MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Monday Sitting

Solutions: Monday Sitting

Problem 1 (4 pts). Using Cauchy’s integral formula calculate

z 2 dz
Z
2
,
Γ z − 2iz − 2

where Γ is a counter-clockwise oriented simple contour, not passing through

either of 1 + i, −1 + i in the following cases:

(a) The point 1 + i is inside Γ and −1 + i is outside it;

(b) The point −1 + i is inside Γ and 1 + i is outside it;

(c) Both points 1 + i, −1 + i are inside Γ.

Draw each contours and show counter-clockwise orientation.

z2 z2
Solution. Observing that =
z 2 − 2iz − 2 (z − 1 − i)(z + 1 − i)
z2
(a) We apply Cauchy’s formula for f (z) = resulting in 2πif (1 + i) = −2π.
(z + 1 − i)
z2
(b) We apply Cauchy’s formula for f (z) = resulting in 2πif (−1 + i) = −2π.
(z − 1 − i)
(c) Using additivity we conclude that in this case we need just sum results
of (a) and (b) resulting in −4π.
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Monday Sitting

Problem 2 (4 pts). Find the power series expansion at z = 0 of

erf(z)
f (z) = ,
z
where Z z
2 2
erf(z) = √ e−w dw
π 0

is an error function. To do this find the power series expansion of ew , plug

−w2 instead of w, then integrate and finally divide by z. What is the radius
of convergence?

Solution. Since
∞
z
X zn
e =
n=0
n!
we get
∞
−z 2
X (−1)n z 2n
e = ,
n=0
n!
∞
2 X (−1)n z 2n+1
erf(z) = √ ,
π n=0
(2n + 1)n!

and finally
∞
erf(z) 2 X (−1)n z 2n
=√ .
z π n=0 (2n + 1)n!

erf(z)
Since the radius of convergence of ez is R = ∞, the same is true for .
z
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Monday Sitting

Problem 3 (4 pts). (a) Find all zeroes of the function

z

f (z) = (z 4 − π 4 ) tan2 .
2

(b) Also find all singular points of this function and determine their types
(removable, pole (in which case what is it’s order), essential singularity, not
isolated singularity, branching point).

(c) In particular, determine zero or singularity at ∞ (investigate g(w) =

f (1/w) at w = 0).

(d) Draw these points on the complex plane.

sin(z/2)
Solution. Note that tan(z/2) = and sin(z/2), has zeroes only at
cos(z/2)
z = 2nπ, cos(z/2), has zeroes only at z = (2n + 1)π, n ∈ Z, (z 4 − π 4 ) has
zeroes at z = ±π, ±πi, and all these zeroes are simple we conclude that

- z = 2nπ with n ∈ Z, n 6= ±1 are double zeroes;

- z = ±πi are simple zeroes;

- z = (2n + 1)π with n ∈ Z, n 6= ±1 are double poles;

- z = ±π are simple poles;

- there are no essential singularities;

- z = ∞ is a non-isolated singularity.
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Monday Sitting

Problem 4 (4 pts). Calculate an improper integral

Z ∞
sin(x) dx
I= , a > 0.
0 x(x2 + a2 )
Hint: γR

(a) Calculate

eiz
Z
JR,ε = f (z) dz, f (z) :=
ΓR,ε z(z 2 + a2 ) γε
ΓR,ε is the contour on the figure on the right: ε R
R R
(b) Prove that γR f (z) dz → 0 as R → ∞ and calculate limit of γε f (z) dz
as ε → 0+ where γR and γε are large and small semi-circles on the picture.
This will give you a value of
Z −ε Z ∞
f (z) dz + f (z) dz. (4.1)
−∞ ε

(c) Express limit of (4.1) as ε → 0+ using I.

