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4039482 EF4e UppInt EntryChecker.indd 32 28/11/2019 10:36

 

fourth
edition

English File
ENTRY CHECKER
B2

Christina Latham-Koenig
Clive Oxenden
Kate Chomacki

4039482 EF4e UppInt EntryChecker.indd 1 28/11/2019 10:36

 
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 ENTRY CHECKER

CONTENTS

4 FILE 1 14 FILE 6
● pronouns ● obligation, necessity, prohibition, advice
● adjectives ● can, could and be able to

6 FILE 2 16 FILE 7
● present tenses ● phrasal verbs
● possessives ● verb patterns

8 FILE 3 18 FILE 8
● past simple, past continuous, or used to? ● have something done
● prepositions ● the passive

10 FILE 4 20 FILE 9
● future forms ● reported speech
● first and second conditionals ● third conditional and the past perfect

12 FILE 5 22 FILE 10
● present perfect simple ● be, do, and have: auxiliary and main verbs
● present perfect continuous ● revision of verb forms

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 1A GRAMMAR BANK

pronouns
Revise the basics direct / indirect object pronouns and word order
1 I live in London. NOT i live 1 He bought me a rose.
2 My parents don’t visit me very often. I’m going to lend her my camera.
3 My name’s Anna. They showed us their new flat.
4 They have a flat in north London, but mine is in south I’ll send you the document.
We brought him some books.
London.
2 He bought it for me.
pronouns and possessive adjectives I’m going to lend it to her.
They showed it to us.
1 subject 2 object 3 possessive 4 possessive I’ll send it to you.
pronouns pronouns adjectives pronouns We brought them for him.
I me my mine
1 Some verbs can have two objects, usually a thing (the direct
you you your yours
object) and a person (the indirect object). If the direct
he / she / it him / her / it his / her / its his / hers
object is a noun (a rose, my camera, etc.), we usually use
we us our ours
verb + indirect object + direct object.
you you your yours
• The order can also be verb + direct object + for or to +
they them their theirs
indirect object, e.g. He bought a rose for me, I’m going to
lend my camera to her. See list of verbs with for and to below.
2 If the direct object is a pronoun (it, them), we usually use
verb + direct object + indirect object, with either for or to
before the indirect object. Some common verbs which can
have two objects are:
• With for
bring sth for/to sb, buy sth for sb, cook sth for sb, find sth for
sb, get sth for sb, make sth for sb
• With to
give sth to sb, lend sth to sb, offer sth to sb, read sth to sb,
sell sth to sb, send sth to sb, show sth to sb, take sth to sb,
write sth to sb
• If the indirect object is a pronoun, we use the object
pronoun, not the subject pronoun:
I’m going to lend it to her. NOT I’m going to lend it to she.

a Circle the correct form. b Rewrite the highlighted phrases. Replace the
Me / My first name’s Annabelle, but I / me get called bold words with a pronoun and use to / for.
Annie for short. I gave you the book. I gave it to you.
1 My brother has a laptop, but he / she prefers using his / her 1 I took my children to the park last weekend.
tablet. 2 She showed me her new phone.
2 A Are these your / yours books? 3 He found me some apartments online.
B No, they’re not my / mine. 4 My boyfriend sent me photos while he was
3 My friends are mostly happy with theirs / their jobs, except away.
Laura who doesn’t like her / hers. 5 I won’t lend him my car.
4 A What’s his / her new house like? 6 My daughter made me a present today.
B I don’t know. He’s never invited me / my round to see it. 7 I bought my mother some flowers for her
5 I don’t like them / their new car. Ours / Our is much nicer. birthday.
6 A Is this yours / your phone? 8 My parents are getting me a new laptop in
B No, my / mine is in my bag. Hong Kong.
7 I’m going to give mine / my ticket to her / she. 9 Will you read the children a story before they
8 He’ll tell us / we when his / him flights are booked. go to bed?
9 If I give you their / theirs address, will you send them / they 10 A colleague gave me these tickets yesterday.
a thank you card?
10 It’s / Its a beautiful hotel, but its / it’s rooms are a bit small.

