Unit Conversions

Prepared by: Lorenzo Niño M. Blasquez, CMU Batch 2023

Length
1 ft = 12 in 1 yard = 3 ft
1 mi = 5280 ft 1 cm = 0.3937 inch
1m = 3.28 ft 1 in = 2.54 cm
1 cm = 104 microns 1 mi = 1.609 km
1 in = 0.0254 m 1m = 39.37 in
Area
1 acre = 0.4047 ha 1 mi2 = 650 acres
1 ha = 2.47 acre 1 m2 = 10.76 ft2
1 ft2 = 144 in2 1 ft2 = 929 cm2
1 acre = 43,560 ft2 1 in2 = 6.452 m2
Volume
1L = 1000 cc 1 ft3 = 28,317 cm3
1L = 0.2642 gal 1 acre-ft = 43560 ft3
1L = 61.025 in3 1 gal = 3.7854 L
1L = 1000 cm3 1 gal = 231 in3
1 ft3 = 1728 in3 1 gal = 8 pints
1 ft3 = 7.482 gal 1 m3 = 35.31 ft3
1 ft3 = 28.317 L 1 m3 = 1000 liter
Density
1 lb/in3 =1728 lb/ft3 1 lb/ft3 =16.018 kg/m3
1 slug/ft3 =32.174 lb/ft3 1 gm/cm3 =1000 kg/m3
Angular
2π = 6.2832 rad 1 rpm = 2π rad/min
1 rad = 57.3 deg 1 rad/s = 9.549 rpm
1 rev = 2π rad
Speed
1 mph = 88 fpm 1 knot = 0.5144 m/s
1 mph = 0.44704 m/s 1 knot = 1.152 mph
1 mph = 1.467 fps 1 m/s = 3.6 kph
1 fps = 0.6818 mph 1 m/s = 2.24 mph
1 fps = 0.3048 m/s 1 m/s = 3.28 fps
Force
1 kgf = 9.807 N 1N = 0.225 lbf
1 kgf = 2.207 lbf 1N = 0.102 kg
Mass
1 lb = 16 oz 1 slug = 32.174 lb
1 lb = 444,820 dynes 1 slug = 14.594 kg
1 lb = 32.174 poundals 1 kg = 2.205 lb
1 lb = 7000 grains 1 kip = 1000 lb
1 lb = 453.6 g 1g = 980.665 dynes
1 ton = 2000 lb 1 metric ton = 1000 kg
1 ton = 907.18 kg 1 psi =703.07 kg/m2
Pressure
1 atm = 1.033 bar 1 atm = 14.7 psi
1 atm = 101,325 N/m2 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
Energy
1 BTU = 778.16 ft-lb 1 hp-hr = 2544.4 Btu
1 BTU = 251.98 cal 1J = 1 Nm
1 BTU = 1.055 kJ 1J = 1 Watt-sec
1 cal = 4.1868 J
Constants
Water Density 997 kg/m³
Power related unit conversion (CLSU 2022)
Ft-lb = 778.16 BTU 1 hp = 550 ft-lb/sec
Hp = 33,000 ft-lb/min 1 Kw = 737.562 ft-lb/sec
Watt = N-m/sec 1.356 J = 1 ft-lb
1.055 KJ = 1 BTU 2544.4 BTU = 1 hp-hr
42.4 BTU = 1 hp-min 3412.2 BTU = Kw-min
251.9 Cal = 1 BTU 101.91 kg-m = 1 KJ
5050 hp-hr = 1 ft-lb 1.8 BTU/lb = 1 Cal/gm
 1 PS = 0.986 hp=0.735 Kw=75 kg-m/sec
(pfedestarke)