Solution. (a) As R > a >  there is just one singularity inside ΓR,ε , namely
a simple pole at z = ai. The residue is
 eiz  eiz e−a
Res , i = = =⇒
z(z 2 + a2 ) z × 2z z=ai −2a2
e−a
J = 2πi × = −πia−2 e−a .
−2a2
(b) Meanwhile
eiz dz
Z
πR
| 2 2
|≤ →0 as R → ∞
γR z(z + a ) R(R − a)2
and
eiz dz
Z Z
dz
lim+ 2
= lim = −πi.
ε→0 γε z(z + 1) ε→0+ γε z

Z ∞
eix dx
(c) In (4.1) the second integral is 2 + a2 )
and the first one is
Z ∞ −ix ε x(x
e dx
− after we change variable x 7→ −x and flip limits. Thus as
ε x(x2 + a2 )
ε→0
Z ∞
sin(x) dx
2i → −πia−2 e−a + πi
ε x(x2 + a2 )
and Z ∞
sin(x) dx π
2 2
= (1 − a−2 e−a ).
0 x(x + a ) 2
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Monday Sitting

18z
Problem 5 (4 pts). Consider f (z) = and decompose it into
(z + 4)(z − 5)
Laurent’s series converging

(a) In the disc {z : |z| < 4};

(b) In the annulus {z : 4 < |z| < 5};

(c) In the disc exterior {z : |z| > 5}.

Proof.
18 10 8
= +
(z + 4)(z − 5) (z − 5) (z + 4)
with  ∞
X
− (−4)−n−1 z n |z| < 4,




1 
n=0
= −1
z+4  X
(−4)−n−1 z n |z| > 4




n=−∞
and  ∞
X
− 5−n−1 z n |z| < 5,




1 
n=0
= −1
z−5  X
5−n−1 z n |z| > 5.




n=−∞

Then
 ∞ 
X
−n−1 −n−1
8 · (−4) + 10 · 5 zn |z| < 4,





n=0



−1 ∞


18z  X
−n−1 n
X
= − 8 · (−4) z + 10 · 5−n−1 z n 4 < |z| < 5,
(z + 4)(z − 5) 
 n=∞ n=0



 −1
X  
−n−1 −n−1
zn

−8 · (−4) − 10 · 5 |z| > 5




n=−∞

where in fact for |z| < 4 summation is from 1 to ∞ (since term with n = 0
is 0).
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Tuesday Sitting

Solutions: Tuesday Sitting

Problem 1 (4 pts). Using Cauchy’s integral formula calculate
Z
z dz
2
,
Γ z − 6z + 8

where Γ is a clockwise oriented simple contour, not passing through either

of 2, 4 in the following cases:

(a) The point 2 is inside Γ and 4 is outside it;

(b) The point 4 is inside Γ and 2 is outside it;

(c) Both points 2, 4 are inside Γ.

Draw each contours and show clockwise orientation.

z z
Solution. Observing that 2 =
z − 6z + 8 (z − 2)(z − 4)
z
(a) We apply Cauchy’s formula for f (z) = resulting in −2πif (2) = 2πi.
(z − 4)
z
(b) We apply Cauchy’s formula for f (z) = resulting in 2πif (−1 + i) = −4πi.
(z − 2)
(c) Using additivity we conclude that in this case we need just sum results
of (a) and (b) resulting in −2πi.
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Tuesday Sitting

Problem 2 (4 pts). Find the power series expansion at z = 0 of

√

f (z) = Log iz + 1 − z 2 ) .

i
To do this check that first that f 0 (z) = √ and f (0) = 0. Then find
1 − z2
1
the power series expansion of √ , plug z 2 instead of z, and integrate.
1−z
What is the radius of convergence?
i
Solution. Checking that f 0 (z) = √ and f (0) = 0 is easy. Since
1 − z2

1 1 z2 1 5 z3
(1 − z)−1/2 = 1 + z + · 32 + · 32 · + ...
2 2 2! 2 2 3!
∞
X (2n − 1)!! n
=1+ 2−n z
n=1
n!

with a radius of convergence R = 1,

∞
2 −1/2
X (2n − 1)!! 2n
i(1 − z ) =i+i 2−n z
n=1
n!
and
∞
√ X (2n − 1)!! 2n+1
2−n


Log iz + 1 − z 2 ) = iz + i z .
n=1
(2n + 1)n!