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 1B GRAMMAR BANK

adjectives
1 We use one / ones after an adjective instead of repeating a
Revise the basics
singular or plural noun.
1 It’s a poisonous snake. NOT snake poisonous
2 We don’t use one with uncountable nouns.
2 They’re very powerful people. NOT powerfuls people
3 I’m older than my brother. NOT more old that more rules for comparatives and superlatives
4 Rome isn’t as expensive as Paris. NOT as expensive than
5 It’s the most difficult exercise in the book. 1 I’m less busy this week than I was last week.
NOT the difficultest Alan is the least interesting person in the office.
2 She’s the cleverest girl in the class.
comparative and superlative adjectives The old road was much narrower than the new one.
It would be simpler to go back to the beginning.
adjective comparative superlative

tall taller the tallest 1 We can use less and the least with adjectives of any number
hot hotter the hottest of syllables.

bored more bored the most bored 2 Some two-syllable adjectives can make comparatives and
stressed more stressed the most stressed superlatives with -er and -est. Common examples are clever,
narrow, polite, quiet, simple, stupid. A good dictionary will
modern more modern the most modern
tell you the usual comparative and superlative form for a
busy busier the busiest
two-syllable adjective.
dangerous more dangerous the most dangerous
interesting less interesting the least interesting a bit and much + comparative adjective
good better the best 1 It’s a bit cloudier today than yesterday.
bad worse the worst This phone’s a bit more expensive than that one.
far further (or farther) the furthest (or the farthest)
2 Your job is much more stressful than mine.
The airport is much busier than it was a few years ago.
adjective + one / ones
1 We use a bit + comparative adjective to say that a
1 I’ve lost my suitcase. It’s a big blue one. difference is small.
Expensive laptops are usually more reliable than cheap ones. 2 We use much + comparative adjective to say that a
2 I’m looking for white bread, but I can only find brown. difference is large.
We don’t have any skimmed milk, only semi-skimmed.

a Are the highlighted forms right ✓ or wrong b Complete the sentences to mean the same thing.
✗? Correct the wrong ones. Sophie is happier than Emma.
I’m younger than my sister. ✓ Emma isn’t as happy as Sophie.
He’s a person very hard-working. ✗ 1 Robert’s father isn’t as friendly as Robert.
He’s a very hard-working person. Robert is than his father.
1 The beach is the furthest from home than the 2 It’s a bit sunnier today than yesterday.
park. Yesterday wasn’t as today.
2 She’s much friendly than her sister. 3 I think maths is easier to learn than science.
3 London is much busyer than Oxford. Science is to learn than maths.
4 Our new house is more modern than our old 4 This hotel is bigger than the other hotels we’ve looked at.
one, but it was also more expensive. This hotel is of the hotels we’ve
5 Expensive phones are not more reliable than looked at.
cheap one. 5 My new job is much more stressful than my old one.
6 The roads here are more dangerous than the My old job wasn’t as my new one.
roads near my house.
6 The film wasn’t as bad as I’d expected.
7 Today is the hottest day of the year so far.
The film was than I’d expected.
8 My friends are all more excited about our
7 King Street isn’t as busy as Queen Street.
holiday.
Queen Street is than King Street.
9 He’s the tallest student in the class.
8 The book was more interesting than the film.
10 This is the colder summer I’ve ever known.
The film wasn’t as the book.

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 2A GRAMMAR BANK

present tenses
Revise the basics verbs which can have action and non-action meanings

