Where Can Buy Applied and Computational Measurable Dynamics 1st Edition Erik M. Bollt Ebook With Cheap Price

Get ebook downloads in full at ebookname.
com
Applied and computational measurable dynamics 1st

Edition Erik M. Bollt
https://ebookname.com/product/applied-and-computational-
measurable-dynamics-1st-edition-erik-m-bollt/
OR CLICK BUTTON
DOWNLOAD EBOOK
Explore and download more ebook at https://ebookname.com

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...
Computational River Dynamics 1st Edition Weiming Wu
https://ebookname.com/product/computational-river-dynamics-1st-
edition-weiming-wu/
Computational river dynamics 1st Edition Weiming Wu
https://ebookname.com/product/computational-river-dynamics-1st-
edition-weiming-wu-2/
Applied computational fluid dynamics techniques an

introduction based on finite element methods 2nd ed
Edition Löhner
https://ebookname.com/product/applied-computational-fluid-
dynamics-techniques-an-introduction-based-on-finite-element-
methods-2nd-ed-edition-lohner/
Advertising and Promotion 6th Edition Michael A. Belch
https://ebookname.com/product/advertising-and-promotion-6th-
edition-michael-a-belch/
Information Rights Vol 1 2 A Practitioner s Guide to
Data Protection Freedom of Information and Other
Information Rights 6th Edition Philip Coppel Kc
https://ebookname.com/product/information-rights-
vol-1-2-a-practitioner-s-guide-to-data-protection-freedom-of-
information-and-other-information-rights-6th-edition-philip-
coppel-kc/
The Global Decline of the Mandatory Death Penalty

Constitutional Jurisprudence and Legislative Reform in
Africa Asia and the Caribbean Andrew Novak
https://ebookname.com/product/the-global-decline-of-the-
mandatory-death-penalty-constitutional-jurisprudence-and-
legislative-reform-in-africa-asia-and-the-caribbean-andrew-novak/
Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Systems Work and

Everyday Life 1st Edition Chris Forsythe
https://ebookname.com/product/cognitive-neuroscience-of-human-
systems-work-and-everyday-life-1st-edition-chris-forsythe/
Introduction to Functional Equations 1st Edition

Prasanna K. Sahoo
https://ebookname.com/product/introduction-to-functional-
equations-1st-edition-prasanna-k-sahoo/
In the Nature of Landscape Cultural Geography on the

Norfolk Broads 1st Edition David Matless
https://ebookname.com/product/in-the-nature-of-landscape-
cultural-geography-on-the-norfolk-broads-1st-edition-david-
matless/
Reactive Species Detection in Biology From Fluorescence
to Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 1st
Edition Frederick A. Villamena
https://ebookname.com/product/reactive-species-detection-in-
biology-from-fluorescence-to-electron-paramagnetic-resonance-
spectroscopy-1st-edition-frederick-a-villamena/
Downloaded 02/08/23 to 155.210.84.108 . Redistribution subject to SIAM license or copyright; see https://epubs.siam.org/terms-privacy
MM18_Bollt-Santitissadeekorn_FM-10-04-13.indd 1
Dynamics
Measurable
Applied and
Computational
10/18/2013 10:42:04 AM
Mathematical Modeling Editor-in-Chief
and Computation Richard Haberman
Southern Methodist
University
About the Series
The SIAM series on Mathematical Modeling and Computation draws attention to the
wide range of important problems in the physical and life sciences and engineering Editorial Board
that are addressed by mathematical modeling and computation; promotes the
interdisciplinary culture required to meet these large-scale challenges; and encourages Alejandro Aceves
the education of the next generation of applied and computational mathematicians,
physical and life scientists, and engineers. Southern Methodist
University
The books cover analytical and computational techniques, describe significant
mathematical developments, and introduce modern scientific and engineering
applications. The series will publish lecture notes and texts for advanced undergraduate- Andrea Bertozzi
or graduate-level courses in physical applied mathematics, biomathematics, and University of California,
mathematical modeling, and volumes of interest to a wide segment of the community Los Angeles
of applied mathematicians, computational scientists, and engineers.
Appropriate subject areas for future books in the series include fluids, dynamical Bard Ermentrout
systems and chaos, mathematical biology, neuroscience, mathematical physiology,
epidemiology, morphogenesis, biomedical engineering, reaction-diffusion in chemistry,
University of Pittsburgh
nonlinear science, interfacial problems, solidification, combustion, transport theory,
solid mechanics, nonlinear vibrations, electromagnetic theory, nonlinear optics, wave Thomas Erneux
propagation, coherent structures, scattering theory, earth science, solid-state physics, Université Libre de
and plasma physics.
Bruxelles
Erik M. Bollt and Naratip Santitissadeekorn, Applied and Computational Measurable Bernie Matkowsky
Dynamics Northwestern University
Daniela Calvetti and Erkki Somersalo, Computational Mathematical Modeling:
An Integrated Approach Across Scales
Robert M. Miura
Jianke Yang, Nonlinear Waves in Integrable and Nonintegrable Systems New Jersey Institute
A. J. Roberts, Elementary Calculus of Financial Mathematics of Technology
James D. Meiss, Differential Dynamical Systems
E. van Groesen and Jaap Molenaar, Continuum Modeling in the Physical Sciences Michael Tabor
Gerda de Vries, Thomas Hillen, Mark Lewis, Johannes Müller, and Birgitt Schönfisch, University of Arizona
A Course in Mathematical Biology: Quantitative Modeling with Mathematical and
Computational Methods
Ivan Markovsky, Jan C. Willems, Sabine Van Huffel, and Bart De Moor, Exact and
Approximate Modeling of Linear Systems: A Behavioral Approach
R. M. M. Mattheij, S. W. Rienstra, and J. H. M. ten Thije Boonkkamp, Partial
Differential Equations: Modeling, Analysis, Computation
Johnny T. Ottesen, Mette S. Olufsen, and Jesper K. Larsen, Applied Mathematical
Models in Human Physiology
Ingemar Kaj, Stochastic Modeling in Broadband Communications Systems
Peter Salamon, Paolo Sibani, and Richard Frost, Facts, Conjectures, and
Improvements for Simulated Annealing
Lyn C. Thomas, David B. Edelman, and Jonathan N. Crook, Credit Scoring and Its
Applications
Frank Natterer and Frank Wübbeling, Mathematical Methods in Image Reconstruction
Per Christian Hansen, Rank-Deficient and Discrete Ill-Posed Problems: Numerical
Aspects of Linear Inversion
Michael Griebel, Thomas Dornseifer, and Tilman Neunhoeffer, Numerical
Simulation in Fluid Dynamics: A Practical Introduction
Khosrow Chadan, David Colton, Lassi Päivärinta, and William Rundell, An
Introduction to Inverse Scattering and Inverse Spectral Problems
Charles K. Chui, Wavelets: A Mathematical Tool for Signal Analysis
MM18_Bollt-Santitissadeekorn_FM-10-04-13.indd 2 10/18/2013 10:42:04 AM

Applied and
Computational
Measurable
Dynamics
Erik M. Bollt
Clarkson University
Potsdam, New York
Naratip Santitissadeekorn
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics

Philadelphia

Copyright © 2013 by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be
reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any manner without the written permission of the publisher.
For information, write to the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 3600 Market Street,
6th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2688.
Trademarked names may be used in this book without the inclusion of a trademark symbol.
These names are used in an editorial context only; no infringement of trademark is intended.
MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. For MATLAB product information,
please contact The MathWorks, Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA 01760-2098 USA,
508-647-7000, Fax: 508-647-7001, [email protected], www.mathworks.com.
Figures 1.1, 4.15, 6.24, 7.20-23, 7.29-30, and text of Sections 4.4.2-5 reprinted with permission
from Elsevier.
Figure 1.17 reprinted courtesy of NASA.
Figure 1.18 reprinted courtesy of HYCOM.
Figures 1.12, 1.20-21, 3.2, 6.2-4, 6.27, 6.30, 6.32-34, 7.25-28, 9.10, 9.12-15, Table 9.1, and text
of Section 9.8.1 reprinted with permission from World Scientific Publishing.
Text of Sections 4.2.2-4 reprinted with permission from Taylor and Francis Group LLC Books.
Figure 5.7 reprinted with permission from Springer Science+Business Media.
Figures 5.11-13, 6.29, 6.35, 7.23, 7.31-32, 9.8 reprinted with permission from the American
Physical Society.
Figure 6.16 reprinted with permission from Noris-Spiele.
Figures 9.7 and 9.16 reprinted with permission from IOP Science.
Figure 9.11 reprinted with permission from IEEE.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bollt, Erik M., author.

Applied and computational measurable dynamics / Erik M. Bollt, Clarkson University, Potsdam,
New York, Naratip Santitissadeekorn, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
pages cm. -- (Mathematical modeling and computation)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-611972-63-4
1. Dynamics. 2. Graph theory. 3. Ergodic theory. 4. Dynamics--Data processing.
I. Santitissadeekorn, Naratip, author. II. Title.
QA845.B65 2013
515’.39--dc23
2013027536
is a registered trademark.

I would like to thank my boys,

Keith, Scott, and Adam,
and especially my wife Elizabeth,
who have so patiently let me do “my thing”
on this work since forever, and
who have been the heart in my life.
Erik Bollt
I gratefully dedicate this book to my mother,

Prapai Pupattanakul, and my wife,
Thanomlak Angklomklieo,
for their tremendous support.
Naratip Santitissadeekorn

Contents
Preface xi
1 Dynamical Systems, Ensembles, and Transfer Operators 1

1.1 Ergodic Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 The Ensemble Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Evolution of Ensembles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Various Useful Representations and Invariant Density of a Differential
Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2 Dynamical Systems Terminology and Definitions 29

2.1 The Form of a Dynamical System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2 Linearization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3 Hyperbolicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4 Hyperbolicity: Nonautonomous Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3 Frobenius–Perron Operator and Infinitesimal Generator 43

3.1 Frobenius–Perron Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2 Infinitesimal Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3 Frobenius–Perron Operator of Discrete Stochastic Systems . . . . . . 49
3.4 Invariant Density Is a “Fixed Point” of the Frobenius–Perron Operator 52
3.5 Invariant Sets and Ergodic Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.6 Relation between the Frobenius–Perron and Koopman Operators . . . 64
4 Graph Theoretic Methods and Markov Models of Dynamical Transport 67

4.1 Finite-Rank Approximation of the Frobenius–Perron Operator . . . . . 69
4.2 The Markov Partition: How It Relates to the Frobenius–Perron Operator 71
4.3 The Approximate Action of Dynamical System on Density Looks
Like a Directed Graph: Ulam’s Method Is a Form of Galerkin’s Method 76
4.4 Exact Representations Are Dense, and the Ulam–Galerkin Method . . 93
5 Graph Partition Methods and Their Relationship to Transport in Dynamical

Systems 101
5.1 Graphs and Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2 Weakly Transitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
vii
viii Contents
5.3 Partition by Signs of the Second Eigenvector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

5.4 Graph Laplacian and Almost-Invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.5 Finite Time Coherent Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.6 Spectral Partitioning for the Coherent Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.7 The SVD Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.8 Example 1: Idealized Stratospheric Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.9 Example 2: Stratospheric Polar Vortex as Coherent Sets . . . . . . . . 128
5.10 Community Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.11 Open Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.12 Relative Measure and Finite Time Relative Coherence . . . . . . . . . 145
6 The Topological Dynamics Perspective of Symbol Dynamics 149

6.1 Symbolization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.2 Chaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.3 Horseshoe Chaos by Melnikov Function Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.4 Learning Symbolic Grammar in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.5 Stochasticity, Symbolic Dynamics, and Finest Scale . . . . . . . . . . 192
7 Transport Mechanism, Lobe Dynamics, Flux Rates, and Escape 197

7.1 Transport Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.2 Markov Model Dynamics for Lobe Dynamics: A Henon Map Example 210
7.3 On Lobe Dynamics of Resonance Overlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.4 Transport Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
8 Finite Time Lyapunov Exponents 237

8.1 Lyapunov Exponents: One-Dimensional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
8.2 Lyapunov Exponents: Diffeomorphism and Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
8.3 Finite Time Lyapunov Exponents and Lagrangian Coherent Structure . 242
9 Information Theory in Dynamical Systems 265

9.1 A Little Shannon Information on Coding by Example . . . . . . . . . 265
9.2 A Little More Shannon Information on Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
9.3 Many Random Variables and Taxonomy of the Entropy Zoo . . . . . . 271
9.4 Information Theory in Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
9.5 Formally Interpreting a Deterministic Dynamical System in the Lan-
guage of Information Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
9.6 Computational Estimates of Topological Entropy and Symbolic Dy-
namics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.7 Lyapunov Exponents, Metric Entropy and the Ulam Method Connection296
9.8 Information Flow and Transfer Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
9.9 Examples of Transfer Entropy and Mutual Information in Dynamical
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
A Computation, Codes, and Computational Complexity 309