Since the radius of convergence of (1 − z)−1/2 is R = 1, the same is true for

f (z).
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Tuesday Sitting

Problem 3 (4 pts). (a) Find all zeroes of the function

(4z 2 − π 2 )3 cosh(z)
f (z) = .
(4z 2 + π 2 )3 cos(z)

(b) Also find all singular points of this function and determine their types
(removable, pole (in which case what is it’s order), essential singularity, not
isolated singularity, branching point).
(c) In particular, determine zero or singularity at ∞ (investigate g(w) =
f (1/w) at w = 0).
(d) Draw these points on the complex plane.
Solution. Note that (4z 2 − π 2 ) has simple zeroes at z = ± π2 , cos(z) has
simple zeroes at (n + 12 )π, (4z 2 + π 2 ) has simple zeroes at z = ± πi
2
, cosh(z)
1
has simple zeroes at (n + 2 )πi.
Therefore

- zn = (n + 21 )πi with n ∈ Z, n 6= −1, 0 are simple zeroes and ± π2 are

double zeroes.
- zn = (n + 21 )π with n ∈ Z, n 6= −1, 0 are simple poles and ± πi
2
are
double poles.
- z = ∞ is an non-isolated singularity.
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Tuesday Sitting

Problem 4 (4 pts). Calculate an improper integral

Z ∞
cos(x) dx
I= , a > 0.
0 x 2 + a2

Hint: γR

(a) Calculate

eiz
Z
JR,ε = f (z) dz, f (z) :=
ΓR,ε z 2 + a2 γε
ΓR,ε is the contour on the figure on the right: ε R
R R
(b) Prove that γR f (z) dz → 0 as R → ∞ and calculate limit of γε f (z) dz
as ε → 0+ where γR and γε are large and small semi-circles on the picture.
This will give you a value of
Z −ε Z ∞
f (z) dz + f (z) dz. (4.1)
−∞ ε

(c) Express limit of (4.1) as ε → 0+ using I.

Solution. (a) As R > a >  there is just one singularity inside ΓR,ε , namely
a simple pole at z = ai. The residue is
 eiz  eiz e−a e−a
Res , i = = =⇒ J = 2πi × = πa−1 e−a .
z 2 + a2 2z z=ai 2ai 2ai

(b) Meanwhile

eiz dz
Z
πR
| 2 2
|≤ →0 as R → ∞
γR (z + a ) R(R − a)2
and
eiz dz
Z
πε
| 2
|≤ 2 → 0. as ε → 0
γε (z + 1) (a − ε2 )2

∞ ∞
eix dx e−ix dx
Z Z
(c) In (4.1) the second integral is and the first one is
ε (x2 + a2 ) ε (x2 + a2 )
after we change variable x 7→ −x and flip limits. Thus as ε → 0
Z ∞
cos(x) dx
2 2 + a2
→ πa−1 e−a
ε x
and Z ∞
cos(x) dx π
2 2
= e−a .
0 x(x + a ) 2a
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Tuesday Sitting

3
Problem 5 (4 pts). Consider f (z) = − and decompose it
(z + 5)(z + 6)
into Laurent’s series converging

(a) In the disc {z : |z| < 5};

(b) In the annulus {z : 5 < |z| < 6};

(c) In the disc exterior {z : |z| > 6}.

Solution.
3 3 3
= −
(z + 5)(z + 6) (z + 5) (z + 6)
with  ∞
X
− (−5)−n−1 z n |z| < 5,




1 
n=0
= −1
z+5  X
(−5)−n−1 z n |z| > 5




n=−∞
and  ∞
X
− (−6)−n−1 z n |z| < 6,




1 
n=0
= −1
z+6  X
(−6)−n−1 z n |z| > 6




n=−∞

Then
 ∞  
X
−n−1 −n−1
−(−5) zn |z| < 5,



 3 + (−6)

n=0



−1 ∞


3 X
−n−1 n
X
= 3 · (−5) z + 3 · (−6)−n−1 z n 5 < |z| < 6,
(z + 5)(z + 6)  n=∞ n=0



 X−1  
−n−1 −n−1
zn

3 (−5) − (−6) |z| > 6.




n=−∞

where in fact for |z| > 6 summation is from −∞ to −2 (since term with
n = −1 is 0).
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Wednesday Sitting