present simple and frequency Do you have any sunscreen? = possession (non-action)
1 She goes abroad a lot. NOT She go He’s having a shower at the moment. = an action
Do you think we should have lunch in the hotel? = opinion
2 Does he know Paris well? NOT Do he know
(non-action)
3 We don’t like camping. NOT We not like
They’re thinking of going on a cruise. = an action
4 They never go swimming. NOT Never they go
I see what you mean. = understanding (non-action)
5 He’s always late. NOT Always he’s late
I’m seeing the hotel manager tomorrow morning. = an action
6 I go for a walk every morning. NOT I go every morning
for a walk. • Some verbs have two meanings, an action meaning and a
present continuous non-action meaning, e.g. have, think, see. If they describe a
state or feeling, not an action, they are not usually used in
7 He’s working today. NOT He working
the present continuous. If they describe an action, they are
8 They aren’t / They’re not watching TV, they’re playing used in the present continuous.
a video game. NOT They not watching
9 Are you going away this weekend? NOT Do you go / present continuous for future arrangements
You are going
I’m leaving tomorrow and I’m coming back on Tuesday.
We’re seeing our grandparents this weekend.
action and non-action verbs
When are they coming to visit us?
1 A What are the children doing now? Ella isn’t going out tonight. She’s staying in.
B Mark’s playing tennis and Anna’s reading.
A Hi, Marta. Are you waiting for someone? • We often use the present continuous where there is an
B Yes, I’m waiting for Tim. arrangement to do something in the future.
2 I like vegetables now, but I didn’t use to. present simple for ‘timetable’ future
Oh, now I remember where I left my glasses.
The train leaves at 6.30 in the morning.
1 Many verbs describe actions. These verbs are used in the Our flight doesn’t stop in Hong Kong. It stops in Singapore.
present continuous to talk about actions happening now or What time does your flight arrive in New York?
in the future.
2 Some verbs describe states and feelings, not actions. • We use the present simple to talk about things which will
Examples are agree, be, believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, happen according to a timetable, especially travel times.
hear, know, like, look like, love, matter, mean, need, prefer, We are usually referring to things which always happen on
realize, recognize, remember, seem, suppose, understand, certain days at certain times, like flight times or classes, and
want. These verbs are normally used in the present simple, are not people’s personal plans or decisions.
not the continuous, even if we are referring to now.

a Complete the sentences with the present simple or present b Circle the correct form of the verb. Tick ✓
continuous form of the verbs in brackets. if both are possible.
Do your children know how to swim? (know) I’m flying / I fly to Australia for the first time on
1 you city breaks or beach Friday. My flight 1 leaves / is leaving at 7.35 in
holidays? (prefer) the evening. 2 I have to / I’m having to check in
2 you of visiting your three hours before the flight, so 3 I leave / I’m
grandparents today? (think) leaving the house at 4.00 p.m. and 4 I get / I’m
3 You to take a sleeping bag. (not need) getting a taxi to the airport, which takes about
half an hour. My first flight, to Kuala Lumpur,
4 Alex always late! (leave) 5
takes / is taking 15 hours, and 6 I stay / I’m
5 A I any sunscreen. (not have) staying there for three nights. 7 I meet / I’m
B It . You can use mine. (not matter) meeting an old friend and 8 I want / I’m wanting
6 A Where she ? (go) to do some shopping too. My next flight is
B She to college because she to Sydney. 9 I think / I’m thinking of staying
a class now. (go, have) there for a week to explore the city and 10 visit
7 Simon Russian this year, and he / visiting the Blue Mountains. Then 11 I travel /
really excited about it. (learn, seem) I’m travelling north to Queensland to go scuba
8 A Who you for? (wait) diving and relax on the beach. 12 I really look /
B I for my friend. We to go I’m really looking forward to my holiday!
6 to the festival together. (wait, go)

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 2B GRAMMAR BANK

possessives
Revise the basics more rules for of to show possession

possessive ’s and of That man over there is a friend of mine.

1 That’s Mark’s jacket. This is an interesting book of Sarah’s.
He’s my sister’s boyfriend. Tell me about this plan of theirs.
2 What’s the name of the street where you live? Where’s that husband of yours?
They sat at the back of the bus.
• We often use noun + of + possessive pronoun or
name / noun + ’s after a / an or this / that.
more rules for possessive ’s
own
1 I asked Chris’ advice. / I asked Chris’s advice.
2 This is a photo of my parents’ house. I’d love to have my own business.
That’s the children’s bedroom. That’s my magazine. Why don’t you buy your own?
3 We spent the weekend at Paul’s. Our town is going to get its own shopping centre.
I went to my grandmother’s yesterday. Small bakers often sell their own bread and cakes.
Can you get me some aspirin when you go to the chemist’s?
4 We saw Tom and Mary’s parents. • We can use own after a possessive adjective for emphasis.
Is that Kate and David’s house? • We can also use of my / his / her, etc. + own, e.g. I’d love to
have a business of my own.
1 If a name ends with -s, we form the possessive with ’ or ’s.
Both are pronounced /ɪz/.
2 Possessives are different for regular and irregular plurals.
• After a plural noun ending in -s, we form the possessive with
a final ’ (but no extra s).
• After an irregular plural not ending in -s, we form the
possessive with ’s.
3 We can use name / person + ’s to mean that person’s house
or flat.
• We also use ’s after words for certain jobs to refer to their
shop or business, e.g. chemist’s, hairdresser’s etc.
4 When we are talking about something belonging to two
people or things, we put the ’s only after the second name.