A.1 MATLAB Codes and Implementations of the Ulam–Galerkin Matrix
and Ulam’s Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
A.2 Ulam–Galerkin Code by Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
A.3 Delaunay Triangulation in a Three-Dimensional Phase Space . . . . . 318
Contents ix
A.4 Delaunay Triangulation and Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

A.5 Analysis of Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Bibliography 333
Index 355
Preface
Measurable dynamics has traditionally referred to ergodic theory, which is in some sense a
sister topic to dynamical systems and chaos theory. However, the topic has until recently
been a highly theoretical mathematical topic which is generally less obvious to those prac-
titioners in applied areas, who may not find obvious links to practical, real-world problems.
During the past decade, facilitated by the advent of high-speed computers, it has become
practical to represent the notion of a transfer operator discretely but to high resolution
thanks to rapidly developing algorithms and new numerical methods designed for the pur-
pose. An early book on this general topic is Cell-to-Cell Mapping: A Method of Global
Analysis for Nonlinear Systems [167] from 1987.1 A tremendous amount of progress and
sophistication has come to the empirical perspective since then.
Rather than discussing the behaviors of complex dynamical systems in terms of fol-
lowing the fate of single trajectories, it is now possible to empirically discuss global ques-
tions in terms of evolution of density. Now complementary to the traditional geometric
methods of dynamical systems transport study, particularly by stable and unstable man-
ifold structure and bifurcation analysis, we can analyze transport activity and evolution
by matrix representation of the Frobenius–Perron transfer operator. While the traditional
methods allow for an analytic approach, when they work, the new and fast-developing com-
putational tools discussed here allow for detailed analysis of real-world problems that are
simply beyond the reach of traditional methods. Here we will draw connections between
the new methods of transport analysis based on transfer operators and the more traditional
methods. The goal of this book is not to become a presentation of the general topic of
dynamical systems, as there are already several excellent textbooks that achieve this goal
in a manner better than we can hope. We will bring together several areas, as we will draw
connections between topological dynamics, symbolic dynamics, and information theory
to show that they are also highly relevant to the Ulam–Galerkin representations. In these
parts of the discussion, we will compare and contrast notions from topological dynamics
to measurable dynamics, the latter being the first topic of this book. That is, if measurable
dynamics means a discussion of a dynamical system in consideration of how much, how
big, and other notions that require measure structure to discuss transport rates, topological
dynamics can be considered as a parallel topic of study that asks similar questions in the
absence of a measure that begets scale. As such, the mechanism and geometry of trans-
port are more the focus. Therefore, including a discussion of topological dynamics in our
primary discussion here on measurable dynamics should be considered complementary.
1 Recent terminology has come to call these “set oriented” methods.
xi
xii Preface
There are several excellent previous related texts on mathematical aspects of trans-
fer operators which we wish to recommend as possible supplements. In particular, La-
sota and Mackay [198] give a highly regarded discussion of the theoretical perspective of
Frobenius–Perron operators in dynamical systems, whose material we overlap in as far as
we need these elements for the computational discussion here. Boyarsky and Gora [50] also
give a sharp presentation of an ensembles density perspective in dynamical systems, but
more specialized for one-dimensional maps, and some of the material and proofs therein
are difficult to find elsewhere. Of course the book by Baladi [11] is important in that it
gives a thoroughly rigorous presentation of transfer operators, including a unique perspec-
tive. We recommend highly the book by Zhou and Ding, [324], which covers a great deal
of theoretical information complementary to the work discussed in this book, including
Ulam’s method and piecewise constant approximations of invariant density, piecewise lin-
ear Markov models, and especially analysis of convergence. Also an in-depth study can
be found concerning connections of the theory of Frobenius–Perron operators and the ad-
joint Koopman operator, as well as useful background in measure theory and functional
analysis. The book by McCauley [215] includes a useful perspective regarding what is
becoming a modern perspective on computational insight into behaviors of dynamical sys-
tems, especially experimentally observed dynamical systems. That is, finite realizations of
chaotic data can give a great deal of insight. This is a major theme which we also develop
here toward the perspective that a finite time sample of a dynamical system is not just an
estimate of the long time behavior, as suggested perhaps by the traditional perspective, but
in fact finite time samples are most useful in their own right toward understanding finite
time behavior of a dynamical system. After all, any practical, real-world observation of a
dynamical system can be argued to exist only during a time window which cannot possibly
be infinite in duration.
There are many excellent textbooks on the general theory of dynamical systems,
clearly including Robinson [268], Guckenheimer and Holmes [146], Devaney [95], Alli-
good, Sauer, and Yorke [2], Strogatz [301], Perko [251], Meiss [218], Ott [244], Arnold [4],
Wiggins [316], and Melo and van Strein [89], to name a few. Each of these has been very
popular and successful, and each is particularly strong in special aspects of dynamical sys-
tems as well as broad presentation. We cannot and should not hope to repeat these works
in this presentation, but we do give what we hope is enough background of the general
dynamical systems theory in order that this work can be somewhat self-contained for the
nonspecialist. Therefore, there is some overlap with other texts insofar as background in-
formation on the general theory is given, and we encourage the reader to investigate further
in some of the other cited texts for more depth and other perspectives. More to the point of
the central theme of this textbook, the review article by Dellnitz and Junge [87] and then
later the Ph.D. thesis by Padberg [247] (advised by Dellnitz) both give excellent presen-
tations of a more computationally based perspective of measurable dynamical systems in
common with the present text, and we highly recommend them. A summary of the German
school’s approach to the empirical study of dynamical systems can be found in [112], and
[82]. Also, we recommend the review by Froyland [121]. Finally, we highly recommend
the book by Hsu [167], and see also [166], which is an early and less often cited work in
the current literature, as we rarely see “cell-to-cell mappings” cited lately. While lacking
the transfer oriented formalism behind the analysis, this cell-to-cell mapping paradigm is
clearly a precursor to the computational methods which are now commonly called set ori-
ented methods. Also, we include a discussion and contrast to the early ideas by Ulam [307]
Preface xiii
called the Ulam method. Here we hope to give a useful broad presentation in a manner that
includes some necessary background to allow a sophisticated but otherwise not specialized
student or researcher to dive into this topic.
Acknowledgments. Erik Bollt would like to thank the several students and col-
leagues for discussions and cooperation that have greatly influenced the evolution of his
perspective on these topics over several years, and who have made this work so much more
enjoyable as a shared activity. He would also like to thank the National Science Founda-
tion and the Office of Naval Research and the Army Research Office, who have supported
several aspects of this work over the recent decade.
Downloaded 12/05/13 to 134.99.128.41. Redistribution subject to SIAM license or copyright; see http://www.siam.org/journals/ojsa.php
Chapter 1
Dynamical Systems,
Ensembles, and Transfer
Operators
1.1 Ergodic Preamble

In this chapter, we present the heuristic arguments leading to the Frobenius–Perron opera-
tor, which we will restate with more mathematical rigor in the next chapter. This chapter
is meant to serve as a motivating preamble, leading to the technical language in the next
chapter. As such, this material is a quick start guide so that the more detailed discussion
can be followed with more motivation. It also provides enough background so that the
techniques in subsequent chapters can be understood without necessarily reading all of the
mathematical theory in the middle chapters.
In terms of practical application, the field of measurable dynamics has been hidden
in a forest of formal language of pure mathematics that may seem impenetrable to the
applied scientist. This language may be quite necessary for mathematical proof of the
methods in the field of ergodic theory. However, the proofs often require restricting the
range of problems quite dramatically, whereas the utility may extend quite further. In
reality, the basic tools one needs to begin practice of measurable dynamics by transfer
operator methods are surprisingly simple, while still allowing useful studies of transport
mechanisms in a wide array of real-world dynamical systems. It is our primary goal to bring
out the simplicity of the field for practitioners. We will attempt to highlight the language
necessary to speak properly in terms necessary to prove convergence, invariance, steady
state, and several of the other issues rooted in the language of ergodic theory. But above
all, we wish to leave a spine of simple techniques available to practitioners from outside
the field of mathematics. We hope this book will be useful to those experimentalists with
real questions coming from real data, and to any students interested in such issues.
Our discussion here may be described as a contrast between the Lagrangian perspec-
tive of following orbits of single initial conditions and the Eulerian perspective associated
with the corresponding dynamical system of the transfer operator which describes the evo-
lution of measurable ensembles of initial conditions while focusing at a location. This leads
to issues traditionally affiliated with ergodic theory, a field which has important practical
implications in the applied problems of transport study that are of interest here. Thus we
hope the reader will agree that both perspectives allow important information to be derived
from a dynamical system. In particular, the transfer operator approach will allow us to
1
2 Chapter 1. Dynamical Systems, Ensembles, and Transfer Operators
discuss
• exploring global dynamics and characterization of the global attractors,
• estimating invariant manifolds,
• partitioning the phase space into invariant regions, almost invariant regions, and co-
herent sets,
• rates of transport between these partitioned regions,
• decay of correlation,
• associated information theoretic descriptions.
As we will discuss throughout this book, the question of transport can be boiled
down to a question of walks in graphs, stochastic matrices, Markov chains, graph parti-
tioning questions, and matrix analysis, together with Galerkin’s methods for discussing
the approximation. We leave this section with a picture in Fig. 1.1, which in some sense
highlights so many of the techniques in the book. We will refer back to this figure often
throughout this text. For now, we just note that the figure is an approximation of the ac-
tion on the phase space of a Henon mapping as the action of a directed graph. The Henon
mapping,
x n+1 = yn+1 − ax n2,

yn+1 = bx n , (1.1)
for parameter values a = 1.4, b = 0.3, is frequently used as a research tool and as a ped-
agogical example of a smooth chaotic mapping in the plane. It is a diffeomorphism that
highlights many issues of chaos and chaotic attractors in more than one dimension. Such
mappings are not only interesting in their own right, but they also offer a step toward un-
derstanding differential equations by Poincaré section mappings.
1.2 The Ensemble Perspective

The dynamical systems point of view is generally Lagrangian, meaning that we focus on
following the fate of trajectories corresponding to the evolution of a single initial condition.
Such is the perspective of an ODE, Eq. (2.1), as well as a map, Eq. (2.7). Here we contrast
the Lagrangian perspective of following single initial conditions to the Eulerian perspective
rooted in following measurable ensembles of initial conditions, based on the associated dy-
namical system of transfer operators and leading to ergodic theory. We are most interested
here in the transfer operator approach in that it may shed light on certain applied problems
to which we have already alluded and we will detail.
Example 1.1 (following initial conditions, the logistic map). The logistic map,
x n+1 = L(x n ) = 4x n (1 − x n ), (1.2)
is a model of resource limited growth in a population system. The logistic map is an

extremely popular model of chaos, partly for pedagogical reasons of simplicity of analysis,
1.2. The Ensemble Perspective 3
Figure 1.1. Approximate action of a dynamical system on density looks like a