Solutions: Wednesday Sitting

Problem 1 (4 pts). Using Cauchy’s integral formula calculate
Z
dz
2
,
Γ z + iz + 2

where Γ is a counter-clockwise oriented simple contour, not passing through

either of i, −2i in the following cases:
(a) The point i is inside Γ and −2i is outside it;
(b) The point −2i is inside Γ and i is outside it;
(c) Both points i, −2i are inside Γ.
Draw each contours and show counter-clockwise orientation.
1 1
Solution. Observing that 2 =
z + iz + 2 (z − i)(z + 2i)
1
(a) We apply Cauchy’s formula for f (z) = resulting in 2πif (i) = 23 π.
(z + 2i)
z
(b) We apply Cauchy’s formula for f (z) = resulting in 2πif (−2i) = − 23 π.
(z − i)
(c) Using additivity we conclude that in this case we need just sum results
of (a) and (b) resulting in 0.
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Wednesday Sitting

Problem 2 (4 pts). Find the power series expansion at z = 0 of

√
Si( z)
f (z) = √ ,
z
where Z z
sin(w)
Si(z) = dw.
0 w

To do this find the power series expansion

√ of sin(w), then divide by w,
integrate, divide by z, and finally plug z instead of w. What is the radius
of convergence?

Solution. Since
∞
X 1
sin(z) = (−1)n z 2n+1
n=0
(2n + 1)!
we conclude that
∞
sin(z) X 1
= (−1)n z 2n ,
z n=0
(2n + 1)!
∞
X 1
Si(z) = (−1)n z 2n+1 ,
n=0
(2n + 1)(2n + 1)!
and, finally,
√ ∞
Si( z) X 1
√ = (−1)n z n .
z n=0
(2n + 1)(2n + 1)!

√ the radius of convergence of sin(z) is R = ∞, the same is true for

Since
Si( z)
√ .
z
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Wednesday Sitting

Problem 3 (4 pts). (a) Find all zeroes of the function

(π 2 − z 2 ) sin(z)
f (z) = .
(π 2 + z 2 ) sinh(z)

item Also find all singular points of this function and determine their types
(removable, pole (in which case what is it’s order), essential singularity, not
isolated singularity, branching point).

(b) In particular, determine zero or singularity at ∞ (investigate g(w) =

f (1/w) at w = 0).

(c) Draw these points on the complex plane.

Solution. Note that sin(z) has zeroes only at z = πn, sinh(z) = −i sin(iz)
has zeroes only at z = πni (n ∈ Z, π 2 − z 2 has zeroes at z = ±π and π 2 + z 2
has zeroes at z = ±πi and all these zeroes are simple we conclude that

- z = πn with n ∈ Z, n 6= 0, ±1 are simple zeroes;

- z = ±π are double zeroes;

- z = πni with n ∈ Z, n 6= 0, ±1 are simple zeroes;

- z = ±πi are double zeroes;

- z = 0 is a removable singularity;;

- there are no essential singularities;

- z = ∞ is a non-isolated singularity.
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Wednesday Sitting

Problem 4 (4 pts). Calculate an improper integral

Z ∞
(1 − cos(x)) dx
I= , a > 0.
0 x2 (x2 + a2 )
Hint: γR

(a) Calculate

1 − eiz
Z
JR,ε = f (z) dz, f (z) :=
ΓR,ε z 2 (z 2 + a2 ) γε
ΓR,ε is the contour on the figure on the right: ε R
R R
(b) Prove that γR f (z) dz → 0 as R → ∞ and calculate limit of γε f (z) dz
as ε → 0+ where γR and γε are large and small semi-circles on the picture.
This will give you a value of
Z −ε Z ∞
f (z) dz + f (z) dz. (4.1)
−∞ ε

(c) Express limit of (4.1) as ε → 0 using I.