a Complete the sentences with b Circle the correct form.

apostrophes (’) where necessary. I’ve forgotten the name of the film / the film’s name.
I’m going to the hairdresser’s and then to 1 The cat of my friend / My friend’s cat is so cute.
my grandmother’s. 2 She’s saving money by making their own / making her own
1 The childrens school uniforms are blue and wedding invitations.
white. 3 There’s a swimming pool on the roof of our hotel / our hotel’s
2 Whose party was better, Chris or Lisas? roof.
3 Im going to my parents for dinner tonight. 4 I’d love to make my own / mine own bread, but I don’t have time.
4 Lizs and Toms parents havent met each 5 What’s the street’s name / the name of the street where you live?
other yet. 6 Matt’s and Jen’s / Matt and Jen’s parents are getting a divorce.
5 My brothers wives are good friends. 7 We’re staying at my wife’s parents’ / my wife’s parents for a while.
6 My doctors advice is to drink more water. 8 Where’s that son of yours / your son?
7 Sarahs parents are so helpful. 9 There’s an empty seat at the plane’s back / back of the plane.
8 Does this shop sell both mens and womens 10 Maria’s a very good my friend / friend of mine. I’m sure you’ll
clothing? like her.
9 Im going to the bakers to get some bread.
10 The towns only chemists is opposite my
flat.

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 3A GRAMMAR BANK

past simple, past continuous, or used to?

1 We use the past simple for finished past actions or states
Revise the basics
(when we say, ask, or know when they happened). We can
past simple use the past simple for things which happened at any time
1 When I was young, I loved playing outside. in the past – very recently or a long time ago. The important
thing is that we see them as finished.
2 We didn’t live in a big city. NOT we didn’t lived
3 Where did you go to school? NOT did you went 2 We use the past continuous:
• to talk about an action or situation in progress at a specific
past continuous time in the past.
4 I was watching TV when you arrived. • to describe a past action in progress which was interrupted
5 She wasn’t studying when I called her. by another action (expressed in the past simple).
6 What were you doing at 9.00 this morning?
used to and past simple
used to
1 I used to be very shy when I was a child.
7 Luke used to have long hair. Tim used to go to the theatre a lot when he lived in
8 They didn’t use to live in London. NOT didn’t used to London.
9 What music did you use to like when you were young? We used to live in Rome.
NOT did you used to 2 I was very shy when I was a child.
Tim often went to the theatre when he lived in London.
past simple and past continuous We lived in Rome for ten years.

1 I only saw him for a few minutes before he left. 1 We use used to (not the past continuous) to describe a habit
Most people didn’t own a computer until the 1980s. or state that was true for a significant period in the past,
Where did you grow up? and that has now finished.
2 What were you doing at 7.00 yesterday evening? 2 We can also often use the past simple instead of used to
He was texting a friend when the accident happened. especially with an adverb of frequency, e.g. usually, often,
While we were having our picnic, it started to rain. etc.
Sorry, what did you say? I wasn’t listening.
• We use the past simple (not used to) when we specify how long
we did an action NOT We used to live in Rome for ten years.