directed graph: Ulam’s method is a form of Galerkin’s method. In a sense, this could
be the mantra of this book. (Above) we see an attractor of the Henon map, Eq. (1.1)
partitioned by an arbitrary graph, with the grid laid out according to a natural order of the
plane phase space. (Below) The action of the dynamical system which moves (ensembles
of) initial conditions is better represented as a directed graph. The action shown here is
faithful (match the numbered boxes) but approximate, since a Markov partition was not
used, and a refinement would apparently be beneficial. [27]
and partly for historical reasons. In Fig. 1.2 we see the mapping and the time series it
produces for a specific initial condition, x 0 = 0.4, where a time series is simply the function
of the output values with respect to time. An orbit is a sequence starting at a single initial
Figure 1.2. The logistic map (left) produces a time series (right) shown for a given
initial condition x 0 = 0.4.
condition,
{x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 . . .} = {x 0 , L(x 0 ), L 2 (x 0 ), L 3 (x 0 ), . . .}, (1.3)
where
x i = L i (x 0 ) ≡ L ◦ L ◦ · · · ◦ L(x 0), which denotes the i th-composition. (1.4)
In this case, the orbit from x 0 = 0.4 is the sequence {x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , . . .} = {0.4, 0.96, 0.1536, . . .}.
The time series perspective illustrates the trajectory of a single initial condition in time,
which as an orbit runs “forever” and we are simply inspecting a finite segment. In this
perspective, we ask how a single initial state evolves. Perhaps there is a limit point? Perhaps
there is a stable periodic orbit? Perhaps the orbit is unbounded? Or perhaps the orbit is
chaotic?
At this stage it is useful to give some definition of a dynamical system. A math-
ematically detailed definition of a dynamical system is given in Chapter 2 in Definitions
2.1–2.3. Said plainly for now, a dynamical system is
1. a state space (phase space), usually a manifold, together with
2. a notion of time, and
3. an evolution rule (often a continuous evolution rule) that brings forward states to new
states as time progresses.
Generally, dynamical systems can be considered of two general types, continuous time as
in flows (or semiflows) usually from differential equations, and discrete time mappings.
For instance, the mapping x n+1 = L(x n ) in Example 1.1, Eq. (1.2), is a discrete time map,
L : [0, 1] → [0, 1]. In this case, (1) the state space is the unit interval, [0, 1], (2) time is taken
to be the iteration number and it is discrete, and (3) the mapping L(x n ) = 4x n (1 − x n ) is the
evolution rule which assigns new values to the old values. The phrase dynamical system is
usually reserved to mean that the evolution rule is deterministic, meaning the same input
will always yield the same output in a function mapping–type relationship, whereas the
phrase stochastic dynamical system can be used to denote those systems with some kind
of randomness in the behavior. Each of these will be discussed in subsequent chapters.
Another perspective we pursue will be to ask what happens to the evolution of many
different initial conditions, the so-called ensemble of initial conditions. To illustrate this
idea, we provide the following example.
Example 1.2 (following an ensemble of initial conditions in the logistic map). Imagine
that instead of following one initial condition, we choose N initial conditions, {x 0i }i=1,...,N
(let N = 106, a million, for the sake of specificity). Choosing those initial conditions by
a random number generator, approximating uniform, U (0, 1), we follow each one. Now
it would not be reasonable to plot a time series for all million states. The corresponding
plot to Fig. 1.2 (right) would be too busy; we would only see a solid band. Instead, we
accumulate the information as a histogram, an empirical representation of the probabil-
ity density function. A histogram of N uniformly chosen initial conditions is shown in
Fig. 1.4 (left). Iterating each one of the initial conditions under the logistic map yields
{x 1i }i=1,...,N = {L(x 0i )}i=1,...,N and so forth, through each iteration. Due to the very large
number of data points, we can only reasonably view the data statistically, as histograms, the
profile of each evolving upon each successive iteration, as shown in the successive panels
of Fig. 1.3.
4 4
x 10 x 10
1200 3.5 2.5
3
1000
2
2.5
800
1.5
2
count
count
count
600
1.5
1
400
1
0.5
200
0.5
0 0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x x x
Figure 1.3. Histograms depicting the evolution of many (N = 106) initial condi-
tions under the logistic map. (Left) Initially, {x 0i }i=1,...,N are chosen uniformly by U (0, 1)
in this experiment. (Middle) After one iterate, each initial condition x 0i moves to its iterate,
x 1i = L(x 0i ), and the full histogram, {x 1i }i=1,...,N is shown. (Right) The histogram of the
second iterate, {x 1i }i=1,...,N is shown.
There are central tenants of ergodic theory to be found in this example. The property
of ergodic is defined explicitly in Sections 3.5 and 3.5.1, but a main tenant is highlighted
by the Birkhoff theorem describing coincidence of time averages and space averages (see
Eq. (1.5)). Two major questions that may be asked of this example are
1. Will the profile of the histogram settle down to some form, or will it change forever?
2. Does the initial condition play a role, and, in particular, how does the specific initial
condition play a role in the answer to question 1?
It is not always true that a dynamical system will have a long-term steady state distribution,
as approximated by the histogram; the specific dynamical system is relevant, and for many
4 4 4
x 10 x 10 x 10
2.5 2.5 2.5
2 2 2
1.5 1.5 1.5
count
count
count
1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x x x
Figure 1.4. Following Fig. 1.3, histograms of {x 10i

}i=1,...,N (left) and {x 25
i
}i=1,...,N
(middle) are shown. Arguably, a limit is apparent in the profile of the histogram. (Right)
The histogram of the orbit of a single initial condition gives apparently the same long-term
limit density. This is empirical evidence suggesting the ergodic hypothesis.
dynamical systems, but not all, the initial condition may be relevant. When there is a steady
state distribution, loosely said, we will discuss the issue of natural measure, which is a sort
of stable ergodic invariant measure [171]. By invariant measure, we mean that the ensemble
of orbits may each move individually, but in such a way that their distribution nonetheless
remains the same.
More generally, there is the notion of an invariant measure (see Definition 3.4),
where invariant measure and ergodic invariant measure are discussed further in Sections 3.5
and 3.5.1. A transformation which has an invariant measure μ need not be ergodic, which
is another way of saying it favors just part of the phase space, or it may even be supported
on just part of the phase space. By contrast, the density2 as illustrated here by the his-
togram shown covers the whole of [0, 1], suggesting at least by empirical inspection3 that
the invariant density is absolutely continuous.4
Perhaps the greatest application of an ergodic invariant measure follows Birkhoff’s
ergodic theorem. Stated roughly, with respect to an ergodic T-invariant measure μ on a
measurable space (X, A), where A is the sigma algebra of measurable sets, time averages
and spatial averages may be exchanged,

1
n
lim f ◦ T i (x 0) = f (x)dμ(x), (1.5)
n→∞ n X
i=1
for μ-almost every initial condition. This is evidenced in that a long orbit segment of a
6
single initial condition {x j }10
j =1 yields essentially the same result as the long-term ensemble,
as seen in Fig. 1.3.
2 We will often speak of measure and density interchangeably. In fact they are dual. This is best un-
derstood when there is a Radon–Nikodým derivative [190], in the case of a positive absolutely contin-
uous measure-μ,
= g(x)d x. g is the density function when it exists, which expression denotes,
dμ(x)
μ(B) = B dμ(x) = B g(x)d x. In the case the measurable functions are cells of a histogram’s partition, this
is descriptive of the histogram. In the case of continuous functions g this reminds us of the fundamental
theorem of calculus.
3 The result does in fact hold by arguments that the invariant measure is absolutely continuous to Lebesgue
measure, which will not be presented here [50].
4 A positive measure μ(x) is called absolutely continuous when it has a Radon–Nikodým derivative
preimage [190] to Lebesgue measure dμ(x) = g(x)d x.
Example 1.3 (Birkhoff ergodic theorem and histograms). The statement that a his-
togram reveals the invariant measure for almost all initial conditions can be sharpened by
choosing the measurable function f in Eq. (1.5), as the characteristic (indicator) functions:

1 if x ∈ Bi
f (x) = χ Bi (x) = . (1.6)
0 else
A histogram in these terms is an occupancy count of a data set “sprinkled” in a topological

partition, X = ∪i (Bi ). Then in these terms, considering how many points of a sample orbit
{x j }nj=1 occupy a cell Bi as part of building a histogram, in Eq. (1.5)

n
n
f ◦ T j (x) = χ Bi (x j ). (1.7)
j =1 j =1
Also, Eq. (1.5) promises that we will almost never choose a bad initial condition but still
converge toward the same occupancy for cell B j . Likewise, repeating for each cell in the
partition produces a histogram such as in Fig. 1.3.
Example 1.4 (what can Birkhoff’s ergodic theorem say about Lyapunov exponents?).
In Chapter 8, we will discuss finite time Lyapunov exponents (FTLEs), which in brief are
related to derivatives averaged along finite orbit segments but multiplicatively, and how
the results vary depending on where in the phase space the initial condition is chosen, the
time length of the orbit segment, and how this information relates to transport. This is
in dramatic contrast to the traditional definition of Lyapunov exponents, which are almost
the same quantity, but averaged along an infinite orbit. In other words, if we choose a
measuring function
f (x) = ln |T (x)|, 5 (1.8)
then μ-almost every initial condition again will give the same result. Perhaps this “usual”
way of thinking of orbits as infinitely long, and Lyapunov exponents as limit averages with
the Birkhoff theorem stating that almost every starting point is the same, prevented the dis-
covery of the brilliant-for-its-simplicity but powerful idea of FTLEs, which are intrinsically
spatially dependent due to the finite time aspect.
To state more clearly the question of how important the initial condition is, in brief
the answer is almost not at all. In this sense, almost every initial condition stated in the
measure theoretic sense is “typical.” This means that with probability one we will choose
an initial condition which will behave as the ergodic case. To put the statement of this rarity
in perspective, in the same sense we may say that if we choose a number randomly from the
unit interval, with probability zero the number will be rational, and with probability one the
number will be irrational. Of course this does not mean it is impossible to choose a rational
number, just that the Lebesgue measure of the rationals is zero. By contrast, the situation
is opposite when performing the random selection on a computer. The number will always
be rational because (1) the random number generator is just a model of the uniform random
5 We are specializing to a one-dimensional setting so that we do not need to discuss issues related to the
Jacobian derivative matrices and diagonalizability at this early part of the book. In this case the Birkhoff
theorem describes the Lyapunov exponents as discussed here. The more general scenario in more than one
dimension requires Oseledets multiplicative ergodic theorem to handle products along orbits, as discussed
in Section 8.2, in contrast to the one-dimensional scenario in Section 8.1.
variable, as must be all algorithms descriptive of a pseudorandom number generator [310],

and (2) the computer can only represent rational numbers, and, in fact, a finite number of
those. Nonetheless, when selecting a pseudorandom number, it will be ergodic-typical in
the sense above for a “typical” dynamical system.
1.3 Evolution of Ensembles

Perhaps a paradoxical fact, but one that is central to the analysis of this book, is that while a
chaotic dynamical system6 may be nonlinear, causing particular difficulty in predicting the
fate of individual orbits, the evolution of density is an associated linear7 dynamical system
which turns out to be especially straightforward to predict. That is, the dynamical system
f :X→X (1.9)
moves initial conditions, whereas there is an associated linear dynamical system,
Pf : L 1 (X) → L 1 (X), (1.10)
which is descriptive of the evolution of densities of ensembles of initial conditions. The
operator, Pf , is called the Frobenius–Perron operator. Initially, we will specialize for sim-
plicity of presentation to the logistic map as follows. The general theory will be saved for
Chapter 2.
The evolution of density follows a principle of mass conservation: ensembles of
initial conditions evolve forward in time, and no individual orbits are lost. In terms of den-
sities, it must be assumed that the transformation is nonsingular in that this will guarantee
that densities map to densities.8 If there are N initial conditions {x 0,i }i=1 N
, then in general
they may be distributed in X according to some initial distribution ρ0 (x), for which we
write x 0 ∼ ρ0 (x). The question of evolution of density is as follows. After one iteration by
f , each x 0,i moves to x 1,i = f (x 0,i ) for each i . Generally, if we investigate the distribution
of the points in their new positions, we must allow that the distribution of them may be dif-
ferent than their initial configuration. If the actual new configuration of {x 1,i }i=1N distributes
according to some new density ρ1 (x), then the problem becomes one of finding ρ1 (x) given
ρ0 (x). Likewise, we can look for the orbit of distributions,
{ρ0 (x), ρ1(x), ρ2 (x), . . .}. (1.11)
From the principle conservation of initial conditions follows a discrete continuity
equation,
ρ1 (x)d x = ρ0 (x)d x ∀B ∈ A, (1.12)
B f −1 (B)
from which will follow the dynamical system,
Pf : L 1 (X) → L 1 (X),
ρ0 (x) → ρ1 (x) = Pf [ρ0 ](x), (1.13)
6 A dynamical system is defined to be chaotic if it displays sensitive dependence to initial conditions and
a dense orbit [95, 12, 314, 213]. Or, according to [2], an orbit is chaotic if it is bounded, not asymptotically
periodic, and has a positive Lyapunov exponent.
7 A dynamical system T : X → X is linear if for any x , x ∈ X , and a, b ∈ R, T (ax + bx ) = aT (x ) +
1 2 1 2 1
bT (x2 ); otherwise the dynamical system is nonlinear.
8 More precisely, we wish that absolutely continuous densities map to absolutely continuous densities.
1.3. Evolution of Ensembles 9
and the assignment of a new density by the operator Pf is interpreted at each point x.
This continuity equation may be interpreted as follows. Formally, over a measure space
(X, A, μ), B ∈ A is any one of the measurable subsets. For simplicity of discussion, we
may interpret the B’s to be any one or collection of the cells used in describing the his-
tograms such as shown in Figs. 1.3 or 1.8. Then ρ0 (x) is an initial density descriptive of an
ensemble, such as the approximation depicted in Fig. 1.4 (left). When asking where each
of the initial conditions goes under the action of f , we are better suited to ask where orbits
distributed by ρ1 came from after one iteration of f . The preimage version Eq. (1.12) and