Subject A – AB Power, Energy, & Machinery Engineering

Prepared by: Lorenzo Niño M. Blasquez, CMU Batch 2023
Engines
Engine Power - Mechanical power is 𝟐𝝅𝑻𝑵
manifested by the rotation and 𝑷=
torque of the output shaft as: 𝟕𝟒𝟔
Where:
P – power, hp
N – rps
T – torque, Nm
Hydraulic horsepower – the fluid (𝑸 × 𝑷)
power required by the implement 𝑯𝑯𝑷 =
from the hydraulic system of the 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟒
tractor Where:
HHP – hydraulic horsepower, hp
Q – hydraulic flow, gpm
P – oil pressure, psi
Piston Displacement - volume
displaced by the piston as it moves
𝝅𝑫𝟐 𝑳
𝑷𝑫 =
from BDC to TDC, cubic inches, 𝟒
cubic millimeters or cubic Where:
centimeters. For a multi-cylinder PD – piston displacement, cc
engine, PD is multiplied by the D – bore (piston diameter)
number of cylinders. L – stroke
Fuel Consumption 𝑽
𝑭𝒄 =
𝒕
Where:
Fc – fuel consumption, L/h
V – volume of fuel consumed, L
t – total operating time, h
Specific Fuel Consumption 𝑭 𝒄 × 𝝆𝒇
𝑺𝑭𝑪 =
𝑷𝒐
Where:
SFC – specific fuel consumption, g/kW-h
Fc – fuel consumption, L/h
ρf – density of fuel, g/L
Po – output power, kW
Engine Displacement 𝑬𝑫 = 𝑷𝑫 × 𝒏
Where:
PD – piston displacement, cubic unit
n – no. of cylinders
Compression Ratio 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 (𝑻𝑽)
𝑪𝑹 =
𝑪𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 (𝑪𝑽)
Indicated Horsepower – power 𝑷𝑳𝑨𝑵𝒏
output at the combustion chamber 𝑰𝑯𝑷 =
𝟑𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒄
Where:
IHP –indicated horsepower, hp
P –mean effective pressure, psi
L –length of stroke, ft
A –area of bore, in2
N –crankshaft speed, rpm
n –number of cylinders
 c – 2 for four-stroke engine and 1 for two-stroke engine
Brake Horsepower – power output 𝑩𝑯𝑷 = 𝑰𝑯𝑷 × 𝜺𝒎 = 𝑰𝑯𝑷 − 𝑭𝑯𝑷
developed at the driving shaft
Where:
available for useful work
IHP –indicated horsepower, hp
BHP – brake hp, hp
FHP – friction hp, hp
εm – engine mechanical efficiency, decimal
Thermal Efficiency – ratio of output 𝑩𝑯𝑷
in the form of useful mechanical 𝑻𝑬 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
power to the power value of the fuel 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍
consumed Where:
TE –thermal efficiency, %
BHP – brake hp, hp
Mechanical Efficiency – ratio of 𝑩𝑯𝑷
output in the form of useful 𝑴𝑬 =
mechanical power to the power 𝑰𝑯𝑷
value of the fuel consumed. 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where:
ME – mechanical efficiency, %
BHP – brake hp, hp
IHP – indicated hp, hp
No. of Explosions per minute 𝑵
=
𝒄
Where:
N – crankshaft speed, rpm
c – 2 for four-stroke engine and 1 for two-stroke engine
No. of Intake Valve to Open 𝑵
=
𝒄
Where:
N – crankshaft speed, rpm
c – 2 for four-stroke engine and 1 for two-stroke engine
Piston Displacement per Minute 𝑷𝑫 × 𝑵 × 𝜺𝒗
=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒄
Where:
PD – Piston displacement, li
N – crankshaft speed, rpm
εv – vol efficiency, %
c – 2 for four-stroke engine and 1 for two-stroke engine
Engine Displacement per Minute 𝑬𝑫 × 𝑵 × 𝜺𝒗
=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒄
Where:
ED – Engine displacement, li
N – crankshaft speed, rpm
εv – vol efficiency, %
c – 2 for four-stroke engine and 1 for two-stroke engine
Motors
Motor Power – Electro-mechanical 𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 (Single-phase)
devices used to convert electric
energy to mechanical energy. 𝑷 = √𝟑 𝑽𝑰 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 (Three-phase)
Electrical is manifested by voltage Where:
and current as: P – power,
V – voltage
I – current
cosθ – phase factor
Shaft Output Power 𝑻×𝑵
𝑷𝟎 =
𝟗𝟒𝟕
Where:
P0 – shaft output power, kW
T – shaft torque, kg-m
N – shaft speed, rpm
Motor Efficiency 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
%= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
Available Power 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝑨 𝑽𝟑 = 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
(for mechanical energy conversion, e.g. pumping)

𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝑨 𝑽𝟑 = 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
(for electric energy conversion)

𝒏(𝒅⁄𝟐)2
Area of Rotor

Tractors
Direct Coupling – Transmission 𝑵𝟏 = 𝑵𝟐
efficiency is 100%, speed of
Where:
engine=speed of load
N1 – angular speed of the driver shaft, rpm
N2 – angular speed of the driven shaft, rpm
Belt & Pulleys – Two pulleys are 𝑵𝟏 𝑫𝟏 = 𝑵𝟐 𝑫𝟐
used and connected to each other by
Where:
a belt. Eff is <100% due to slippage,
N1 – angular speed of the driver shaft, rpm
clutch action may be obtained by a
N2 – angular speed of the driven shaft, rpm
third pulley. Speed ratio between
D1 – diameter of the driver pulley
engine and load depends on
D2 – diameter of the driven pulley
diameter ratio of two pulleys.

