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09 Functions of Several Variables

Math

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19 views

09 Functions of Several Variables

Math

Uploaded by

pfaff.beauchard001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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(9) Functions of n Independent Variables

9.1) Definition 1: Functions of n Independent Variables


1

A function z = f (x1, x2, x3, …, xn) in n independent variables x1, x2, x3, …, xn
1

is a rule that assigns to each n-tuple (x1, x2, x3, …, xn) in a set D in  n a 1

unique real number z in a subset of  . Set D is the domain of f and each 1

n-tuple (x1, x2, x3, …, xn) is called an input of f. The range (image) of f is 1

the set of real numbers z (outputs) that result from f assuming all n-tuple
inputs (x1, x2, x3, …, xn).
9.2) Definition 2: Functions of Two Independent Variables
A function z = f (x, y) in two independent variables x, y is a rule that assigns
to each ordered pair (x, y) – or 2-tuple – in a set D in  2 a unique real1

number z in a subset of  . Set D is the domain of f and each 2-tuple (x, y)


1

is called an input of f. The range (image) of f is the set of real numbers z


1

(outputs) that result from f assuming all 2-tuple inputs (x, y).
9.3) Evaluating Functions of n Independent Variables
1

Example 1: In each part, find and sketch the domain of the given function
a) f (x, y) = arccos (x 2 + y 2 – 5) b) f (x, y, z) = ln (16 – 4x 2 – 4y 2 – z 2)
( )
1

Evaluate f (–1, 3 ) Evaluate f 5 , 2, −1


2

Answer: D = {(x, y) : 4  x 2 + y2  6} Answer: D =


f (–1, 3 ) = – 2 f ( 5
2 , 2, −1 ) = ln 2
Example 2: In each part, find the domain of the given function
a) f (x, y, z, w) = 25 − 2 x − 3 y − 4 z − w . Evaluate f (4, –2, 3, –1)
b) f (x, y) = x 2e − 2 y . Evaluate f (–3, 4)
x y

Answer: a) D = {( x, y, z, w): 2 x + 3y + 4z + w  25}. f (4, –2, 3, –1) = 2 3


b) D = {( x, y): x  0, y > 0, y  x2 }. f (–3, 4) = e – 6
2

9.4) Graphs of Functions of Two Independent Variables


Just like graphs in 2D and 3D space curves
Figure 3: 4-petal rose in polar coordinates, r = 4sin(2 )

Figure 4: Archimedes Spiral in polar coordinates, r = 1 


Figure 5: Conical Helix

Figure 6: Singapore Helix Bridge Figure 7


Cactus Helix

Figure 8: Roller Coaster r (t) = –3cos t , –0.4 t, –2sin t 


Many graphs of 3D functions may also simulate natural events.
Figure 9: Hyperbolic Paraboloid f (x, y) = x 2 – y 2 (My Saddle)

Figure 10: f (x, y) = − xye − 2 ( x


1 2 + y2 )
Los Andes

Figure 11: f (x, y) = − xye − 2 ( x


1 2 + y2 )
Lizard Range (British Columbia, Canada)
Figure 12: On Top of Swiss Alps Figure 13: On Top of Japanese Alps

Figure 13: f (x, y) = cos x cos y

Figure 14: Tian Shan (Kyrgyzstan, Western China)


9.5) Level Curves of Functions of Two Independent Variables
The level curves of a function Figure 15: Some level curves of
z = f (x, y) of two variables are Circular Paraboloid
curves defined by equations of f (x, y) = x 2 + y 2 + 1
the form f (x, y) = k, where k is
a constant in the range of f.

Example 3: Sketch some level


curves of the circular paraboloid
f (x, y) = x 2 + y 2 + 1
Answer: Figure 15 at right shows
a nice sketch of the circular
some of its level curves.

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