ρ1 (x )d x = ρ0 (x )d x

(1.14)
f (B) B
would give the same result as Eq. (1.13) if the mapping were piecewise smooth and one-
one, but many examples, including the logistic map, are not one-one, as shown in Fig. 1.5.
The continuity equation Eq. (1.12) is well stated for any measure space, (X, A, μ),
but assuming that X is an interval X = [a, b] and μ is Lebesgue measure, then we may
write x
Pf ρ(x )d x = ρ(x )d x ∀x ∈ [a, b], (1.15)
a f −1 ([a,x])
thus representing those B’s which are intervals [a, x]. For a noninvertible f , f −1 denotes
the union of all the preimages. Differentiating both sides of the equation, and assuming
differentiability, then the fundamental theorem of calculus gives

d
Pf ρ(x) = ρ(x )d x ∀x ∈ [a, b]. (1.16)
d x f −1 ([a,x])
Further assuming that f is invertible and differentiable allows application of the fundamen-
tal theorem of calculus and the chain rule to the right-hand side of the equation:
f −1 (x)
d d ρ( f −1 (x))
Pf ρ(x) = ρ(x )d x = ρ( f −1 (x))
( f −1 (x)) = −1 ∀x ∈ [a, b].
dx f −1 (a) dx | f ( f (x))|
(1.17)
However, since generally f may not be invertible, the integral derivation is applied over
each preimage, resulting in a commonly presented form of the Frobenius–Perron operator
for deterministic evolution of density in maps:
ρ(y)
Pf [ρ](x) = . (1.18)
| f (y)|
y:x= f (y)
The nature of this expression is a functional equation for the unknown density func-
tion ρ(x). Questions of the existence and uniqueness of solutions are related to the fun-
damental unique ergodicity question in ergodic theory. That is, can one find a special
distribution function that should be stated as a centrally important principle in the theory
of Frobenius–Perron operators?
An invariant density is a fixed “point” of the Frobenius–Perron operator: Functionally,
this can be stated as
ρ ∗ (x) = Pf [ρ ∗ ](x). (1.19)
One note is that we say an invariant density rather than the invariant density as there
can be many and even infinitely many. However, usually we are interested in the “domi-
nant” invariant measure, or other information related to dominant behaviors such as almost-
invariant sets. Further, is this fixed density (globally) stable? This is the critical question:
will general (most or all?) ensemble distributions settle to some unique density profile?
ρi (x) → ρ ∗ (x) as n → ∞? In the following example, we offer a geometric interpreta-
tion of the form of the Frobenius–Perron operator and its relationship to unique ergodicity.
More on this principle can be found discussed in Section 3.4.
Example 1.5 (Frobenius–Perron operator of the logistic map). The (usually two) preim-
age(s) of the logistic map in (1.2) at each point may be written as
√
−1 1± 1−x
L ± (x) = . (1.20)
2
Therefore, the Frobenius–Perron operator in (1.18) specializes to
√ √
1 1− 1−x 1+ 1−x
Pf [ρ](x) = √ ρ +ρ . (1.21)
4 1−x 2 2
This functional equation can be interpreted pictorially, as in Fig. 1.5; the collective ensem-
ble at cell B comes from those initial conditions at the two preimages f ±−1 (B) shown. The
preimage of the set may as shown in the cobweb diagram, scaled roughly as the inverse of
the derivative at the preimages. Roughly, the scaling occurs almost as if we were watch-
ing ray optics, where the preimages f −1 (B) focus on B through mirrors by the action of
Figure 1.5. Cobweb of density. Note how infinitesimal density segments of B

grow or shrink inversely proportionally to the derivative at the preimage, as prescribed by
Eq. (1.18).
the map, placed at B by the map, but scaled as if focused by the inverse of the derivative
because the ensemble of initial conditions at f −1 (B) shuttles into B.
It is a simple matter of substitution, and therefore application of trigonometric iden-
tities, to check that the function
1
ρ(x) = √ (1.22)
π x(1 − x)
is a fixed point of the operator in (1.21). This guess and check method is a valid way for
validating an invariant density. However, how does one make the guess? Comparison of the
experimental numerical histograms validate this density, comparing Eq. (1.22) to Figs. 1.3
and 1.4. By comparison to a simpler system, where the invariant density is easy to guess,
the invariant density of this logistic map is straightforward to derive.
Example 1.6 (Frobenius–Perron operator of the tent map). The tent map serves as a
simple example to derive invariant density and for comparison to the logistic map.

1
x n+1 = T (x n ) = 2 1 − 2 x − (1.23)
2
may also be viewed as a dynamical system on the unit interval, T : [0, 1] → [0, 1], shown
in Fig. 1.6 (left), and a “typical” time series is shown in Fig. 1.6 (middle). Repeating
the experiment of the evolution of an ensemble of initial conditions as was done for the
logistic map, Figs. 1.3 and 1.4, yields the histogram in Fig. 1.6 (right). Apparently from the
empirical experiment, the uniform density, U (0, 1), is invariant. This is straightforward to
validate analytically by checking that the Frobenius–Perron operator, Eq. (1.18), specializes
to
1 x x
PT [ν](x) = ν +ν 1− . (1.24)
4 4 4
Further, invariance (1.19) has a solution:
ν(x) = 1. (1.25)
Figure 1.6. The tent map (left), (3.56), a sample time series (middle), and a
histogram of a sample ensemble (right). This figure mirrors Fig. 1.3 shown for the logistic
map. Apparently here, the tent map suggests an invariant density which is uniform, U (0, 1).
The well-known change of variables between the dynamics of the fully developed
chaotic9 tent map (slope a = 2) and the fully developed logistic map (r = 4) is through the
change of variables
1
h(x) = (1 − cos(π x)), (1.26)
2
which is formally an example of a conjugacy in dynamical systems.
The fundamental equivalence relationship in the field of dynamical system, compar-
ing two dynamical systems, g1 : X → X and g2 : Y → Y , is a conjugacy.
Definition 1.1 (conjugacy). Two dynamical systems,
g1 : X → X and g2 : Y → Y , (1.27)
are a conjugate if there exists a function (a change of variables)
h : X → Y, (1.28)
such that h commutes (a pointwise functional requirement),
h ◦ g1(x) = g2 ◦ h(x), (1.29)
often written as a commuting diagram,

g1
X −−−−→ X
⏐ ⏐
⏐ ⏐ (1.30)
h h ,
g2
Y −−−−→ Y
and h is a homeomorphism between the two spaces X and Y . The function h is a homeo-
morphism if
• h is one-one,
• h is onto,
• h is continuous,
• h −1 is continuous.
Change of variables is a basic method in mathematical sciences since it is fair game
to change from a coordinate system where the problem may be hard (say, Cartesian coordi-
nates) to a coordinate system (say, spherical coordinates) where the problem may be easier
in some sense, the goal often being to decouple variables. The most basic requirement is
that in the new coordinate system, solutions are neither created nor destroyed, as the above
definition allows. The principle behind defining a good coordinate transformation to be
9 Fully developed chaos as used here refers to the fact that as the parameter (a or r for the tent map or
logistic map, for example) is varied, the corresponding symbol dynamics becomes complete in the sense that
the corresponding symbol dynamics is a fullshift, meaning the corresponding grammar has no restrictions.
The symbol dynamics theory will be discussed in detail in Chapter 6. A different definition can be found in
[215], which differs from our use largely by including the notion that the chaotic set should densely fill the
interval.
a homeomorphism is that the two dynamical systems should take place in topologically
equivalent phase spaces. Further, solutions should correspond to solutions with the same
behavior in a continuous manner, and this is further covered by the pointwise commut-
ing principle h ◦ g1(x) = g2 ◦ h(x). By contrast, for example, without requiring that h is
one-one, two solutions may come from one, and so forth.
Returning to comparing the logistic and the tent maps, it can be checked that the
function
1
h(x) = (1 − cos(π x)), (1.31)
2
shown in Fig. 1.7 (upper right), is a conjugacy between g1 as the logistic map of Eq. (1.2),
(with the parameter value 4) and g2 as the tent map (3.56) (with parameter value 2), with
X = Y = [0, 1].
A graphical way to represent that commuter function (a function simply satisfying
Eq. (1.30) whether or not that function may be a homeomorphism [292]) is by what we call
a quadweb diagram, as illustrated in Fig. 1.7. A quadweb is a direct and pointwise graphi-
cal representation of the commuting diagram. In [292], we discuss further how representing
the commuting equation even when two systems may not be conjugate (and therefore the
commuter function is not a homeomorphism) has interesting relevance to relating dynam-
ical systems. Here we will simply note that the quadweb illustrates that a conjugacy is a
Figure 1.7. A quadweb is a graphical way to pointwise represent the commut-

ing diagram (1.30). Further, when h is a homeomorphism, then the two maps compared
are conjugate. Shown here is the conjugacy h(x) = 12 (1 − cos(π x)), changing variables
between the full tent map and the full logistic map, Eq. (1.31).
pointwise relationship. Of course, we named a quadweb as such since it is a direct play on

the better-known term “cobweb” diagram. When further h is a homeomorphism, then the
two maps compared are conjugate.
Inspecting Eq. (1.31), we see that the function is not simply continuous, it is differ-
entiable. As it turns out, this most popular example of a conjugacy is atypical in the sense
that it is stronger than required. In fact, it is a diffeomorphism.
Definition 1.2 (diffeomorphism). A diffeomorphism is a homeomorphism h which is bi-
differentiable (meaning h and h −1 are differentiable), and when stated that two dynamical
systems are diffeomorphic, there is a conjugacy which is bi-differentiable.
Conjugacy is an equivalence relationship with many conserved quantities between
dynamical systems, including notably topological entropy. Diffeomorphism is a stronger
equivalence relationship which conserves quantities such as metric entropy and Lyapunov
exponents. Interestingly, despite the atypical nature of diffeomorphism, in the sense of
genericity implying that most systems if conjugate have nondifferentiable conjugacies,
the sole explicit example used for introduction in most textbooks is a diffeomorphism,
Eq. (1.31). A nondifferentiable conjugacy of two maps in the interval will be a Lebesgue
singular function [292], meaning it will be differentiable almost everywhere, but wherever
it is differentiable, the derivative is zero. Nonetheless the function is monotone nondecreas-
ing in order to be one-one. These are topologically exotic in the sense that they are a bit
more like a devil’s staircase function [271, 328] than they are like a cosine function.
Most relevant for our problem here is the comparison between invariant densities of
the logistic map and the tent map, for which we require the differentiability of the con-
jugacy. Thus h must further be a diffeomorphism to execute the change of density. We
require the infinitesimal comparison10
ρ(x)d x = ν(y)d y, (1.32)
from which follows

dy 1
ρ(x) = = √ . (1.33)
dx π x(1 − x)
This result is in fact the fixed density already noted in Eq. (1.22), which agrees with
Figs. 1.3 and 1.4.
Finally, we illustrate the ensemble perspective of invariant density for an example of
a mapping whose phase space is more than an interval—the Henon mapping from Eq. (1.1).
This is a diffeomorphism of the plane,
H : R2 → R2 . (1.34)
As such, a density is a positive function over the phase space,
ρ : R2 → R+ . (1.35)
In Fig. 1.1 we illustrated both the chaotic attractor as well as the action of this mapping,
which is approximately a directed graph. The resulting invariant density, of a long time
10 This is equation in the simplest problems is called “u-change of variables” in elementary calculus books,
but is a form of the Radon–Nikodým derivative theorem in more general settings [190].
1.3. Useful Representations and Density of an ODE 15
Figure 1.8. Henon map histogram approximating the invariant density. Notice
the irregular nature typical of the densities of such chaotic attractors, which are often
suspected of not being absolutely continuous.
settling an ensemble of initial conditions, or alternatively of a long time behavior of one

typical orbit, is illustrated in Fig. 1.8. As we will describe further in the next chapter,
this invariant density derived here by a histogram of a long orbit may also be found as the
dominant eigenvector of transition matrix of the graph shown in Fig. 1.1; this is the Ulam
conjecture [307].
1.4 Various Useful Representations and Invariant Density