Chain & Sprockets – Eff is ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% 𝑵𝟏 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑵𝟐 𝑻𝟐

due to chain slack. Direction of
Where:
rotation of the two sprockets are the
N1 – angular speed of the driver shaft, rpm
same. Speed ratio depends on the
N2 – angular speed of the driven shaft, rpm
number of teeth ratio of the two
T1 – no. of teeth of the driver sprocket
sprockets
T2 – no. of teeth of the driven sprocket
Gears - Eff is ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% due to gear 𝑵𝟏 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑵𝟐 𝑻𝟐
slack. Direction of rotation of the
Where:
two gears are opposite to each
N1 – angular speed of the driver shaft, rpm
other. Center to center distance
N2 – angular speed of the driven shaft, rpm
between the shafts of the gears is
T1 – no. of teeth of the driver gear
dictated by the size of the gears.
T2 – no. of teeth of the driven gear
Weight Transfer – Refers to the 𝑷 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝒀𝟏 + 𝑷 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝑺
changes in the front and rear wheel 𝑾𝑻 =
reactions that occur when a tractor 𝑿𝟐
pulls a drawbar load

Dynamic Weight/Load – aka “true

tire load”. Load on the driving
wheels during pull condition.
Dynamic Traction Ratio (DTR) – 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒃𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 (𝑷)
Refers to the ratio of drawbar pull 𝑫𝑻𝑹𝟐 =
over the dynamic weight on the 𝑹𝟐
driving wheels
𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒃𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 (𝑷)
𝑫𝑻𝑹𝟒 =
𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒕. (𝑾)
Travel Reduction (TR) – Refers to
the reduction in forward speed that
occurs when a tractor pulls a
drawbar load.

Tractive Efficiency (TE) – Refers to

the fraction of axle power that is
converted to drawbar power by the
drive wheels.

Location of the center of gravity in 𝑾𝑭 × 𝑾𝑩

front of the rear axle centerline. 𝑳=
Wheelbase is the horizontal 𝑾𝑭 + 𝑾𝑹
distance between the centerline of Where:
the rear axle and the centerline of WB – tractor wheelbase, in
the front axle. WF – weight supported by front wheels, lb
WR – weight supported by the rear wheels, lb
Wheel Axle Torque 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷 𝒘
𝑻= = 𝑭 × 𝑾𝒓
𝟐𝝅𝒏
Where:
T – wheel axle torque, Nm
Pw – wheel axle power, kW
n – speed of wheel axle, rpm
F – wheel force, kg
Rw – radius of wheel, m
Tractor Speed 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 × 𝑹 × 𝑵𝒆
𝑽𝒕 =
𝒊
Where:
Vt – tractor speed, km/hr
R – diameter, m
Ne – engine speed, rpm
i – reduction ratio
Tractor Wheel Slip 𝑹−𝒓
% 𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎( )
𝑹
Where:
R - total drive wheel revolution counts to traverse the drawbar
runway under load
r – total drive wheel revolution counts to traverse the drawbar
test runway under no load
Rolling Resistance 𝑹 = 𝑪𝒓 × 𝑾
Where:
R – rolling resistance, kgf
Cr – coefficient of rolling resistance
W – weight of the tractor, kgf
Power requirement of the 𝑫𝒗
implement 𝑷=
𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟓
Where:
P – power requirement of the implement, kW
D – draft of the implement, kg
v – speed of the tractor or draft animal, m/s
Human Power
Power
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 × 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅
Power Formula 𝑷𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕
Where:
Pg – generated power, hp
t – time, min
Rest Period 𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑻𝒓 = 𝟔𝟎 (𝟏 − )
𝑷
Where:
Tr – required rest period, min/hr
P – actual rate of energy consumption, W
No. of Persons 𝑴𝒂𝒏 − 𝒉𝒓
( ) (𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒂)
= 𝒉𝒂
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
Wind Power
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(𝒉𝒑) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟓𝑫2W3
Where:
KW – theoretical power
D – maximum diameter of wheel, ft
W – wind velocity, mph
Power (theoretical) 𝟏
𝑷𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 = Þ × 𝑨 × 𝑽𝟑
𝟐
Where:
Þ – air density, 1.25 kg/m3
A – area of rotor, m2
V – wind speed, m/s
Harnessing Draft Animals
Draft of Animals 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒇𝒕 = 𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒔
× 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒇𝒕 × 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