a Circle the correct form of the verb. Tick ✓ if both b Are the highlighted forms right ✓ or wrong ✗?
are possible. Correct the wrong ones.
They were watching / They watched TV when I called. What did you use to do last weekend? ✗
1 We were driving / drove along a country road when a What did you do last weekend?
rabbit was jumping / jumped in front of the car. 1 This time last year I was living in Russia.
2 I wasn’t living / didn’t use to live in Madrid when I was 2 Where did they use to go on holiday last week?
young. 3 He used to grow up in India, but he lives in France
3 He was still eating / still ate dinner when I was arriving now.
/ arrived. 4 I used to spend hours sitting in cafés when I was a
4 Did you go / Were you going on the school trip last student.
year? 5 Were you going out last night?
5 My sister was loving / used to love going swimming. 6 We didn’t use to like each other, but now we’re
6 She was having / used to have short hair, but now it’s friends.
long. 7 I was never working very hard at school.
7 We lived / used to live in Tokyo for two years. 8 Did you use to find it hard to get a job after university?
8 He listened / was listening to music, so he didn’t hear / 9 She couldn’t come to the party because she was
wasn’t hearing the phone. playing in a basketball match.
9 At this time last year, I was studying / studied English 10 My parents were moving to Italy when they retired.
at university.
10 She didn’t use to have / wasn’t having a cat when I
knew / was knowing her.

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 3B GRAMMAR BANK

prepositions
prepositions of place dependent prepositions after verbs and adjectives
She sat in the square and watched the tourists. 1 We waited for the film to start.
There’s a box under your bed. Everybody laughed at me.
You’ll find some cash inside my purse. 2 I’m worried about my camera – the flash isn’t working.
The cups are on that shelf there. Lily’s interested in astrology.
There’s a man standing in front of the gate. 3 Tony’s good at spending other people’s money.
She believes in taking lots of pictures and then choosing
• Prepositions that describe place, like in and on, can be used the best.
with different verbs and places and the meaning doesn’t
change. 1 Some verbs are always followed by the same preposition.
2 Some adjectives are always followed by the same
prepositions of movement
preposition.

The plane flew over the city. 3 If there is a verb after the preposition, we use the -ing form,
not the infinitive.
He ran across the road.
The verbs ask, discuss, enter, marry, and tell have no
He walked through the door. preposition, e.g.
I asked Jack a question. NOT asked to
Go along the street, past the chemist’s. We discussed the situation. NOT discussed about
The police officers entered the building. NOT entered in
Don’t run down the steps. You’ll fall. She married her personal trainer. NOT married with
The photographer told everyone to smile. NOT told to
• Prepositions that describe movement, like over and through, everyone
can be used with different verbs of movement and the
meaning doesn’t change.

a Complete the story with the correct prepositions. b Complete the sentences with the correct
preposition.
across onto under into down over
inside towards on up in along
I waited for an hour to see the doctor.
1 It’s time to get of bed and get ready
Yesterday morning was terrible. My alarm clock started school.
ringing and I tried to switch it off, but it fell off the table. 2 My parents paid my plane tickets.
I jumped out of bed and nearly stepped 1 my 3 We’re all excited our holiday next week.
cat. My cat ran 2 the room and jumped 4 I’m tired working late all the time and looking
3
the table, spilling a glass of water. Then I went forward having some time off.
to have a shower, but the water was freezing cold. After
5 I’m interested photography, and I think I’m
my cold shower, I carefully climbed 4 the stairs,
quite good it.
slowly walked 5 the corridor and went
6
the kitchen. There was a huge spider 7 6 When I was little, I used to share a bedroom
the kitchen. It started running 8 me really my sister.
quickly, ran 9 my foot and then disappeared 7 You can always rely us to help you.
10
the fridge. Then I ate my breakfast and 8 Do you know that family? They keep looking
finished getting ready for work. I put on my jacket and you.
picked up my bag. After that, I spent ten minutes looking 9 I apologized breaking my mum’s vase, and
for my phone before I realized it was 11 my bag. she told me not to worry it.
When I looked at my phone, I saw that it was only 4.00 10 He’s really proud his new house and won’t
in the morning! So I went 12 the stairs and back stop talking it.
into bed, hoping it had all been a bad dream.