of a Differential Equation
An extremely popular differential equation considered often and early in the presentation
of chaos in nonlinear differential equations, and historically central in the development of
the theory, is the Duffing equation:
ẍ + a ẋ − x + x 3 = b sin ωt. (1.36)
This equation in its most basic physical realization describes the situation of a massless ball
bearing rolling in a double-welled potential,
1
P(x) = −x 2 + x 4 , (1.37)
4
Figure 1.9. Duffing double-well potential, Eq. (1.37), corresponding to the Duff-
ing oscillator (a = 0 case). Unforced, the gradient flow can be illustrated as a massless
ball bearing in the double well as shown. Further forcing with a sinusoidal term can be
thought of as a ball bearing moving in the well, but the floor is oscillating, causing the ball
to sometimes jump from one of the two wells to the other.
which is then sinusoidally forced, as depicted in Fig. 1.9.11 This is a standard differential
equation in the pedagogy of dynamical systems. We use this problem as an example to
present the various presentations in representing the dynamics of a flow, including
• time series, Fig. 1.10,
• phase portrait, Fig. 1.11,
• Poincaré map, Figs. 1.12 and 1.13,
• attractor, also seen in Fig. 1.12,
• invariant density, Fig. 1.14.
Written in a convenient form as a system of first-order equations, with the substitution
y ≡ ẋ, (1.38)
gives a nonautonomous12 two-dimensional equation,
ẋ = y,
ẏ = −ay − x − x 3 + b cosωt. (1.39)
As a time series of measured position x(t) and velocity y(t) of these equations,
with a = 0.02, b = 3, and ω = 1, we observe a signature chaotic oscillation as seen in
Fig. 1.10. This time series of an apparently erratic oscillation nonetheless comes from the
11 The gradient system case, where the autonomous part can be written − ∂ P , occurs when the viscous
∂x
friction part is zero, a = 0.
12 An autonomous differential equation can be written ẋ = F(x) without explicitly including t in the right-
hand side of the equation, and otherwise the differential equation is nonautonomous when it must be written
ẋ = f (x, t).
Figure 1.10. A Duffing oscillator can give rise to a chaotic time series, shown
here for both x(t) and y(t) solutions from Eq. (1.39), with a = 0.02, b = 3, and ω = 1.
deterministic evolution of the ODE (1.36). This is simply a plot of the variables x or y as a
function of time t.
A phase portrait in phase space, however, suppresses the time variable. Instead,
the t serves as a parameter which for representation of a solution curve in parametric form
(x(t), y(t)) ∈ R2 is seen in Fig. 1.11.
Augmenting with an extra time variable, τ (t) = t, from which dτdt = τ̇ = 1 gives the
autonomous three-dimensional equations of this flow:
ẋ = y,
ẏ = −ay − x − x 3 + b sin ωτ ,
τ̇ = 1. (1.40)
This form of the dynamical system allows us to represent solutions in a phase space,
(x(t), y(t), τ (t)) ∈ R3 , for each t. In this representation, the time variable is not suppressed
as we view the solution curves, (x(t), y(t), τ (t)). Thus generally one can represent a nonau-
tonomous differential equation as an autonomous differential equation by embedding in
larger phase space.
A convenient way to study topological and measurable properties of the dynamical
system presented by a flow is to produce a discrete time mapping by the Poincaré section
method to produce a Poincaré mapping. That is, a codimension-1 “surface” is placed
transverse to the flow so that (almost every) solution will pierce it, and then rather than
Figure 1.11. In the Duffing equations (1.39), nonautonomous phase space is

(x(t), y(t)) ∈ R2 , with a = 0.02, b = 3, and ω = 1.
recording every point on the flow, it is sufficient to record the values at the instants of
piercing.
In the case of the Duffing oscillator, a suitable Poincaré surface is a special case called
a “stroboscopic” section, by ωτ = 2πk for k ∈ Z. The brilliance of Poincaré’s trick allows
the ordered discrete values (x(tk ), y(tk )), tk = 2 πk
ω , or rather we simply write (x k , yk ), to
represent the flow on its attractor. In this manner, Fig. 1.12 replaces Fig. 1.11, and in many
ways this representation as a discrete time mapping,
(x k+1 , yk+1 ) = F(x k , yk ), (1.41)
is easier to analyze, or at least there exists a great many new tools otherwise not available
to the ODE perspective alone. For the sake of classification, when the right-hand side of
the differential equation is in the form of an autonomous vector field, as we represented in
the case of Eq. (1.40), we write specifically
G : R3 → R3 ,
G(x, y, τ ) = y, −ay − x − x 3 + b, 1. (1.42)
Then simply let

z = (x, y, τ ) and ż = G(z), (1.43)
which is a general form for Eq. (1.40).
Figure 1.12. A Poincaré-stroboscopic mapping representation of the Duffing os-

cillator. The discrete time mapping in R2 is derived by recording (x, y) each time that
(x(t), y(t), τ (t)) ∈ ; the Poincaré surface in this case, = {(x, y, τ ) : (x, τ ) ∈ R2 , τ ∈ 2πk
ω }
as caricatured in Fig. 1.13 (1.39), with a = 0.02, b = 3, and ω = 1. [30]
If the vector field G is Lipschitz,13,14 then it is known that there is continuous de-
pendence both with respect to initial conditions and with respect to parameters as proven
through Gronwall’s inequality [164, 251]. It follows that the Poincaré mapping F in
Eq. (1.41) must be a continuous function in two dimensions, F : R2 → R2 , corresponding
to a two-dimensional dynamical system in its own right. If, further, G ∈ C 2 (R3 ), then F is
a diffeomorphism which brings with it a great many tools from the field of differentiable
dynamical systems, such as transport study by stable and unstable manifold analysis.
13 G : Rn → Rn is Lipschitz in a region ⊂ Rn if there exists a constant L > 0, G(z)− G(z̃) ≤ Lz − z̃
for all z, z̃ ∈ ; the Lipschitz property can be considered as a form of stronger continuity (often called
Lipschitz continuity) but not quite as strong as differentiability, which allows for the difference quotient
limit z → z̃ to maintain the constant L.
14 Perhaps the most standard existence and uniqueness theorem used in ODE theory is the Picard–
Lindelöf theorem: an initial value problem ż = G(t, z), z(t0 ) = z 0 has a unique solution z(t) at least for
time t ∈ [t0 − , t0 + ] for some time range > 0 if G is Lipschitz in z and continuous in t in an open neigh-
borhood containing
(t0 , z(t0 )). The standard proof relies on Picard iteration of an integral form of the ODE,
z(t) = z(t0 ) = tt G(s, z(s))ds, which with the Lipschitz condition can be proven to converge in a Banach
0
space by the contraction mapping theorem [251]. Existence and uniqueness is a critical starting condition
to discuss an ODE as a dynamical system, meaning one initial condition does indeed lead to one outcome
which continues (at least for awhile), and correspondingly often the analysis herein may be as a discrete time
mapping by Poincaré section.
Figure 1.13. The Poincaré mapping shown in Fig. 1.12 are surfaces =
{(x, y, τ ) : (x, τ ) ∈ R2 , τ ∈ 2πk
ω } caricatured as the flow from Eq. (1.39), with a = 0.02,
b = 3, and ω = 1, pierces the surfaces.
In fact, the Duffing oscillator is an excellent example for presentation of the Poincaré
mapping method. There exists a two-dimensional Duffing mapping—in this case a diffeo-
morphism. Such is common with differential equations arising from physical and espe-
cially mechanical problems. All this said, the common scenario is that we cannot explicitly
represent the function F : R2 → R2 . In Fig. 1.12 we show the attractor corresponding to
the Duffing oscillator on the left, and a caricature of the stroboscopic method whose flight
produces F on the right. In practice, a computer is required for all examples we have expe-
rienced to numerically integrate chaotic differential equations, and thus further to estimate
the mapping F and a finite number of sample points.
Just as in the case of the logistic map, where a histogram as in Figs. 1.3, 1.4, and
1.6 gives further information regarding the long-term fate of ensembles of initial con-
Figure 1.14. Duffing density of the Poincaré-stroboscopic mapping method, esti-

mated by simulation of a single initial condition evolved over 100, 000 mapping periods,
and density approximated by a histogram. The density is shown both as block heights
(above) and as a color intensity map (below). Compare to the attractor shown in Fig. 1.12.
ditions, we can make the same study in the case of differential equations by using the
Poincaré mapping representation. The question is the same, but posed in terms of the
Poincaré mapping. How do ensembles of initial conditions evolve under the discrete map-
ping, (x k+1 , yk+1 ) = F(x k , yk ), as represented by a histogram over R2 ? See Fig. 1.14. The
result of an experiment of a numerical simulation of one initial condition is expected to
represent the same fate of many samples, for almost all initial conditions. That is true if
one believes the system is ergodic, and thus follows the Birkhoff ergodic theorem (1.5).
See also the discussion regarding natural measure near Eq. (3.78). The idea is that the
same long-term averages sampled in the histogram boxes are almost always the same with
respect to choosing initial conditions. Making these statements of ergodicity into mathe-
matically rigorous statements turns out to be notoriously difficult even for the most famous
chaotic attractors from the most favored differential equations from physics and mathemat-
ics. This mathematical intricacy is certainly beyond the scope of this book and we refer to
Lai-Sang Young for a good starting point [323]. This is true despite the apparent ease with
which we can simulate and seemingly confirm ergodicity of a map or differential equation
through computer simulations. Related questions include existence of a natural measure,
presence of uniform hyperbolicity, and representation by symbolic dynamics, to name a
few.
In subsequent chapters, we will present the theory of transfer operator methods to
interpret invariant density, mechanism, and almost invariant sets leading to steady states,
almost steady states, and coherent structures partitioning the phase space. Further, we will
show how the action of the mapping by a transfer operator may be approximated by a
Figure 1.15. The attractor of the Duffing oscillator flow in its phase space
(x(t), y(t)) has relative density approximated by a histogram. Contrasts to the Poincaré
mapping presentation of the same orbit segments are shown in Fig. 1.14.
graph action generated by a stochastic matrix, through the now classic Ulam method, and
how graph partitioning methods approximate and can be pulled back to present relevant
structures in the phase space of the dynamical system.
Finally in this section for sake of contrast, we may consider the histogram resulting
directly from following a single orbit of the flow as shown in the phase space but without
resorting to the Poincaré mapping. That is, it is the approximation of relative density from
the invariant measure of the attractor of the flow in the phase space. See Figure 1.15. This
is in contrast to the density of the more commonly used and perhaps more useful Poincaré
mapping as shown in Fig. 1.14. As was seen for the Henon map in Fig. 1.1, considering
the action of the mapping on a discrete grid leads to a directed graph approximation of
the action of the map. We will see that this action becomes a discrete approximation of
the Frobenius–Perron operator, and as such it will serve as a useful computational tool.
The convergence with respect to refinement we call the Ulam–Galerkin method and will be
discussed in subsequent chapters. Also a major topic of this book will be the many algorith-
mic uses for this presentation as a method for transport analysis. There are a great number
of computational methods that we will see become available when considering these di-
rected graph structures. We will be discussing these methods, as well as the corresponding
questions of convergence and representation, in subsequent chapters.
A major strength of this computational perspective for global analysis is the pos-
sibility to analyze systems known empirically only through data. As a case study and an
important application [36], consider the spreading of oil following the 2010 Gulf of Mexico
Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster. On April 20, 2010, an oil well cap explosion below
the Deepwater Horizon, an offshore oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico, started the worst human-
caused submarine oil spill ever. Though a historic tragedy for the marine ecosystem, the
unprecedented monitoring of the spill in real time by satellites and increased modeling of
the natural oceanic flows has provided a wealth of data, allowing analysis of the flow dy-
namics governing the spread of the oil. In [36] we studied two computational analyses de-
scribing the mixing, mass transport, and flow dynamics related to oil dispersion in the Gulf
of Mexico over the first 100 days of the spill. Transfer operator methods were used to de-
termine the spatial partitioning of regions of homogeneous dynamics into almost-invariant
sets, and FTLEs were used to compute pseudobarriers to the mixing of the oil between
these regions. The two methods give complementary results, which we will give in sub-
sequent chapters. As we will present from several different perspectives, these data make
a useful presentation for generating a comprehensive description of the oil flow dynamics
over time, and for discussing the utility of many of the methods described herein.
Basic questions in oceanic systems concern large-scale and local flow dynamics
which naturally partition the seascape into distinct regions. Following the initial explo-
sion beneath the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig on April 20, 2010, oil continued to spill
into the Gulf of Mexico from the resulting fissure in the well head on the sea floor. Spill
rates have been estimated at 53,000 barrels per day by the time the leak was controlled by
the “cap” fix three months later. It is estimated that approximately 4.9 million barrels, or
185 million gallons, of crude oil flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, making it the largest ever
submarine oil spill. The regional damage to marine ecology was extensive, but impacts
were seen on much larger scales as well, as some oil seeped into the Gulf Stream, which
transported the oil around Florida and into the Atlantic Ocean. Initially, the amount of
oil that would disperse into the Atlantic was overestimated, because a prominent dynam-
ical structure arose in the Gulf early in the summer preventing oil from entering the Gulf
Stream. The importance of computational tools for analyzing the transport mechanisms
governing the advective spread of the oil may therefore be considered self-evident in this
problem. Fig. 1.16. shows a satellite image of the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Louisiana
on May 24, 2010 just over a month after the initial explosion. The oil is clearly visible in
white in the center of the image, and the spread of the oil can already be seen. During the
early days of the spill the Gulf Stream was draining oil out of the Gulf and, eventually,
into the Atlantic. This spread was substantially tempered later in the summer, due to the
development of a natural eddy in the central Gulf of Mexico, which acted as a barrier to
transport.
The form of the data is an empirical nonautonomous vector field f (x, t), x ∈ R2 , here
derived from an ocean modeling source called the HYCOM model [173]. One time shot
from May 24, 2010 is shown in Fig. 1.17. Toward transfer operator methods, in Fig. 1.18 we
illustrate time evolution of several rectangle boxes suggesting the Ulam–Galerkin method
to come in Chapter 4, and analogous to what was already shown in Figs. 1.1 and 1.19. In
practice a finer grid covering would be used rather than this coarse covering which is used
for illustrative purposes. The kind of partition result we may expect using these directed
graph representations of the Frobenius–Perron transfer operator can be seen in Fig. 1.20.
Discussion of almost-invariant sets, coherent sets, and issues related to transport and mea-
sure based partitions in dynamical systems from Markov models are discussed in detail
in Chapter 5. For now we can say that the prime direction leading to this computational
avenue is asking three simple questions:
Figure 1.16. Satellite view of the Gulf of Mexico near Louisiana during the oil
spill disaster, May 24, 2010. The oil slick spread is clearly visible and large. The image,
taken by NASA’s Terra satellite, is in the public domain.
• Where does the product (oil) go, at least in relatively short time scales?
• Where does the product not go, at least in relatively short time scales?
• Are there regions which stay together and barriers to transport between regions?
These are questions of transport and of partition of the space relative to which transport
can be discussed. Also related to partition is the boundary of partition for which there is a
complementary method that has become useful. The theory of FTLEs will be discussed in
Chapter 8, along with highlighting interpretations as barriers to transport and shortcomings
for such interpretations. See, for example, an FTLE computation for the Fig. 1.17 Gulf
of Mexico data in Fig. 1.21. In the following chapters these computations and supporting
theory will be discussed.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
common possession. The heightened glow cast by danger and death
on the faces of the young, and its fading into the rather flat daylight
of survival; the psychological dislocation of armistice; the weariness
of reconstruction; the shift in Franco-American relations that
followed President Wilson’s intervention in European affairs; and
the place of American women in the adventures of the A. E. F.”
(Preface) The three parts of the book are: The wing of death; Pax in
bello; The city of confusion.
+ Booklist 17:149 Ja ’21
“It is, indeed, amazing that Miss Sergeant is able to make her
meagre details of vivid interest, but such is her art that she ably
succeeds in holding attention throughout the pages of this novel
journal.” C. K. H.
+ Boston Transcript p8 D 1 ’20 390w
“The book derives a unity from its synthesis of fragments—a shade