Machine Performance/Land Preparation Stage

Drawbar Pull / Draft - 𝑭=𝑨𝑫𝒔
Where:
F – drawbar pull, kg
A – cross-sectional area of cut of implement, m2
D – soil draft, kg/ m2

UPLB:
Draft requirement, Ds = (Specific draft) (W)(d)
Where:
Ds = draft, kg
Specific draft = kg/cm2
d = depth of cut, cm
W = width of cut, cm
 Adjusted Draft, Da = (Ds)(Increase in draft)
Da = Adjusted draft, kg
Ds = draft, kg
Drawbar/Draft Horsepower - 𝑭𝑺 𝑭𝑺𝟏 𝑭𝟏 𝑺𝟐
𝑫𝑯𝑷 = = =
𝟕𝟔 𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝟑𝟕𝟓
Where:
DHP – drawbar horsepower, hp
F – drawbar pull, kg
F1 – drawbar pull, lb
S – implement velocity, m/s
S1 – implement velocity, kph
S2 – implement velocity, mph
Tractor Horsepower - 𝑫𝑯𝑷
𝑻𝑯𝑷 =
𝟖𝟎%
Theoretical Field Capacity 𝑺𝑾
𝑻𝑭𝑪 =
𝟏𝟎
Where:
TFC – theoretical field capacity, ha/hr
S – implement velocity, kph
W – width of implement, m

Effective/Actual Field Capacity 𝑺𝑾𝒆𝒇𝒇

𝑬𝑭𝑪 =
𝟏𝟎
Where:
EFC – actual field capacity, ha/hr
S – implement velocity, kph
W – width of implement, m
eff – field efficiency, %

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝑪𝑨 =
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
• Includes time in headland turning, loading time (i.e. seeds,
fertilizers, chemicals, fuel, and etc.), travel time from field
to field, machine adjustments.

Field Efficiency 𝑬𝑭𝑪

𝑭𝑬% = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝑭𝑪
Where:
FE – field efficiency, %
EFC – effective field capacity, ha/hr
TFC – theoretical field capacity, ha/hr
Width of Cut 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝑵𝑺 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝑫
𝑾=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where:
W – width of cut, m
N – number of discs
S – disc spacing, mm
D – diameter of the disc, mm
Machine Efficiency 𝑪𝑨
%𝐄𝐟𝐟 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑪𝑻
Where:
%Eff – machine efficiency, %
CA – actual field capacity, ha/hr
CT – theoretical field capacity, ha/hr

Crop Establishment Stage

Number of Hills Planted per 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑨
Hectare 𝑵𝒉 =
𝑺𝒉 𝑺𝒓
Where:
Nh – number of hills/ha
A – area, ha
Sh – plant spacing, m
Sr – row spacing, m