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 4A GRAMMAR BANK

future forms: will / shall and be going to

will / shall be going to
1 Predictions 1 Plans and intentions
Who do you think will win tomorrow’s game? I’m going to buy a new phone this weekend.
The climate probably won’t change much in the next five or Tom’s going to make pizza for dinner.
ten years. 2 Predictions
2 Future facts You aren’t going to like this film – it’s very violent.
I’ll be at work on Monday. The election will be on 6th May. It’s a bit cloudy – the weather forecast says it’s going to rain
3 Instant decisions this afternoon.
A Do you want coffee or tea? B I’ll have a coffee, please.
4 Promises • We use be going to + infinitive:
A Have you been using my laptop? You didn’t turn it off. 1 when there is a plan to do something – a decision has
B Oh sorry. I’ll remember next time. been made.
A The battery’s almost run down! 2 to make predictions when we have visible or other
B Sorry. I promise I won’t do it again. evidence of what is going to happen.
5 Offers and suggestions • We can often use either will or be going to for predictions.
I’ll cook dinner tonight.
Shall I throw away this bread? The future in the past
What shall I do with my old phone?
When we talk about the future from the point of view of a
Where shall we go for lunch today?
time in the past, we use was / were going to. This often
describes failed plans.
• We use will / won’t + infinitive:
I was going to call you, but I forgot.
1 to ask for or make predictions about what we think or
believe will happen. We were going to go shopping, but we didn’t have time.
2 for future facts which are beyond our control.
3 for instant decisions that you make at the time of speaking.
4 to make promises.
5 to offer to do something. If the offer is a question, we use
Shall I / we…?
• We also use shall with I and we to make suggestions.

a Are the highlighted forms right ✓ or b Complete the sentences with the correct form of will, shall,
wrong ✗? Correct the wrong ones. or going to and the verbs in brackets.
Shall we go out for dinner tonight? ✓ I’ve decided that I ’m going to start looking for a new job. (start)
It looks good – I’m going to take it. ✗ I’ll take 1 A I’m really thirsty.
1 A Do you have any plans for Saturday? B I you a glass of water. (get)
B Yes, I’ll visit my cousins in the afternoon, 2 I forgot to call my brother. I him tomorrow.
and then I’m going to see a film in the 3 A What are you planning to do when your sister visits?
evening. B We for a bike ride in the day and to the theatre
2 A I’m hungry. Shall I make us some lunch? in the evening.
B Actually, I’ll meet Laura for lunch today. 4 A we shopping today? (go)
3 A I’m really late! I’ll miss my train. B Yes, it’s the sales! I’ve decided I some new jeans
B I’m going to give you a lift to the train for Katie’s party. (buy)
station. 5 A What I with all my old clothes? (do)
4 A The forecast says it’s going to be sunny B I them to a charity shop if you like. (take)
tomorrow. 6 A Let’s go out for dinner tonight.
B Really? Then I’m going to go to the beach. B OK. What restaurant we to? (go)
5 A Have you tided your room? 7 A What you for dinner tonight?
B Not yet, but I promise I’m going to tidy (make)
it after my programme has finished. B I was going to make a pizza, but I don’t have time. I think
I one instead. (order)
8 A I can’t believe you lost my new jacket!
B I’m so sorry. I you a new one. (buy)

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 4B GRAMMAR BANK

first and second conditionals

first conditional second conditional
1 If I have time, I’ll write my CV tonight. 1 If I had more money, I wouldn’t need to work overtime.
If you don’t work hard, you won’t get promoted. If they offered you a part-time job, would you take it?
2 If he does well at school, he can go to a good university. 2 I might meet more people if I lived in a hall of residence.
I might (may) go back to college if I can’t find a job. You could apply for a scholarship if you got a place to study
If you apply for a job, you must prepare an up-to-date CV. in the USA.
If you want to do well in the exam, you should work hard this 3 If John was (were) here, he’d know what to do.
weekend. I’d take it back to the shop if I were you.
3 If you get an interview, think carefully about what to wear.
• We use the second conditional to talk about a hypothetical
• We use the first conditional to talk about a possible future or imaginary present / future situation, or one that we don’t
situation and its consequence. think is a possibility.
1 The first conditional normally uses if + present simple, 1 The second conditional normally uses if + past simple,
will / won’t + infinitive. would / wouldn’t + infinitive.
2 We can also use other modal verbs instead of will, e.g. can, 2 We can use might or could instead of would.
might, may, must, or should. 3 When we use be in the if clause, we can use was or were
3 We can also use an imperative instead of will. after I / he / she / it.
• However, in the phrase if I were you, which is often used to
unless
give advice, only were is used. NOT If I was you.
We can use unless instead of if…not in conditional
sentences. First or second conditional
I won’t go unless you go, too. (= I won’t go if you don’t go, The conditional we use depends on how likely the condition
too.) is. Compare:
If I have time, I’ll help you. (I think it’s a real possibility that
I’ll have time.)
If I had time, I’d help you. (I think it’s unlikely or impossible
that I’ll have time.)