too clinical at times, but otherwise sharply realistic and delicately
expressed.”
+ Dial 70:232 F ’21 50w

+ Freeman 2:501 F 2 ’21 200w
“Books so concentrated, so vivid, and so sustained in their spiritual

excitement rarely get written.”
+ Nation 112:123 Ja 26 ’21 170w

“How readable ‘Shadow-shapes’ is, and what is more, how full of
feeling, of generosity, of the gold of human intercourse delicately
essayed, of difficult things bravely thought out, of fine things
appreciated, of good things described with sympathy, accuracy—this
quite outweighs in my impression of it that vast excess of the
sympathy over the accuracy, of the personal over the impersonal
which, artistically at least, is a serious fault.” R. L.
+ − New Repub 25:268 Ja 26 ’21 1100w
“Originality is a force everywhere, and Miss Sergeant’s ‘Shadow-

shapes’ is a very original volume. Miss Sergeant is an accomplished
stylist, her art conceals itself. Picture after picture rises before us, in
its very color, form and significance. If Miss Sergeant is supremely
sensitive to the drama of minds, she is no less sensitive to the beauty
of nature. Truly, every one should read this book.” Amy Lowell
+ N Y Times p10 N 14 ’20 3200w
“A book of fine perceptions, enriched by a background of feeling

and intelligence.”
+ Review 3:622 D 22 ’20 820w
“Miss Sergeant has done much more than give a vivid record of
hospital experiences. That indeed, although interesting, is the least
part of an unusual book. The figures which Miss Sergeant draws
from real life, frequently giving initials or only first names, are
extraordinarily vivid and human.”
+ Springf’d Republican p8a D 5 ’20 540w

Reviewed by E. B. Moses
+ Survey 45:547 Ja 8 ’21 130w
SETON-WATSON, ROBERT WILLIAM.

Europe in the melting pot. *$1.50 Macmillan 940.3
20–2792
“One of the most authoritative writers on eastern European

politics here brings together a series of important papers which he
has written during the war. For the most part they are reproduced
from The New Europe, the weekly review which he founded in 1916
to represent the policy of himself and of those who cooperated with
him. These embraced a league of nations, looking forward ultimately
to all-round disarmament; support of the Slav movement; an
advanced democratic programme for Russia; a federal solution for
the border nations; agrarian reform throughout eastern and
southern Europe; parliamentary control over foreign policy; equality
of treatment for big and small nations; ‘satisfied nationalism’ as ‘the
first essential preliminary to a new international order.’ A few of the
papers have appeared in the Round Table or the Contemporary
Review and one in the English Review. There are seven maps.”—The
Times [London] Lit Sup
Ath p1139 O 31 ’19 180w

Boston Transcript p10 My 1 ’20 400w
“Especially well informed, competent, and obstinate in dealing
with southern Europe.”
+ Dial 68:668 My ’20 50w
“The book is the work of a historian at grips with reality, and has
the stamp of the best qualities of political writing.” N. C.
+ Int J Ethics 30:345 Ap ’20 180w
“The author’s history merely records diplomatic and military

events. Of history as a series of processes, dependent mainly on
regional economics and national tradition, he shows little
conception.”
− Sat R 129:412 My 1 ’20 1200w
“His treatment of the Adriatic question in this volume seems to us

unfortunate, especially in regard to Fiume.”
+ − Spec 123:623 N 8 ’19 200w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p595 O 23
’19 180w
“They are an excellent illustration of the best kind of political

writing, viz., the application of genuine knowledge and settled
principles to the immediate situation which from time to time
presents itself.”
+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p682 N 27
’19 1300w
SEWALL, MRS MAY (WRIGHT). Neither

dead nor sleeping; introd. by Booth Tarkington.
*$2.50 Bobbs 134
20–8214
“There is a peculiar difference between Mrs Sewall’s

communications with the world beyond and most of those with
which the public is familiar through books without number. For she
says that she found the discarnate spirits, urged and led by that of
her husband, anxious to give her help and direction. The whole of
Mrs Sewall’s nearly 300 pages is filled with the continuous, detailed,
personal story of her intimate association and communication with
these spirits. There is not much about conditions of life with them, as
there usually is in books of this kind, but its place is taken instead by
her account of what they did for her, what they taught her, and what
she learned of their anxiety to help human beings. Their efforts in
her behalf were mainly inspired, she says, by their wish to make it
possible for her to give their message to humanity.”—N Y Times
“Strains certain tenets of temperate spiritualism but is brightly

written and replete with interest.”
+ Booklist 17:50 N ’20

N Y Times 25:18 Jl 4 ’20 300w
“The story is told with such full detail and sincerity, all resting, too,
on the character of a woman so widely and favorably known, as to
make on any reader a profound impression.” Lilian Whiting
+ Springf’d Republican p11a Jl 18 ’20

1000w
SEYMOUR, HARRIET AYER. What music can

do for you; a guide for the uninitiated. *$2 Harper
780
20–22166
The author holds that we need a new scheme of education which

will be based upon the idea that man is his own salvation, that within
himself are all the possibilities for harmony and growth. The new
education must furnish the stimulus that will awaken this larger self.
This stimulus is music and in this sense music is no longer a luxury
but a necessity. Contents: Awakening to life through music; Melody,
rhythm, and harmony; Melody; Rhythm; Harmony; Music for
children; Practicing; Technique; Music for grown-ups; Phonographs
and pianolas; Music and health; The philosophy of music. The
appended bibliography contains three groups of book: books on
psychology taking cognizance of music; biographies and books on
music. There is also a list of phonograph records chosen from the
catalogue of the Columbia Graphophone Company.
SEYMOUR, WILLIAM KEAN, ed. Miscellany

of British poetry, 1919. *$2 Harcourt 821.08
A20–533
“This ‘Miscellany of poetry, 1919,’ is issued to the public as a truly
catholic anthology of contemporary poetry. The poems here printed
are new, in the sense that they have not previously been issued by
their authors in book form.” (Prefatory note) Among the contributors
are: Laurence Binyon; Gilbert K. Chesterton; William H. Davies;
John Drinkwater; Wilfrid Wilson Gibson; Theodore Maynard; Edith
Sitwell; and Alec Waugh. There are decorations by Doris Palmer.
“Mr Seymour is to be congratulated on having brought together

what is on the whole a very interesting collection of verse. The list of
contributors on the cover is in itself reassuring, and when we read
the book we find that almost all of them are worthily represented.”
+ Ath p94 Ja 16 ’20 180w

+ Booklist 16:235 Ap ’20
Dial 68:538 Ap ’20 60w
Nation 110:855 Je 26 ’20 180w
“Chesterton’s St Barbara ballad contains touches as magical as his

Lepanto, although the sustained flight does not equal the earlier
chant. Lawrence Binyon is represented by verses full of magic,
Davies is his own naive self, Drinkwater is faultless and polished,
Edith Sitwell is whimsically delightful, Muriel Stuart is sharply
dramatic, and, best of all, W. W. Gibson appears in verses equal to
his best.” Clement Wood
+ N Y Call p10 Je 20 ’20 900w
“To sum up, Mr Seymour’s book can be recommended to those

who already possess collections of contemporary poetry in which
poets of more modern temper are represented, or to those
reactionaries who will read nothing but the most conservative verse.”
Marguerite Williams
+ N Y Times p24 Ag 22 ’20 360w
“Mr Seymour has not exercised, or indeed sought to exercise, the

faintest critical faculty in forming his collection.”
− + Sat R 129:391 Ap 24 ’20 950w
“There is a wholesome (one means esthetically, not morally

wholesome) departure from the preciosity, the fine-spun, over-
intellectual, finically phrased impressionism that was, in prewar
days, the distinctly Georgian note.”
+ Springf’d Republican p10 Je 22 ’20

150w
The Times [London] Lit Sup p23 Ja 8
’20 100w
+ Yale R n s 10:201 O ’20 140w
SHACKLETON, SIR ERNEST HENRY. South.

new ed il *$6 (4½c) Macmillan 919.9
20–1604
The book is the story of Shackleton’s last expedition, 1914–1917,

undertaken to achieve the first crossing of the Antarctic continent. It
failed in its object, owing to the loss of one of its ships, but, says the
author: “The struggles, the disappointments, and the endurance of
this small party of Britishers, hidden away for nearly two years in the
fastnesses of the polar ice, striving to carry out the ordained task and
ignorant of the crisis through which the world was passing, make a
story which is unique in the history of Antarctic exploration.”
(Preface) Contents: Into the Weddell sea; New land; Winter months;
Loss of the Endurance; Ocean camp; The march between; Patience
camp; Escape from the ice; The boat journey; Across South Georgia;
The rescue; Elephant island; The Ross sea party; Wintering in
McMurdo sound; Laying the depots; The Aurora’s drift; The last
relief; The final phase. The appendices contain: Scientific work; Sea-
ice nomenclature; Meteorology; Physics; South Atlantic whales and
whaling; The expedition huts at McMurdo sound. There are eighty-
eight illustrations and diagrams and an index.
“The volume is extremely well illustrated.”
+ Ath p1304 D 5 ’19 40w

+ Ath p76 Ja 16 ’20 1100w
+ Booklist 16:201 Mr ’20
“Sir Ernest Shackleton’s new book adds another to those priceless

records of high human quality, and the story that it tells, aside from
its scientific value, will have many readers who will find its pages
enthralling and deeply moving.”
+ N Y Times 25:42 Ja 25 ’20 1500w

+ Outlook 124:291 F 18 ’20 200w
“Few modern authors have so effectively utilized the pent-up force
of sturdy Anglo-Saxon monosyllables.” Philip Tillinghast
+ Pub W 97:607 F 21 ’20 480w

+ R of Rs 61:448 Ap ’20 260w
“Sir Ernest Shackleton’s book is written in a vigorous style.”
+ Spec 123:862 D 20 ’19 1100w
“The story of the voyage that six men made in an open boat across
eight hundred miles of the roughest water in the world, to bring relief
to the twenty-two companions who remained on the island, rivals the
best sea tale ever written. It is good for any one to read such a
narrative as ‘South!’ We see what men may be.”
+ Springf’d Republican p11a Mr 7 ’20 2500w

“The story is told simply, for the most part without much passion;
but there is no need for that to hold our interest. This book, and
many another like it, are written for the general reader; and the
general reader (who would not read a scientific treatise if it were set
before him) is rather prone to forget the scientific aspects of polar
exploration. Sir Ernest Shackleton yields, perhaps too far, to this
consideration.”
+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p683 N 27

’19 1250w
SHACKLETON, ROBERT. Book of Chicago. il

*$3.50 Penn 917.7
20–19424
“To Chicago goes Mr Shackleton, after having exhausted New