Number Of Seeds Germinated 𝑵𝒉 𝝈

𝑵𝒈 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where:
Ng – number of seeds germinated
Nh – number of hills planted
σ – percentage germination, %
Number Of Plants Emerged 𝑵𝒉 ∈
𝑵𝒆 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where:
Ne – number of plant emerged
Nh – number of hills planted
ϵ – percentage emergence, %
Total Weight of Seed to be Planted 𝑵𝒉 𝑵𝒔 𝜸𝒔 𝝈
𝑻𝑾𝒔 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where:
TWs - total weight of seeds to be planted, kg
Ns– number of seeds/plants germinated/emerged
Nh – number of hills to be planted
Ns – number of seeds to be planted per hill
γs - specific weight of seeds, kg/seed
σ – percentage germination, %
Weight of Seeds Per Hill 𝑹𝒔 𝑺𝒉 𝑺𝒓
𝑾𝒔 =
𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where:
Ws – weight of seeds, kg/hill
Rs– rate of seeding, kg/ha
Sh – hill spacing, m
Sr – row spacing, m
Crop Maintenance Stage
Application Rate (AR)
𝒎𝟐
𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×𝒒
𝑨𝑹 = 𝒉𝒂
𝑾×𝑺
Where:
AR – application rate, l/ha
S – walking speed, m/min
W – effective width/swath, m
q – discharge rate, l/m
Amount of chemical per Load 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍(𝒄𝒄 𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒍)
= 𝒉𝒂
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒔
𝒉𝒂
Threshing/Shelling
Actual Capacity 𝑾𝒈
𝑪𝒂 =
𝑻𝒕
Where:
Ca – actual capacity, kg/hr
 Wg – weight of threshed grain, kg
Tg – threshing time, hr
Total Losses Lt = Lb + Lse + Lu + Lsc
Where:
Lt – Total losses, kg
Lb – blower loss, kg
Lse – separation loss, kg
Lu – unthreshed loss, kg
Lsc – scattering loss, kg
Weeding
Weeding Efficiency 𝑾𝟏 − 𝑾𝟐
Ɛ𝒘 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑾𝟏
Where:
Ɛw – weeding efficiency, %
W1– number of weeds before operation per unit area
W2 – number of weeds after operation per unit area
Water Pumping
Head 𝑯𝒕 = 𝑯𝒔 + 𝑯𝒅 + 𝑯𝒇
Where:
Ht – total head, m
Hs – suction head, m
Hd – discharge head, m
Hf – friction head, m
Pump Displacement
𝝅𝑫𝟐 𝑳
𝑷𝑫 =
𝟒
Where:
PD – pump displacement, cubic unit
D – bore (piston diameter), cm
L – stroke
Theoretical Discharge 𝑽𝑻 = 𝑷𝑫 𝒙 𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
Where:
VT – theoretical discharge, li/min
PD – pump displacement, cubic unit
Pumping rate – no. of stroke/min
Volumetric Efficiency 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆
𝑬𝒗 =
𝑽𝑻
Where:
Ev – volumetric efficiency, %
Actual discharge –water collected, li/min
VT – theoretical discharge, li/min

Water Horsepower - It is the 𝑸𝑯

theoretical power required by the 𝑾𝑯𝑷 =
pump in pumping water. 𝟐𝟕𝟑
Where:
WHP – water hp, hp
Q – discharge, m3/hr
H – vertical lift, m

UPLB:
𝑸𝑯
𝑯𝒑 =
𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟎𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒔
Where:
Q – pump output, gpm
H – total head, ft
Effs – system efficiency, Effp x Efft x Effpm
Effp – pump efficiency
Efft – transmission efficiency
Effpm – prime mover efficiency
Brake Horsepower - It is the power 𝑾𝑯𝑷
required to drive the pump shaft 𝑩𝑯𝑷 =
𝜺𝑷
Where:
BHP – brake hp, hp
WHP – water hp, hp
εP – pump efficiency, %