Solution. (a) As R > a >  there is just one singularity inside ΓR,ε , namely
a simple pole at z = ai. The residue is
 1 − eiz  1 − eiz 1 − e−a
Res 2 2 , i = = =⇒
z (z + a2 ) z × 2z 3 z=ai −2ia3
1 − e−a
J = 2πi × = −πa−3 (1 − e−a ).
−2ia3
(b) Meanwhile
(1 − eiz ) dz
Z
2πR
| 2 2 2
|≤ 2 →0 as R → ∞
γR z (z + a ) R (R − a)2
and
(1 − eiz ) dz −iz dz
Z Z
lim+ 2 2
= lim+ = −π.
ε→0 γε z (z + 1) ε→0 γε z2
Z ∞
(1 − eix ) dx
(c) In (4.1) the second integral is and the first one is
Z ∞ ε x2 (x2 + a2 )
(1 − e−ix ) dx
after we change variable x 7→ −x and flip limits. Thus
ε x2 (x2 + a2 )
as ε → 0
Z ∞
1 − cos(x)) dx
2 2 + a2 )
→ −πa−3 (1 − e−a ) + π
ε x(x
and Z ∞
(1 − cos(x)) dx π
2 2 2
= (1 − a−3 + a−3 e−a ).
0 x (x + a ) 2
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Wednesday Sitting

32
Problem 5 (4 pts). Consider f (z) = − and decompose it
(z + 2)(z − 6)
into Laurent’s series converging

(a) In the disc {z : |z| < 2};

(b) In the annulus {z : 2 < |z| < 6};

(c) In the disc exterior {z : |z| > 6}.

Solution.
32 4 4
= −
(z + 2)(z − 6) (z + 2) (z − 6)
with  ∞
X
− (−2)−n−1 z n |z| < 2,




1 
n=0
= −1
z+2  X
(−2)−n−1 z n |z| > 2




n=−∞
and  ∞
X
− 6−n−1 z n |z| < 6,




1 
n=0
= −1
z−6  X
6−n−1 z n |z| > 6.




n=−∞

Then
 ∞  
X
−n−1 −n−1
−(−2) zn |z| < 2,



 4 + 6

n=0



−1 ∞


32 X
−n−1 n
X
= 4 · (−2) z + 4 · 6−n−1 z n 5 < |z| < 6,
(z + 2)(z − 6)  n=∞ n=0



 X−1  
−n−1 −n−1
zn

4 (−2) − 6 |z| > 6.




n=−∞

where in fact for |z| > 6 summation is from −∞ to −2 (since term with
n = −1 is 0).
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Thursday Sitting

Solutions: Thursday Sitting

Problem 1 (4 pts). Using Cauchy’s integral formula calculate
Z
z dz
2
,
Γ z + 6z + 10

where Γ is a clockwise oriented simple contour, not passing through either

of −3 + i, −3 − i in the following cases:
(a) The point −3 + i is inside Γ and −3 − i is outside it;
(b) The point −3 − i is inside Γ and −3 + i is outside it;
(c) Both points −3 + i, −3 − i are inside Γ.
Draw each contours and show clockwise orientation.
z z
Solution. Observing that 2 =
z + 6z + 10 (z + 3 − i)(z + 3 + i)
z
(a) We apply Cauchy’s formula for f (z) = resulting in −2πif (−3 + i) = π(3 − i).
(z + 3 + i)
z
(b) We apply Cauchy’s formula for f (z) = resulting in −2πif (−3 − i) = π(−3 − i).
(z + 3 − i)
(c) Using additivity we conclude that in this case we need just sum results
of (a) and (b) resulting in −2πi.
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Thursday Sitting

Problem 2 (4 pts). Find the power series expansion at z = 0 of

√
f (z) = Cin( z),
where Z z
1 − cos(w)
Cin(z) = dw.
0 w

To do this find the power

√ series expansion of cos(w), divide by w, then inte-
grate, and finally plug z instead of z. What is the radius of convergence?

Solution. Since
∞
X 1
cos(z) = (−1)n z 2n
n=0
(2n)!!
we conclude that
∞
X 1
1 − cos(z) = (−1)n−1 z 2n ,
n=1
(2n)!!
∞
1 − cos(z) X 1
= (−1)n−1 z 2n−1 ,
z n=1
(2n)!
∞
X 1
Cin(z) = (−1)n−1 z 2n ,
n=1
2n(2n)!
and, finally,
∞
√ X 1
Cin( z) = (−1)n−1 z n .
n=1
2n(2n)!

