Prepared By: Sadia Aslam October 2, 2024

CONCEPT OF TEACHING
Teaching is described as a set of events which are developed to assist internal mechanism of
learning. Teaching influences the external side of the learner whereas learning impacts the internal
processes of learners. If you are self-motivated then you can motivate others. We cannot see the
motives but can see the behavior. Learning is related to both: the motive and behavior, learning is
internal, performance is external. Typically, we can classify teacher’s role into modern role and
traditional role. Traditional role is related to teachers centered and modern role is related to students
centered.
In present perspective, a shift from traditional to the modern role has taken place. If teacher teach
the students on the past experiences of the students, the learning of the students increases.
However, individual differences are everywhere so each student learn according to his own
capability. The attention and care of a teacher required to identifying the slow, average and fast
learners.

Traditional verses Modern Role of Teacher

In traditional sense the major task of the teacher is the dissemination of knowledge. Teacher has
been recognized as a fountain head of all the information. This displayed an appearance of a queue
of learners sitting in front of a teacher in a classroom and teachers is teaching and sharing
knowledge with students by using a blackboard. If it is a good fortune of the teacher, students tend
to listen their teacher in passive way or may be writing main and important points of the lesson.
Apparently, this can’t be portrayed as an instant truth. Now, the role of the teacher has been
transformed as a facilitator. His duty has been transformed to guide and assist students to learn and
achieve desired goals. The traditional way of making students sit in numerous rows has been
replaced with group work and all students work collaboratively and perform different assigned
tasks and extend their learning experiences to one another. Within the groups, some students
perform practical work, and some are engaged in the lab and carrying out certain experiments with
the help of equipment and some are searching certain information by reading books in the library.
The level of learning, performance and achievement could be different among all the students. The
learning has been made individualized which caters the needs and skills of the learners.
Prepared By: Sadia Aslam October 2, 2024

PHASES OF TEACHING
Teaching and learning is a complicated process. For implementation of this task, an organized
planning is needed. Teaching needs to be evaluated in terms of certain phases and these phases are
commonly described as phases of teaching. If one wishes to attain a comprehensive elaboration of
the tasks of teaching, he has to identify what teacher performs prior and after delivering a lesson
in classroom. We can divide teaching into three phases and are being described below:

Phase 1: Pre Active Phase of Teaching

The planning related to teaching is performed before the operational phase of teaching. During this
phase, all tasks are involved that are to be accomplished by teacher prior to a teaching session.
Following are some of the significant activities of this phase:
i. What learning content/ subject matter is to be taught?
ii. What would be the sequence of teaching content during presentation?
iii. What teaching strategies would be employed?
iv. Dissemination of teaching strategies.

Phase II: Inter Active Phase of Teaching

Execution of planning is the next phase of teaching. In this phase a pedagogue shares learning
activity with learners by employing most suitable teaching strategies. During this phase, all
academic tasks are involved which a teacher is to perform in the classroom during lesson delivery.
Some important activities of this phase are produced below:
Prepared By: Sadia Aslam October 2, 2024

i. Breadth of the class

ii. Analysis of the students
iii. Skills of students
iv. Inclinations and interests of pupils
v. Educational upbringing of students

Phase III: Post Active Phase

The Post active phase deals with the assessment of activities. Teacher may perform this with
different methods like written or oral tests or puzzles or by the observation of the behavior of
student and participation in group discussions or remarks etc. in order to accurately assess their
performance. Following important activities are recommended in this phase:
i. Stating the clear aspects of changes produced by teaching.
ii. Choosing most suitable testing devices and methods.
iii. Replacing the procedures in case of collected evidences.

ETHICS OF TEACHING

Teachers put an immense on the lives of students, hence, those are often held to great ideals. The
most important role among all the roles of an effective teacher is to act as a role model and indicate
a good behavior as the interaction with children, staff, parents and community members. When
teachers devise and follow a set of professional ethics, they are able to perform their teaching
responsibilities in most ethical and professional manner.
1. Working with Students
The provision of quality education to all pupils is the most important responsibility of a teacher.
In the code of ethics this professional responsibility must be given proper importance. It must
be mentioned prominently that teachers ought not to reflect a biased behavior towards any
student. There is a dire need of creating a cordial interaction between teacher and students.
Prepared By: Sadia Aslam October 2, 2024

2. Student Safety

One of the major tasks of the teacher is also to assist all students learn. It is also one of the
most important dimensions in the teachers’ code of ethics that all children are safe inside the
school boundary. It's one of the teachers’ responsibility to examples of harassment and
bullying.

3. Professional Practice
There is need to maintain ethical behavior for a teacher in profession by accurately presenting and
conserving certifications, licenses and other qualifications. Furthermore, teachers are desired to
display ethical manners while reporting the grades and achievements of student and organizing
assessment activities.

4. Working with Colleagues

Teachers should represent the collaboration with administrators, fellow educators and other
members of the staff to administer a safe and positive learning practices for students. All teachers
are to obey the directions of administration whether they school rules, policies and practices appear
to be disruptive. They are to follow the guidelines shared by administration to set an example for
the students. Sometimes conflicts may take place among teachers and teachers must discuss them
privately and must avoid abusive language and negative discussion.