Pump Laws 𝑸𝟏 𝑵𝟏
=
𝑸𝟐 𝑵𝟐
𝑯𝟏 𝑵𝟏 𝟐
=
𝑯𝟐 𝑵𝟐 𝟐
𝑩𝑯𝑷𝟏 𝑵𝟏 𝟑
=
𝑩𝑯𝑷𝟐 𝑵𝟐 𝟑
Where:
Q – discharge
N – rpm
H – head
BHP – brake horsepower
Geometrically Similar Pumps 𝑸𝟐 𝑫𝟐
= ( )𝟑
𝑸𝟏 𝑫𝟏
𝑯𝟐 𝑫𝟐
= ( )𝟐
𝑯𝟏 𝑫𝟏
𝑩𝑯𝑷𝟐 𝑫𝟐 𝟓
=
𝑩𝑯𝑷𝟏 𝑫𝟏 𝟓
Where:
Q – discharge
D – impeller diameter
H – head
BHP – brake horsepower
 Subject G – Mathematics and Basic Engineering Principles
Engineering Economy
Depreciation - This reflects the (𝑰𝑪 − 𝑺𝑽)
reduction in value of an asset with 𝑫=
the use and time. The actual total 𝑳
depreciation can never be known Where:
until the equipment has been sold. It D - Depreciation, P/yr
can be estimated by using different IC – initial cost, P
computational methods, depending SV – salvage value, P
on the objective. L – life span, yr
Interest on Investment - charge for (𝑰𝑪 + 𝑺𝑽)
the use of the money invested on the 𝑰𝑶𝑰 = ×𝒓
machine regardless of whether the 𝟐
money was borrowed or not. Where:
r - interest rate = bank interest rate on agricultural loans
Payback Period – length of time it 𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
takes to recover the invested capital 𝑷𝑩𝑷 =
or until the net benefits equal the 𝑨𝒗𝒆. 𝑨𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒔
investment cost. Where:
∑𝒏(𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒔−𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕)
Ave. annual benefits= 𝟏 𝒏
n=no. years of benefits
Breakeven Point - level of operation 𝑨𝑭𝑪 + 𝑽𝑪 (𝑿) = 𝑩 (𝑿)
where it neither produces a profit
Where:
nor incurs a loss.
AFC = annual fixed cost
VC = unit variable cost
B = Unit benefit
X = no. of units for breakeven point
Discounting - process of translating 𝑷𝑾 = 𝑫𝑭 × 𝑽
future values in present worth by
Where:
applying a set of discount factors.
PW = present worth
𝟏
DF = discounting factor =
(𝟏+𝒓)𝒏
r = prevailing bank interest rate
n = no. of years
V = worth of money in the future
Benefit-Cost Ratio - present worth 𝑩𝒊
of benefits divided by the present ∑𝒏
𝒊=𝟎
worth of costs. (𝟏 + r)𝒊 PWB
BCR = 𝑪𝒊 =
∑𝒏
𝒊=𝟎(1 + r)𝒊
PWC
Where:
Bi = benefits in period i where i runs from zero to n
Ci = Costs in period i where i runs from zero to n
PWB = present worth benefits
PWC = present worth costs
Internal Rate of Return - maximum
NPVLIR
interest that a project can pay for IRR = [LIR + (HIR-LIR)( NPVLIR )]
the use of resources if the project is abs /NPVHIR −
to recover its investment and 1
Where:
operating cost and still break-even. n
B − Ci
At this point, the BCR is equal to one. NPV – net present value =  i = PWB – PWC
i = 0 (1 + r)
i
This is usually done by trial and
error and by interpolation. LIR – lower interest rate
HIR – higher interest rate
 Subject D – Agricultural and Bioprocess Engineering
Prepared by: Lorenzo Niño M. Blasquez, CMU Batch 2023
Bioprocess and Food Process Engineering
Moisture content wet basis - 𝑾𝒎 𝑾𝒎
moisture content as a percentage %𝑴𝑪𝒘𝒃 = = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
of fresh weight of the sample. 𝑾𝑻 (𝑾𝒎 + 𝑾𝒅𝒎 )
Where:
 MCwb – moisture content wet basis
Wm – weight of moisture
WT – total weight of grain sample
Wdm – weight of dry matter
Moisture content dry basis – 𝑾𝒎 𝑾𝒎
moisture content as a percentage %𝑴𝑪𝒅𝒃 = = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
of bone-dry weight of the sample. 𝑾𝒅𝒎 (𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝒎 )
Wet basis to Dry basis MCwb
MCdb =
(1 - MCwb )
MCdb
MCwb =
(𝟏 + MCdb )
Milling
Percent Purity 𝒘𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒚
% 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒘𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒚 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
Huller Efficiency 𝒘𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒚
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒘𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒚
Milling Degree 𝒘𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒘𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 + 𝒘𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝒖𝒏𝒉𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅
Milling Recovery 𝒘𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒘𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒚
Head Rice Recovery 𝒘𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒘𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒚

Rural Electrification
Theoretical Wind Power 𝟏
𝑷𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅(𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐) = 𝟐 𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝑨𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝟑𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅
Maximum Wind Power – 𝟏𝟔 𝟏
Maximum theoretical power that 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ( )( )𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝑨𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝟑𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅
can be extracted by a turbine from 𝟐𝟕 𝟐
the wind Where:
16/27 – Betz Limit/Coefficient

Turbine Power – Mechanical 𝟏

power that can be extracted by a 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ( )𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝑨𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝟑𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒑
turbine from the wind (shaft 𝟐
power of the turbine). Where:
Cp – Power Coefficient of the turbine
Cpmax – Betz Limit

Actual Power – Power available 𝟏

for useful work 𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = ( )𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝑨𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝟑𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒑 𝒏𝟎
𝟐
Where:
Cp – Power Coefficient of the turbine
Cpmax – Betz Limit
𝑛0 – overall efficiency (transmission, etc.)