey is important. Too large sample may mean a waste of
resources, both human and financial. On the other hand, too small a sample decreases the utilization
of the results.
The following are some reasons for use of samples:
1. A sample saves time compared to doing a complete census which requires more time.
2. A sample saves money because it is less costly than conducting a complete census.
3. A sample allows more particular attention to be given to a number of elements than when doing a
census
4. There are a greater error in reporting results of a census caused by inexperienced interviewers.
Slovin’s Formula
The following information is needed to be able to determine the sample size using the Slovin’s
Formula.
◦ Population (N) consists of members of a group that a researcher is interested in studying the members of
a group that usually have common or similar characteristics.
◦ Margin of error is the allowable error margin in research. A confidence interval of 95% gives a margin of
error of 5%; a 98% gives a margin of error of 2%; a 99% confidence interval gives a 1% margin of error.

N Where:
◦𝑛 = 𝑛 = sample size
1+N𝑒 2
N = Total Population
𝑒 = margin of error
Example 1
A researcher wants to conduct a survey. If the population of a big university is 35,000, find the
N
sample size if the margin of error is 5%. Using the formula. 𝑛 =
1+N𝑒 2

Substituting the given data,


35,000
𝑛 = 1+ 35,000 (.05)2

35,000 NOTE: When applying this formula in our activity,


𝑛= you must follow the process for you to be able to
1+ 35,000 (.0025)
pass the activity aside from getting the correct
35,000
𝑛 = 1+87.5 answer. BOX your final answer.

35,000
𝑛=
88.5

𝑛 = 395
Example 2
Suppose you plan to conduct a study among 1,500 Grade 11 students enrolled in the ICT strand.
N
How many respondents are needed using a margin of error of 2%. Using the formula. 𝑛 =
1+N𝑒 2

Substituting the given data,


1,500
𝑛 = 1+ 1,500 (.02)2
NOTE: When applying this formula in our activity,
1,500 you must follow the process for you to be able to
𝑛=
1+ 1,500 (.0004) pass the activity aside from getting the correct
1,500 answer. BOX your final answer.
𝑛= 1+.6

1,500
𝑛=
1.6

𝑛 = 938
Sampling Procedures
Sampling is a formal process of choosing the correct subgroup called a sample from a population
to participate in a research study. The subgroup shall be the representative of the large group
from where they were selected. To create a sample you may follow any of the following categories
of sampling techniques: probability sampling and non-probability sampling scheme.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING PROCEDURES

The most important characteristics of probability sampling procedures is the random selection of
the samples. Specifically, each sample (n) or element from the population (N) has an equal
chance of selection under a given sampling technique. Four (4) probability sampling are:
Simple Random Sampling
This is the most frequently used type of probability
sampling technique. This is characterized by the idea that
the chance of selection is the same for every member of
the population.
Systematic Random Sampling
This follows specific steps and procedures in doing the
random selection of the samples. It requires a list of
elements and every nth element in the list is drawn for
inclusion in the sample. If for instance, you have a list of
5,000 persons and you need a sample of 500, here are
the steps to follow:
1. Divide the number of elements in the population by the desired
sample size. In this case, you divide 5,000 by 500 which gives a
value of 10.
2. Choose random number between on and the value you obtained
from step 1. In this example, you can choose a number between 1
and 10, let’s say you choose 5.
3. Starting with the number you picked which is 5, you take every
10th (from step1) and you use 5 as your starting point. Thus, you
have to select the samples whose numbers are 5, 25,35,45, and
so on until you reach the desired sample size of 500.
Stratified Random Sampling
In Stratified Random Sampling, the population is divided into
two or more mutually exclusive categories, called strata,
based on variables such as economic status, grade level, or
family income. From each of these strata, a sample is drawn
proportionally. This method ensures that each subgroup
(stratum) is represented in the sample according to its size in
the population. To illustrate the procedure see sample below:
Suppose a researcher wants to study the academic performance of students based on their grade
levels in a school. The school has students in four different grade levels: Grade 9, Grade 10, Grade
11, and Grade 12.
Population: 1,200 students
Strata: The four grade levels (Grade 9, Grade 10, Grade 11, and Grade 12)
Desired Sample Size: 300 students
The researcher first divides the population by grade level. Each grade level is a stratum. The
number of students in each grade level is recorded:
Grade 9: 350 students
Grade 10: 300 students
Grade 11: 280 students
Grade 12: 270 students
Divide each number of students per level by the total population of
1200 and then multiply by the desired sample size of 300.

In this case,
350
Grade 9: x 300 = 87.5 ≅ 88
1200
300
Grade 10: x 300 = 75
1200
280
Grade 11: x 300 = 70
1200
270
Grade 12: x 300 = 67.5 ≅ 67
1200
Cluster Sampling
In Cluster Sampling, instead of sampling individuals
directly, clusters or groups of the population are randomly
selected. These clusters could be based on geographic
regions, schools, or other natural groupings. Once clusters
are chosen, all individuals within the selected clusters
may be sampled, or a further random sample may be
taken within each cluster.
Cluster Sampling Example:
A company wants to conduct a survey to assess employee satisfaction across its
various branch offices. The company has 20 branches, and each branch has
between 100 and 200 employees.

Population: 3,000 employees across 20 branches


Clusters: The 20 branches
Desired Sample Size: Employees from 5 branches
The researcher first randomly selects 5 branches out of the 20.
Once these branches are selected, the researcher surveys all employees in those
5 branches.
In this method, entire groups (clusters) are chosen at
random, and then all members within the chosen groups are
included in the study. This can be easier and less costly than
sampling individuals from across all branches.
Planning
Data
Analyses
Using
Statistics
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

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