5. Interacting with Stakeholders

Not only with staff members, teachers must have a positive interaction with parents and
stakeholders in student’s education. There should be professionally interaction with parents free
from clashes and disagreement. Sometimes a teacher may encounter a problem with any of the
parents then a fellow teacher must accompany him during the meeting to understand the real
problem.
Prepared By: Sadia Aslam October 2, 2024

6. Human Dignity

In educational settings, across the globe when discussion regarding human dignity is made, the
ethics of teaching are also discussed. It is highly significant to mention that in the domain of ethics
education; differences regarding talents, moral dimensions also integrate in which different levels
of skills to honor other individuals are also catered. It is a known fact that a limited number of
students at preschool and majority of the students at school age enter in an entirely new school
environment and relinquish different levels of asserting liking and reverence towards others.

MAXIMS OF TEACHING

Every teacher expects that there is highest participation and involvement of the students in the
process of learning. Teachers try to arrange the classroom in a manner that it appears to be
interactive and fascinating for pupils. He employs diverse methods, rules and instructions to make
his teaching effective. Teacher uses general rules and principles and implements in an exemplary
way to create interest and improve comprehension level of the pupils. The introduction of these
rules, beliefs or general facts makes instructional process highly interesting. The effectiveness and
appealing learning process enhance learning and are described as the maxims of teaching and are
recognized all over the world as important elements of teaching.

1. From Known to Unknown

When a student is enrolled in an educational institution, he possesses some information. Now, it
is the sole duty of the teacher to enhance his existing knowledge. Our teaching can be clearer and
stronger if we connect the new knowledge with previous knowledge. For example, when a teacher
during English teaching class introduces a new word ‘water’. He mentions the Arabic word ‘Aab’
that they are already familiar with and after that instructs them to pronounce as ‘water’. This
teaching strategy enables students to know new things. By adopting such type of teaching
methodology, the teacher becomes much effective, clearer and certain.
Prepared By: Sadia Aslam October 2, 2024

2. From Simple to Complex

The major focus of a teacher is to instruct, and the major concern of a learner is to learn. In teaching
and learning process, initially, the content with simple and easy concepts should be presented and
then, gradually he should proceed towards difficult and complicated ideas.

3. From Concrete to Abstract

Solid materials or concrete materials are those that can be observed by the naked eye but it is
difficult for us to see abstract things with human eye. Students can easily understand when they
learn from their senses and they are able to store it in mind for a longer time period. But if teacher
teach them with only ideas, they forget them after some time. As Froebel said, “Our lessons ought
to start in the concrete and end in the abstract”.

4. From Analysis to Synthesis

Analysis means to divide a thing into small parts or separate components to understand. This
procedure helps in understanding the hidden components of a thing or the reason of some incident
or behavior.

5. From particular to general

A versatile teacher should always proceed from particular to general concepts. It is rather much
difficult for the students to comprehend general concepts so it is advisable that teacher must tell
students about particular things first, then to proceed to general concepts and ideas.

6. From Empirical to Rational

Experiential knowledge is entirely based on observation and experience and does not require any
sort of reasoning and argumentation. We undergo an experience and can sense or observe it quite
easily. On the other hand, the base of rational knowledge is reasoning, elaboration and
Prepared By: Sadia Aslam October 2, 2024

simplification. When a teacher tells students that we can boil water through heating and then
conducts experiment on it to make students observe, students will understand the concept in easy
manner.

7. From Induction to Deduction

The method of acquiring common principles, formulae or rules from precise examples is termed
as induction. In induction method when a statement is considered correct in a typical situation; it
would be accurate in other such type of situation. It means to make conclusion out of given
examples. We can take an example of hydrogen gas. When it reacts with Boron, we get Boron
Hydride. When Hydrogen reacts with Potassium, Potassium Hydride is produced. Hence, we can
make a conclusion that when Hydrogen reacts with all the elements, hydrides are produced.

8. From Psychological to Logical

In current education system, much stress has been extended to child psychology. The
psychological upbringing of a learner is quite significant than any other dimension of learning.
During an instructional session, teacher must follow to proceed from psychological to logical
approach. Psychological approach caters the nature of learners, their skills, inclinations,
developmental level, actions, needs and aptitudes. Teacher should give consideration to
psychological aspect while choosing subject matter for
students.

9. From Actual to Representative

Practical work can transform learning more accurate and fruitful instead of sharing through
demonstrations. As a teacher selects the learning content for presenting it to students, he is desired
to share through actual, natural and real things than from their unprepared representative ones as
models and images.

10. From Whole to Parts

Prepared By: Sadia Aslam October 2, 2024

This maxim has been derived from Gestalt theory of learning. Gestalt is considered as a
phenomenon that gives stress on identifying objects and situations as a whole rather than in parts.
Students can easily understand ideas or things presented in whole than in parts. During teaching,
teacher must present main idea first and then by dividing it into different parts.

11. From definite to indefinite

A teacher must initiate lesson from definite to indefinite ideas. The reason behind this is that
definite ideas have finite limits and areas as compared to indefinite ideas. Teachers have trust on
the areas and ideas that are definite and tried earlier. Once students have acquired definite things,
it becomes easy for them to grasp indefinite ideas.