(13) Double Integrals

13.1) Definition 1: If z = f (x, y)  0 for all points (x, y) in a region R in  2,

then the volume V of the solid that lies above region R and below the
surface z = f (x, y) is given by  f ( x , y ) dA and it can be approximated
R
m n
by the double Riemann sum  
i =1 j =1
f ( xi*j , yi*j )  A

Example 1: If R = [0, 6]  [–2, 1], use a Riemann sum with m = 3, n = 2 to

estimate the volume of the solid that lies below the surface z = 3 + x2 + 2y
a) Use lower right corners; b) Use upper left corners; c) Use Midpoint Rule
Solution: We will approximate the value of V =  (3 + x 2 + 2 y ) dA
R

a) From Figure 1: V  f (2, 0)   A + f (4, 0)   A + f (6, 0)   A +

f (2, -1)   A + f (4, -1)   A + f (6, -1)   A +
f (2, -2)   A + f (4, -2)   A + f (6, -2)   A
So:
V  7(2) + 19(2) + 39(2) + 5(2) + 17(2) +
37 (2) + 3(2) + 15(2) + 35 (2)
Therefore:
V =  (3 + x 2 + 2 y ) dA  354 c.u.
R

b) From Figure 2: V  f (0, 1)   A + f (2, 1)   A + f (4, 1)   A +

Figure 2 f (0, 0)   A + f (2, 0)   A + f (4, 0)   A +
f (0, -1)   A + f (2, -1)   A + f (4, -1)   A
So:
V  5(2) + 9(2) + 21(2) + 3 (2) + 7(2) +
19 (2) + 1(2) + 5(2) + 17 (2)
Therefore:
V =  (3 + x 2 + 2 y ) dA  174 c.u.
R
 c) From Figure 3: V  f (1, 12 )   A + f (3, 12 )   A + f (5, 12 )   A +
Figure 3 f (1, - 12 )   A + f (3, - 12 )   A + f (5, - 12 )   A +
f (1, - 32 )   A + f (3, - 32 )   A + f (5, - 32 )   A
So:
V  5(2) + 13(2) + 29(2) + 3(2) + 11(2) +
27 (2) + 1(2) + 9(2) + 25 (2)
Therefore:
V =  (3 + x 2 + 2 y ) dA  246 c.u.
R

13.2) Iterated Double Integrals: Partial Integration

If f is a function of two variables x, y and if f is integrable in a region
db d b 
R = [a, b]  [c, d] in  , then:   f ( x , y ) dx dy =    f ( x , y ) dx  dy
2

ca ca 
bd b d 
and   f ( x , y ) dy dx =    f ( x , y ) dy  dx
ac ac 
b
The expression  f ( x , y ) dx means to hold y fixed (y acts as a constant)
a
and integrate f (x, y) with respect to x from x = a to x = b.
d
Similarly, the expression c f ( x, y ) dy means to hold x fixed (x acts as
a constant) and integrate f (x, y) with respect to y from y = c to y = d.
In each equation, the integral on the right is called an iterated integral
and this procedure is called an partial integration.
Example 2: Evaluate the iterated integrals
24 42

  (3 y x − x y + 4) dx dy  − y + 4) dy dx
2 3 2 3
a) b) ( 3 y x x
01 10
Answers: a) – 397
6
; b) – 397
6
13.3) Fubini’s Theorem For Double Integrals
If f is a function of two variables x, y and if f is continuous and integrable
and if the iterated integrals exist (all of the above) in a region
R = {(x, y) | a  x  b, c  y  d } in  2, then:
db bd

R f ( x, y ) dA = c a f ( x, y ) dx dy = a c f ( x, y ) dy dx
Baby Remark: Fubini’s Theorem is generalized as follows:
Under the assumption that f is bounded on R, f is discontinuous only
on a finite number of smooth curves, and the iterated integrals exist
(all of the above) in the region R.
Example 2 verifies Fubini’s Theorem.
Example 3: Verify Fubini’s Theorem for R x cos( xy) dA , where
R = {(x, y) | 1  x  2, 0+  y  2 } in  2 Answer: 2

Example 4: Find the volume of the solid under the plane x + 2y + z = 10 and
above the rectangle R = {(x, y) | 0  x  2, 0  y  3} in  2
Answer: 36 c.u.
Example 5: Evaluate the indicated double integrals.
21 3 2
xy 2
  10 xy 2 x + y dy dx 
2 2
a) b) dx dy
x2 + 1
00 −3 0
Answers: a) 242 − 128 2 ; b) 9 ln 5
3
Example 6: Evaluate the indicated double integrals.
− xy 3 + y2
a)  ye dA b)  dA
3 + x2
R R
R = [0, 3]  [0, 4] R = [0, 1]  [–3, 0]
Answers: a) 11 +3e−12 ; b)  3