Since√the radius of convergence of cos(z) is R = ∞, the same is true for

Cin( z).
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Thursday Sitting

Problem 3 (4 pts). (a) Find all zeroes of the function

sin2 (z)
f (z) = .
z4 − π4

item Also find all singular points of this function and determine their types
(removable, pole (in which case what is it’s order), essential singularity, not
isolated singularity, branching point).

(b) In particular, determine zero or singularity at ∞ (investigate g(w) =

f (1/w) at w = 0).

(c) Draw these points on the complex plane.

Solution. Note that sin(z) has zeroes only at z = πn, π 4 − z 4 has zeroes at
z = ±π and z = ±πi and all these zeroes are simple we conclude that

- z = πn with n ∈ Z, n 6= ±1 are double zeroes;

- z = ±π are simple zeroes;

- z = ±πi are simple poles;

- z = ∞ is an essential singularity (because sin(z) has an essential

singularity at ∞).
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Thursday Sitting

Problem 4 (4 pts). Calculate an improper integral

Z ∞
xλ dx
I= , −1 < λ < 1.
0 (x2 + x + 1)
γR

Hint:

(a) Calculate
γε
zλ
Z
JR,ε = f (z) dz, f (z) := 2 ε R
ΓR,ε z +z+1

ΓR,ε is the contour on the figure on the right:

R R
(b) Prove that γR f (z) dz → 0 as R → ∞ and γε f (z) dz → 0 as ε → 0+
where γR and γε are large and small semi-circles on the picture. This will
give you a value of
Z −i0+ Z ∞+i0+
f (z) dz + f (z) dz. (4.1)
−∞−i0+ i0+

(c) Express limit of (4.1) as ε → 0 using I.

Solution. (a) As R > a > √  there is two singularities inside ΓR,ε , namely
simple poles at z = (−1 ± 3i)/2, that means z1 = e2πi/3 and z2 = e4πi/3 .
The residues are
 zλ  zλ 2π  
Res 2 , zk = =⇒ J = √ e2πλi/3 − e4πλi/3 .
z + 2z + 2 2z + 2 z=zk 3
(b) Meanwhile
z λ dz 2πRλ+1
Z
| | ≤ →0 as R → ∞
γR z2 + z + 1 (R − 1)2
and
z λ dz
Z
| | ≤ 2πελ+1 → 0 as ε → 0+ .
γε z2 + z + 1

(c) In (4.1) the second integral is I and the first one is −e2iπλ I. Thus as
ε→0
2π  
(1 − e2πλi )I = √ e2πλi/3 − e4πλi/3 .
3
Since integral in question is real and positive, we can take a real part:
2π cos(2πλ/3) − cos(4πλ/3) 2π
I=√ × =√ .
3 1 − cos(2πλ) 3(1 + 2 cos(2λπ/3))
MAT 334, Spring 2020, Test 2 Solutions, Thursday Sitting

5z + 5
Problem 5 (4 pts). Consider f (z) = and decompose it into
(z + 3)(z − 2)
Laurent’s series converging

(a) In the disc {z : |z| < 2};

(b) In the annulus {z : 2 < |z| < 3};

(c) In the disc exterior {z : |z| > 3}.

Proof.
5z + 5 3 2
= +
(z + 3)(z − 2) (z − 2) (z + 3)
with  ∞
X
− 2−n−1 z n |z| < 2,




1 
n=0
= −1
z−2  X
2−n−1 z n |z| > 2




n=−∞
and  ∞
X
− (−3)−n−1 z n |z| < 3,




1 
n=0
= −1
z+3  X
(−3)−n−1 z n |z| > 3.




n=−∞

Then
 ∞ 
X
−n−1 −n−1
−3 · 2 − 2 · (−3) zn |z| < 2,





n=0



−1 ∞


5z + 5 X
−n−1 n
X
= 3·2 z − 2 · (−3)−n−1 z n 2 < |z| < 3,
(z + 3)(z − 2)  n=∞ n=0



 X−1  
−n−1 −n−1
zn

3·2 + 2 · (−3) |z| > 3.




n=−∞