York, Boston, and Philadelphia. The Art institute, the clubs, the
theatres, the elevated, the freight subway and the river all come in for
his inspection, and Mr Shackleton has apparently gone over, under,
around and through Chicago with a thoroughness that not many of
its citizens would care to duplicate. Anon, he varies a charming style
by telling stories, and by gallant attempts to rake up some worth-
while poetry that has been written concerning the city.”—Boston
Transcript
Booklist 17:151 Ja ’21

+ Bookm 52:367 Ja ’21 120w
“For each matter which Mr Shackleton has not set down, there are
a dozen that he has. Mr Shackleton is always interesting.” G. M. H.
+ Boston Transcript p2 N 24 ’20 600w

+ Outlook 126:690 D 15 ’20 70w
“A truly interesting and broadly conceived tribute to the much

abused ‘Windy city.’”
+ R of Rs 63:112 Ja ’21 100w

“The book is far from being a catalogue of land-marks and
monuments, or even of merits and faults. It gives to the city a
personal quality, and to the reader a sense that here is a mass of
people, living, breathing, and enjoying life.”
+ Springf’d Republican p6 D 20 ’20 250w
SHAFER, DONALD CAMERON. Barent

Creighton. *$2 (2c) Knopf
20–11224
“An old time story of youthful romance and hot adventure, well
seasoned ... with simple love and pleasant humor”—thus the author
himself correctly describes his story. In the early forties, when the
hero’s fortunes are at their lowest, an old aunt leaves him a legacy of
four old keys, a box full of small gold figures of Inca gods, an
undecipherable manuscript and the family estate with 5000 acres to
hold in trust for his wife to be. The first three items point to family
secrets all of which develop and unravel in the course of the story in
quaintly romantic fashion with underground passages and chambers
and hidden treasures. Of immediate interest to Barent, however, is to
find a wife that is to save him from a debtor’s prison. How a wealthy
land greedy neighbor of the Creighton estate offers his daughter to
fill the place; how the daughter resents the bargain; how Barent tears
up the contract when he finds he loves her and faces a variety of
troubles instead; how the tables turn and how Ronella comes to
require Barent’s help; and how the two really love each other more
than gold and acres, make a fascinating tale.
“Very readable romance.”

+ Boston Transcript p4 Ag 28 ’20 350w
“This is Mr Shafer’s first novel, and it is one of considerable

promise, colorful and related with no little spirit.”
+ − N Y Times p22 Ag 8 ’20 360w
“A broad vein of humor rescues the tale from melodramatic

lapses.”
+ Springf’d Republican p9a O 24 ’20

220w
SHANKS, EDWARD BUXTON. People of the

ruins. *$1.90 (2c) Stokes
20–17169
According to this “story of the English revolution and after,” (sub-

title), the revolution broke out in 1924. During its first skirmishes
Jeremy Tuft, physicist, is overtaken by a bomb while inspecting a
new scientific discovery. Thanks to the new “ray” he awakens from
the shock and crawls out of his hole in the ground in the year 2074
into a ruined and degenerate world. Almost all traces of our
civilization are gone and the people are too ignorant and tired to
restore what is left or to rebuild better. What is left is a ruling house
in England, landlordism, and a degenerate industrialism in the north
of England. In the ruler—an old Jew known us the “Speaker”—
however, some of the old ambition survives. The form it takes to
desire to reconstruct, with the aid of the oldest surviving mechanics,
the onetime efficient gun. Now Jeremy Tuft is pressed into his
services and the gun becomes a fact. Immediately there is war and
more disaster in which the Speaker, his daughter Eva, and Jeremy,
her lover, all go down to destruction together.
“The author writes entertainingly, imaginatively, and with a

creative skill that makes his work pleasant if not nutritious reading.”
+ − Dial 70:231 F ’21 50w

N Y Times p22 O 24 ’20 800w
SHANNON, ALASTAIR. Morning knowledge:

the story of the new inquisition. *$5 Longmans 192
“For two years and a half a prisoner of war in Turkey, the author
devoted nearly half of that period to the writing of this work. If,
perhaps, somewhat premature as a presentment of philosophy, the
book is at all events an essay at the expression of a young man’s
‘positive assurance in the value of man as a real creator.’ Beginning
with negations, the author advances by degrees to the conclusions
that there is ‘more in life than mechanism, and more in reason than
intellect’; that intellect is ‘so formed as to grasp mechanism wholly’;
and that reason is so formed as to reflect life wholly and to find for
life a purpose which is not yet palpable, though psychologically
evident.”—Ath
Ath p125 Ja 23 ’20 120w

Cath World 111:691 Ag ’20 140w
“A very beautiful and a very sane philosophy will be found in these

pages. The poetry in them has a lyrical quality reminiscent of Mr W.
B. Yeats, and the prose at times glows at white heat. Although Mr
Shannon’s work is uneven, and sometimes baffling, it is never
commonplace.”
+ Sat R 129:373 Ap 17 ’20 490w
“The condemnation of Mr Shannon’s method lies in the obscurity

of his own conclusions.”
+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p134 F 26

’20 760w
SHARP, DALLAS LORE. Patrons of democracy.

80c (8c) Atlantic monthly press 379
20–4555
Professor Sharp of the English department of Boston university,

holds that the true end of American education is not life or the
getting of a living, but “living together,” “getting-on-together.” For
this purpose the higher schools and colleges are negligible and the
secondary schools are everything; for all the fundamental things of
life are learned by the time a person reaches his eighteenth year. The
spirit of democracy is one of these fundamental things and it is a
matter of education. The book, therefore, is a plea for the common
school and an arraignment of the private, parochial and vocational
school.
Booklist 16:263 My ’20
“The book is a witty and idealistic appeal for a truer democracy.”
+ Boston Transcript p4 Mr 17 ’20 120w

+ Dial 68:668 My ’20 80w
“Dallas Lore Sharp’s belief in democracy is a tonic for us all.

Moreover, he has a simple and, within limits, entirely practical
prescription for democracy.”
+ − Springf’d Republican p13a My 2 ’20

1050w
SHARP, HILDA MARY. Pawn in pawn. *$1.90

(*7s) (1½c) Putnam
20–8275
Julian Tarrant, a distinguished English poet, comes into a fortune

somewhat late in life. He has never married and has no close kin and
he one day expresses his intention of adopting a child whom he may
make his heir—and then forgets all about it. But his friend, Richard
Drewe, who has taken him seriously, goes to the orphanage
flippantly known as the Pawn shop, and returns with a little six-year
old girl. The story thereafter is concerned with the development of
this child, her relations to her adoptive father and uncle, and to one
other man, a younger friend of the two others. An anonymously
published book of poems proves the girl to have unusual poetic talent
and then the secret of her birth and parentage is revealed. The story
covers the last years of the nineteenth century and the period up to
and including the world war.
Ath p464 Ap 2 ’20 100w

Lit D p96 N 20 ’20 700w
“‘A pawn in pawn’ is an example of excellent writing, and in point

of vital interest and ingenuity of plot quite out of the ordinary.”
+ N Y Times 25:30 Jl 4 ’20 500w
“It is a tale which will really give great pleasure in the reading; but
its weak construction and the hackneyed coincidences which lie at
the back of it must prevent its ranking very high among novels of the
moment.”
+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p202 Mr

25 ’20 120w
SHAW, CHARLES GRAY. Ground and goal of
human life. (Studies in philosophy and religion)
$3.50 N.Y. univ. press 171
“The problem which Professor Shaw presents and endeavours to

solve is the establishment of a ‘higher synthesis’ between an
individualistic egoism and a scientifico-social self-suppression. The
‘higher synthesis,’ when he arrives at it in book three, is expounded
in three sections, The joy of life in the world-whole, The worth of life
in the world-whole (to be found in work), and The truth of life in the
world-whole (to be found rather in culture than in æstheticism).”—
The Times [London] Lit Sup
“In formulating his code of ethics, Dr Shaw has succeeded in

adding an illuminating and clearly written volume to the already
large library dealing with the origins and values of human conduct.”
L. M. S.
+ Boston Transcript p8 F 28 ’20 550w

Dial 68:401 Mr ’20 60w
“Prof. Shaw’s presentation of his case is far from shallow and

unconsidered—and has the inestimable merit of making no
concessions to prejudices, of being absolutely unafraid. Moreover, it
is a positive and too rare joy to find a book with exact footnote
knowledge of the history of thought and literature.”
+ − N Y Evening Post p9 Mr 13 ’20 1350w

“It may be doubted whether this very substantial volume makes
any very definite fresh contribution either practical or theoretical to
its subject; and Professor Shaw is by no means free from the
tendency among American philosophers to avoid clear logical
exposition and to smother their thought under a heavy load of
philosophic verbiage.”
− The Times [London] Lit Sup p110 F 12

’20 180w
SHAW, FREDERICK JOHN (BROUGHAM

VILLIERS, pseud.), and CHESSON, WILFRID
HUGH. Anglo-American relations, 1861–1865.
*$2.50 Scribner 327.73
(Eng ed 19–18602)
“‘Anglo-American relations, 1861–1865,’ deals with the causes of

friction and misunderstandings between Great Britain and the
United States during the trying years of the Civil war. The reasons
which, for a time, gave prominence to the southern sympathies of the
British ruling classes, while rendering almost inarticulate the far
deeper feeling for the cause of union and emancipation among the
masses of our people, are examined and explained. W. H. Chesson,
grandson of George Thompson, the antislavery orator, who was
William Lloyd Garrison’s bosom friend, contributes a chapter which
attempts to convey an impression of the influence of transatlantic
problems upon English oratory and the writings of public men.”—
Springf’d Republican
“While Mr Villiers’s general presentation of national attitudes is
excellent and very well worth reading in both countries, the facts of
history which are brought into his narrative are unfortunately not so
well understood by him.” E. D. Adams
+ − Am Hist R 25:715 Jl ’20 500w
“The whole book is instructive and very timely.”
+ Ath p93 Ja 16 ’20 100w

Nation 110:436 Ap 3 ’20 420w
Springf’d Republican p8 O 4 ’19 140w
The Times [London] Lit Sup p655 N 13
’19 60w
SHEDD, GEORGE CLIFFORD. Iron furrow. il

*$1.75 (2c) Doubleday
20–7422
An American engineer of indomitable grit and perseverance sees

possibilities in a barren tract of Arizona desert if the land is irrigated.
He buys the land and sets to work in the face of the intrigues of a
Mexican plutocrat, the wiles of eastern capital, his own shortage of
funds, and the inclemencies of an Arizona winter. With all these
troubles he still finds time to fall in love with a girl of fickle
affections. The successful termination of his work on the canal is
marked by the termination of his engagement by the faithless girl
and the crowning of his efforts by a true woman’s love.
“It is a pleasant story in a quiet key, and is restful after the many
stories where gun-play is a prominent practice.”
+ Boston Transcript p6 Je 16 ’20 300w
SHEDLOCK, MARIE L. Eastern stories and

legends. *$2 Dutton 294
20–18410
An enlarged edition of a collection of stories of the Buddha

published in 1910, now issued with a foreword by T. W. Rhys Davids
and an introduction by Annie Carroll Moore. “In India, Prof. Davids
tells us, crowds may be seen listening all night long to these tales.
There are many hundreds of them from which Miss Shedlock has
selected only a few, and of these we are assured that their appeal to
an audience never fails. She has told them again and again, and Miss
Moore, of the New York Public Library, adds her conviction of their
admirable suitability for telling.”—Boston Transcript
+ Booklist 17:124 D ’20
“In rearranging and expanding this selection of stories from the

Buddha rebirths, Miss Shedlock has wisely freed the book from
limitations, which in the earlier edition gave it too much the
appearance of a text-book to look readable.” A. C. Moore
+ Bookm 51:315 My ’20 140w

“Discriminating and valuable selection of stories.” A. C. Moore
+ Bookm 52:260 N ’20 60w

Boston Transcript p4 O 23 ’20 350w
+ Springf’d Republican p8 N 18 ’20 150w
SHEEHAN, PERLEY POORE. House with a

bad name. *$1.90 Boni & Liveright
The house was an anachronism in a part of New York that had

fallen from a former grand estate. The neighborhood would have it
that it was haunted. The people living in it were anachronisms and as
such full of mystery. Old Nathan Tyrone and his daughter Mélissine
lived in an older generation in thought, in dress, in habits. They were
paragons of virtue and unworldliness, and their butler a good second
to themselves. In due time Mélissine falls in love, and, about the
same time, an evil woman appears upon the scene with blackmail
and corruption. After the death of Mélissine’s father she insinuates
herself into the house and for a time the air is dense with mystery
and evil forebodings. But before so much virtue and saintliness even
the wicked Belle becomes repentant and the evil mysteries she
conjured up fade away. All but one, which comes to light after
Mélissine’s marriage: through some estrangement between her
father and grandfather, the former had been disinherited and had
unwittingly been living on the bounty of the butler, the sole heir, all
his life.
Boston Transcript p3 D 4 ’20 480w