Example 7: Find the volume of the solid under the hyperbolic paraboloid
6x 2 – 5y 2 + z = 50 and above the rectangle R = [1, 2]  [–1, 1]
Answer: 226 3
c.u.
Example 8: Find the volume of the solid enclosed by surface z = 1 + e x sin y
and planes x = 1, x = –1, y = 0, y = 
Answer: 2 + 2e + 2e –1 c.u.
13.4) Double Integrals Over General Bounded Regions D
Instead of evaluating integrals over rectangular regions R = [a, b]  [c, d]
in  2, we may also evaluate integrals over other kinds of regions.
Regions of Type I
A plane region D in  2 is of Type I if it lies between the graphs of two
continuous functions of x D = {(x, y) | a  x  b, g1(x)  y  g2(x) }
Integral: If f is continuous over plane region D of Type I in  2 , then
b g2 ( x )
D f ( x, y ) dA = a g ( x ) f ( x, y ) dy dx
1
Figure 4 shows examples of regions of Type I

Regions of Type II
A plane region D in  2 is of Type II if it lies between the graphs of two
continuous functions of y D = {(x, y) | h1(y)  x  h2(y), c  y  d }
Integral: If f is continuous over plane region D of Type II in  2 , then
d h2 ( y )
D f ( x, y ) dA = c h ( y ) f ( x, y) dx dy
1
Figure 5 shows examples of regions of Type II
Example 9: Evaluate the indicated double integrals.
a)  ( 3 x 2 + 2 y ) dA , where D is the region bounded between the line
D
y = 3x and the parabola y = x 2
Solution Alternative #1: Use Type I region
D = {(x, y) | 0  x  3, x 2  y  3x }
3 3x
 (3 x + 2 y ) dA = 0  (3 x + 2 y ) dy dx = 1377
2 2
20
D x2
Solution Alternative #2: Use Type II region
D = {(x, y) | y  x  y , 0  y  9}
3
9 y

 (3 x + 2 y ) dA = 0 y (3 x + 2 y ) dx dy = 1377
2 2
20
D 3

b)  ( x + 2 y ) dA , where D is the region bounded between parabolas

D
y = 2x 2 and y = x 2 + 1
Answer: Use Type I region
D = {(x, y) | –1  x  1, 2x 2  y  x 2 + 1 }
1 x2 + 1
 ( x + 2 y ) dA = −1  ( x + 2 y ) dy dx = 32
15
D 2 x2
Baby Invitation: You are invited to evaluate this integral by using
a Type II region and face the challenge there.
c)  xy dA , where D is the region bounded by the line y = x – 1
D
and the parabola y 2 = 2x + 6
Answer: Use Type II region
D = {(x, y) | 12 y 2 – 3  x  y + 1, –2  y  4 }
4 y +1

 xy dA =  1  xy dx dy = 37
D −2 y 2 −3
2
Baby Invitation: You are invited to evaluate this integral by using
a Type I region and face the challenge there.
Example 10: Find the volume of the solid under the surface z = 1 + x 2y 2 and
above the region enclosed by y 2 = x and x = 4
Answer: Use Type II region
D = {(x, y) | y 2  x  4, –2  y  2 }
2 4

 (1 + x −2  (1 + x
2 2
y ) dA = y ) dx dy = 2336 c.u.
2 2
27
D y2
Baby Invitation: You are invited to evaluate this integral by using
a Type I region and face the challenge there.

Example 11: Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the paraboloid
z = x2 + 3y2 the planes z = 0, x = 0, y = 1, y = x
Answer: 56 c.u.

13.5) Surface Area

If S is a surface defined by the equation z = f (x, y) and f has continuous
partial derivatives fx , fy over rectangular region D = [a, b]  [c, d] in  2,
then, if z = f (x, y)  0 for all points (x, y) in D , then the area of surface
z = f (x, y) is given by: A( S ) =  1 + [ f x ( x , y )]2 + [ f y ( x, y )]2 dA
D

( )
2 2
or A( S ) =  1 + xz +  z  dA
D  y 

Example 12: Find the surface area of the section of the surface z = x 2 + 2y
that lies above the triangular region T in the xy-plane with vertices at
(0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 1)

( )
2 2
Answer: A( S ) =  1 + xz +  z  dA
D  y 
1 𝑥
= ∫0 ∫0 √1 + (2𝑥)2 + (2)2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 56 sq.u.
1
= (27 − 5√5) sq.u.
12