Relative (Local) maximum and relative (Local) minimum
We now consider one of the most important applications of the derivative. Here we use the first derivative as an aid in determining the <high points" or the "low points on a curve.To do this, we follow the mathematical procedure of defining a relative maximum and relative minimum. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 1.147 Relatiye maximumn functionf has or attains a relative maximum at x=X, if exists an interval a<x<b, containing such there a<*<b. that f(x)sf() for all x in
Here f has a relative maximum at x = X1, Xy and x3.
Relative minimum A function f has or attains a relative minimum at x=X, if there exists an interval a <x<b containing 'x, such that f)2f(x) for each xin a <x<b. 4 V
f has a First relative testminimum at x= XX5 and x%: derivative for Let y = fo) be theRelative maximum and Relative Minimum: Step: 1 given function. Step: 2 See Find f'(x) where f')=0 and where S' is discontin uous. ENGINEERING MATHEMATICSI place for f' to be 1.148
values most Thethat INote: ofx common discontinuous makes the denominator of f() to be equal to iszero. at thoSe values of 'x' that cause f'r) to be zero and These set of critical numbers of f. Find discontinuous generate the critical numbers which are important to find the values off'x'where f these extrema.] attains a relative Step: 3 Test each critical number to see if S'x) does change sign at that critical number. number from If f'() changes sign at a critical (a) +to -, then f has a relative maximum at x=x. (b) to +, then f has a relative minimum at x=x. Example 1: Find the relative extrema for the jwnctions f)=x-4x-5. Solution:
1. Find f'(x) f)=x-4x-5 f')=2x-4 2. f'()=0’ 2r-4 =0. x=2. x=2 is the critical number. 3. Test each critical number for relative extrema. When x<2, f')<0 When >2, f')>0. .. By first derivative test, a relative minimum exists atx=2. The valueof relative minimum is y -9 [:: f(2)=2 Example 2: Find relative-8-5;y= extrema -9] for the function 'f' definelbi Solution: f)+x-8x-1 1. f(a)=x +x? -8x-1 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 1.149
f'()=3x +2x-8 -(3x4)(*+2) 2. f'(r) =0’ (3r-4)(* +2) =0 3x4 =0, x+2 =0 4 *=X=-2 4 The critical numbers are and -2. 3 Critical Point Interval Value of f'(x) 4 4 <0 IPart -2<x< 3 3o 4 4 or>0 3 x<-2 >0 II Part-2 4 -2 -2<x< <0 3
From Ipart and by the first derivative test, a relative minimum
4 will exist at The value of the relative minimum is 3 -203 -203 27 27 From IIpart by the first derivative test, a relative maximum will exist at x = -2. The value of the relative maximum is y=ll [:f-2) =11]. Example 3: Find relative extrema, if possible, forthe function f()=. Solution: 1. fa)= r=x} 1 -2
1 1.150
There are no values of xfor
However ifx=0, then f'() is which ENGI=0.NEERING MATHEMATICS f') critical number, it is neither arelative dismcontuminnoruous.a relative maxi Al though x=0is Example 4:
Solution: Find the relative extrema for the function f(x) = minimum. 1. fo)=.
2. f' is discontinuous at x=0
3. When x<0, f'() <0 When x>0, f')<0 There is no relative derivative test are not met. extrema, since the requirement for the frst OEXERCISES O Find the relative extrema of the following functions if exists. 1.f(«)=x -12x Ans: x =2 is relative minimum x =-2 is relative maximum 2.f(x)=x-6x* +12x -8 Ans: x=2 is neither a relative maximum point of 3.f(x) =3x +4 or relative minimum. Ans: No relative extrema 4. f()=7 +6x-x max at(3, 16) Ans: Relative 5.f(x)=8-x 6. Ans: Relative max at (0,8) f()=2x' -7x* +4x-2 Ans: minat(2,-6) Relative 1-37) max at 3'27/ DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 1.151
7.f(r) =x-3x+3 Ans: Relative min at (1, 1).
max at (-1, 5) 1 -1 8.f(r)= r 2 Ans: Relative minat-1,and 2 1. max at (0, 0)
Ans:Relative min at (-2, -3)
9.f(:)=-6r +8r+12) X+2 Ans: No relative extrema. 10.f(r)= X-2 Ahea..