“Mr Sheehan is a facile, delicate artist in the weaving of such a
theme; the texture of it is excellent and his people, especially the two
women, are admirably real.”
+ N Y Evening Post p11 N 27 ’20 150w
“With a slight, old-fashioned plot, little dramatic action and

characters that have been worn threadbare, it still must be conceded
that the lazy reader, desiring mild bookish entertainment, will find it
worth while to work his way through this placid novel.”
+ − N Y Times p26 Ja 2 ’21 420w
“The mingling of love and mystery is well sustained.”
+ Springf’d Republican p5a Ja 23 ’21 210w
[2]
SHEFFIELD, MRS ADA (ELIOT). Social case
history; its construction and content. *$1 Russell
Sage foundation 360
20–19858
The book belongs to the Social work series and deals with the
recording of the relief workers’ cases and the purposes it subserves.
The record is made with a view to three ends: (1) the immediate
purpose of furthering effective treatment of individual clients, (2) the
ultimate purpose of general social betterment, and (3) the incidental
purpose of establishing the case worker herself in critical thinking.
To expound these three ends from every point of view is the purpose
of the book. It is indexed and contains: The purpose of a social case
history; A basis for the selection of material; Documents that
constitute the history; Composition of the narrative; The narrative in
detail; The wider implications of case recording.
“‘The social case history’ is a new landmark in the profession of

social case work. No one hereafter can undertake case work without
first mastering the material and the method put into permanent form
by this book. It does for the case record, and incidentally for certain
phases of treatment, what Miss Richmond’s book on ‘Social
diagnosis’ has done for investigation.” Frank Bruno
+ Survey 45:432 D 18 ’20 980w
SHEFFIELD, LYBA, and SHEFFIELD, NITA

[2]
C. Swimming simplified. il $1.75 The authors, box
436, San Francisco 796
20–9362
“The purpose of this text book is to simplify the learning and

teaching of swimming from a scientific point of view. Our further
objective has been to arrange a series of lessons in their logical
progression to meet the demands of schools, playgrounds, clubs and
aquatic centers.... A special section upon the class man-procedure for
mass instruction and class management has been arranged for
teachers of swimming.” (Introd.) Contents: The method of procedure
in learning or teaching swimming; The beginner’s first lessons;
Analysis of the various swimming strokes; Racing turn—treading
water—plunge for distance; Diving; Life saving; The safety valve and
the swimming and life-saving tests; Water sports; Suggestions to
instructors. There are numerous helpful illustrations. The authors
are teachers of swimming in the San Francisco high schools and the
University of California.
SHERARD, JESSE LOUIS. Blueberry bear. il

*$1 Crowell
This biography of a bear cub forms an entertaining story for

children altho it belongs to the type of story in which human
psychology is attributed to animals. Blueberry with his father and
mother lives near the home of Farmer Green. The father is shot by
one of the farmer’s men and the little bear thereafter does all in his
power to take revenge. Finally the farmer’s boys make him a captive
and take him home with them and he learns that his father is still
alive and a prisoner. The two escape and the bear family seeks a new
home in the canebrake far from the haunts of man.
SHERIDAN, SOLOMON NEILL. Typhoon’s

secret. il *$1.50 (2½c) Doubleday
20–7516
John Wentworth, a bank president’s son, is suddenly stranded,

when the bank fails and his father mysteriously disappears out to
sea. John’s friends scent a mystery and foul play connected with the
failure and send John in a wild goose chase over the Pacific in search
of clues and his father. The rest is a sea yarn full of thrilling incidents
which culminate in a yacht’s wild flight before a typhoon, a burning
ship, a companion yacht with romance on board, and finally a
restored father, a restored fortune and a bride for John Wentworth.
Booklist 16:283 My ’20
SHERINGHAM, HUGH TEMPEST. Trout

fishing memoirs and morals. il *$5 (5c) Houghton
799
The author begins his fishing reminiscences with an account of eel-

fishing by hand as a child of nine, newly escaped from London. But
he soon found that trout fishing is the sport par excellence and that
trout fishers “by-nature,” not merely because sporting fashion
prescribes it, belong to the pick of humanity. Among the contents
are: Early days; A little chalk stream; The fishing day; The fly
question; Minnow and worms; In a Welsh valley; Weather and wind;
New waters. There are illustrations.
“It is rather long drawn out, and not straight to the point....
Anyway, the angler who can’t learn something and get many new
thrills from the book will not be found hereabouts.”
+ − N Y Times p19 D 26 ’20 410w
“His volume is as delightfully written as any work on angling

which we have recently seen. American anglers will find themselves
very much at home in the atmosphere of this work, even though it
deals with unfamiliar waters.”
+ Outlook 126:689 D 15 ’20 600w
+ Spec 125:309 S 4 ’20 860w
“Mr Sheringham’s latest book on fishing is delightful for its

humour and sound English as well as for the range of its
reminiscences and its insight into the ways of trout. Its morals make
it as companionable as its memories.”
+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p395 Je

24 ’20 920w
SHERLOCK, CHESLA CLELLA. Care and

management of rabbits. il *$1.25 (4c) McKay 636.9
20–14848
The purpose of the book is to set forth the commercial possibilities

of rabbits and to point out to beginner and breeder alike the most
economical way to success. It is intended as a handy, companionable
guide on all phases of the care, breeding and management of rabbits.
A partial list of the contents is: Some reasons for raising rabbits; The
domesticated rabbit; The commercial breeds; The fancy breeds; The
hutches; Feeding adult stock; Feeding young stock; Breeding; Utility
value of rabbits; Fur farming; Pedigrees; Diseases and remedies;
Appendix-handy feeding schedules. The book is illustrated.

SHERRILL, CHARLES HITCHCOCK. Have
we a Far Eastern policy? with an introd. by David
Jayne Hill. il *$2.50 Scribner 327
20–7581
“One-half of Mr Sherrill’s book is not suggested by its title, and

deals with matters which have no political implications—with the
flora of the Hawaiian islands, with Japanese umbrellas, footwear,
lanterns, street games, chrysanthemum shows, and private gardens.
As to whether the United States has a definite Far Eastern policy, a
negative is not distinctly asserted but is clearly implied. At any rate
our author presents us with one of his own which he considers
worthy of adoption by our government. Shortly stated, it is as
follows: That the United States should refrain from all opposition to
Japan’s expansion north and west upon the continent of Asia, that is,
in the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, and Siberia; that, in return,
Japan should agree to abandon her southeasterly development and
transfer the Caroline and Marshall islands to international control or
to administration by Australia; and, thirdly, that Japan, Australia,
and the United States should jointly guarantee the independence of
the Philippines.”—Review
+ Booklist 16:332 Jl ’20
“General Sherrill’s ten months in the East seem to have been

insufficient to awaken him to an adequate sense of the intricacy of
problems that with such bland simplicity he has undertaken to
solve.” R. M. Weaver
− Bookm 51:632 Ag ’20 420w
Reviewed by Harold Kellock
Freeman 2:188 N 3 ’20 580w

Lit D p86 Je 26 ’20 1500w
“This book, though spirited enough, lacks verity of perception, and

is typical of the thanks propaganda of foreigners who visit Japan and
spend their time with hospitable officials.” F: O’Brien
− + Nation 111:250 Ag 28 ’20 560w
Reviewed by W. W. Willoughby
+ − Review 2:655 Je 23 ’20 850w

+ R of Rs 61:669 Je ’20 100w
SHERWOOD, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS.

Glimpses of South America. il *$4 Century 918
20–20207
The author knows South America well, as a business man having

made several prolonged trips throughout its extent. He calls his book
an informal one, covering the ground and containing information
about that part of South America that a casual visitor would be most
apt to visit and about which he would be less likely to get information
from more formal treatises. It is compiled from notes jotted down for
personal amusement and is illustrated with the author’s own
photographs. It has six maps, a geographical and a general index and
the text contains: The beaten track around South America; New York
to Kingston and Panama; Panama and the Panama canal in war
time; Down the west coast—Panama to Lima, Peru; Lima—the city of
the past; Southern Peru and northern Chile; Iquique, Antofagasta
and the nitrate desert; Valparaiso and Viña del Mar; Santiago—the
capital of Chile; Over the Andes to the Argentine Republic; Buenos
Aires—the Paris of America; Montevideo and the republic of
Uruguay; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the way home.
“He gives many valuable tips about hotels, boats, and railroads in
an entertaining way. His chapters on Lima and Buenos Aires are
rather long, but his chatty method of writing gives charm to the
volume.”
“‘Glimpses of South America’ is frankly a book of travel—and a

very entertaining one—but it will prove highly educational for the
man who wishes to learn something of Latin Americans, their
customs, mode of living, needs and psychology.” B. R. Redman
+ N Y Times p15 Ja 16 ’21 840w

+ Outlook 126:470 N 10 ’20 30w
“Mr Sherwood’s characterizations of people and places are terse

and vivid and he makes no pretensions to an elaborate study of any
of the matters of which he treats. What he has to say is intended to
be helpful to the ordinary traveler.”

Where Can Buy Applied and Computational Measurable Dynamics 1st Edition Erik M. Bollt Ebook With Cheap Price

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document informationmeasurable

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Where Can Buy Applied and Computational Measurable Dynamics 1st Edition Erik M. Bollt Ebook With Cheap Price

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Where Can Buy Applied and Computational Measurable Dynamics 1st Edition Erik M. Bollt Ebook With Cheap Price

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Get ebook downloads in full at ebookname.

Applied and computational measurable dynamics 1st

Explore and download more ebook at https://ebookname.com

Computational River Dynamics 1st Edition Weiming Wu

Computational river dynamics 1st Edition Weiming Wu

Applied computational fluid dynamics techniques an

Advertising and Promotion 6th Edition Michael A. Belch

The Global Decline of the Mandatory Death Penalty

Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Systems Work and

Introduction to Functional Equations 1st Edition

In the Nature of Landscape Cultural Geography on the

MM18_Bollt-Santitissadeekorn_FM-10-04-13.indd 2 10/18/2013 10:42:04 AM

Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics

MM18_Bollt-Santitissadeekorn_FM-10-04-13.indd 3 10/18/2013 10:42:04 AM

Copyright © 2013 by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bollt, Erik M., author.

MM18_Bollt-Santitissadeekorn_FM-10-04-13.indd 4 10/18/2013 10:42:05 AM

I would like to thank my boys,

I gratefully dedicate this book to my mother,

MM18_Bollt-Santitissadeekorn_FM-10-04-13.indd 5 10/18/2013 10:42:05 AM

1 Dynamical Systems, Ensembles, and Transfer Operators 1

2 Dynamical Systems Terminology and Definitions 29

3 Frobenius–Perron Operator and Infinitesimal Generator 43

4 Graph Theoretic Methods and Markov Models of Dynamical Transport 67

5 Graph Partition Methods and Their Relationship to Transport in Dynamical

5.3 Partition by Signs of the Second Eigenvector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

6 The Topological Dynamics Perspective of Symbol Dynamics 149

7 Transport Mechanism, Lobe Dynamics, Flux Rates, and Escape 197

8 Finite Time Lyapunov Exponents 237

9 Information Theory in Dynamical Systems 265

A Computation, Codes, and Computational Complexity 309

A.4 Delaunay Triangulation and Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

1 Recent terminology has come to call these “set oriented” methods.

1.1 Ergodic Preamble

x n+1 = yn+1 − ax n2,

1.2 The Ensemble Perspective

x n+1 = L(x n ) = 4x n (1 − x n ), (1.2)

is a model of resource limited growth in a population system. The logistic map is an

Figure 1.1. Approximate action of a dynamical system on density looks like a

x i = L i (x 0 ) ≡ L ◦ L ◦ · · · ◦ L(x 0), which denotes the i th-composition. (1.4)

1.5 1.5 1.5

0.5 0.5 0.5

Figure 1.4. Following Fig. 1.3, histograms of {x 10i

A histogram in these terms is an occupancy count of a data set “sprinkled” in a topological

variable, as must be all algorithms descriptive of a pseudorandom number generator [310],

1.3 Evolution of Ensembles

Figure 1.5. Cobweb of density. Note how infinitesimal density segments of B

are a conjugate if there exists a function (a change of variables)

such that h commutes (a pointwise functional requirement),

h ◦ g1(x) = g2 ◦ h(x), (1.29)

often written as a commuting diagram,

Figure 1.7. A quadweb is a graphical way to pointwise represent the commut-

pointwise relationship. Of course, we named a quadweb as such since it is a direct play on

ρ(x)d x = ν(y)d y, (1.32)

from which follows

As such, a density is a positive function over the phase space,