a Circle the correct form. b Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.
If we go to the cinema tonight, we’ll watch / we’d I wouldn’t go to the gym if I didn’t enjoy it. (not go)
watch that new comedy. 1 If you to apply for the job, I can help
1 If I had more money, I’ll / I’d go on holiday. you with your application. (decide)
2 If you sleep / slept for eight hours every night, you 2 Be careful – if you fell off that, you
wouldn’t be so tired. yourself (hurt).
3 If we have to move to a new city, I’ll / I’d look for a new 3 When I come home in the evening, I
job. with a cup of coffee. (sit down)
4 I can’t go out tonight unless I finish / finished my 4 If you really hard, you might get a
homework. promotion. (work)
5 If you decide / decided to come to the cinema with us, 5 If we into a house with a garden, we
you can give me a call later. can grow some vegetables. (move)
6 You’d / You’ll feel better if you drank more water every 6 If I were you, I him to stop calling
day. you. (tell)
7 She won’t / wouldn’t get the bus to work unless she 7 If I more free time, I could start
really had to. writing a book. (have)
8 I would be happier if I didn’t / don’t live in such a small 8 You should take up a new hobby if you
apartment. bored. (be)
9 If their business is successful, they’ll / they’d open 9 If you Oxford, you must come and
more shops. stay with us. (visit)
10 If you like / liked swimming, you should go to this new 10 If I at my parents’ house, I wouldn’t
waterpark. be able to save so much money. (not live)

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 5A GRAMMAR BANK

present perfect simple

2 We use the present perfect simple to give news. If
Revise the basics
something has happened very recently, we often
+ – past participle use just.
I have I’ve I haven’t 3 We use the present perfect simple with yet to ask
You have You’ve You haven’t if something has happened, or to say that it hasn’t
He / She / It has He / She / It’s He / She / It hasn’t seen the news. happened, but that it will.
We have We’ve We haven’t • Negative questions Haven’t you…yet? often
They have They’ve They haven’t express surprise or criticism.
Have you seen the news? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. 4 We use the present perfect simple with already
Has he seen the news? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. to say that something has happened, sometimes
earlier than expected.
5 We can use the present perfect simple, especially
1 I’ve used Netflix, but I haven’t used Amazon Prime. with non-action verbs, to talk about situations
Have you ever watched a foreign TV series? that started in the past and have continued to the
She’s never liked quiz shows. present. We don’t use the present simple or the
2 I don’t believe it! We’ve won £500 on the lottery! present continuous, e.g. I’ve lived here for three
He’s just sent me a text – I’ll tell you what it says. months. NOT I live here for three months. /
3 Have / Haven’t you started work yet? I’m living here for three months.
I haven’t talked to her yet – I’m going to call her later.
• To express a period of time we often use for or since.
4 A Have you started painting the kitchen?
B Yes, and I’ve already finished it. • We use for + a period of time, e.g. for two
minutes / ten years / ages / a long time.
5 Sally’s known him for 20 years.
We’ve only had a smart TV since last month. • We use since + a time in the past, e.g. since this
I’ve been out all morning. morning / 5.00 / September / 2010 / I was a child.
• We can use phrases with all to express a period of
1 We use the present perfect simple for past experiences if we don’t time, e.g. all my life, all day, all year, etc. We don’t
say when they happened. If we say when they happened (five minutes use for with all, e.g. I’ve been here all day. NOT
ago, yesterday, last week, etc.) we use the past simple, e.g. I’ve I’ve been here for all day.
watched Netflix a few times. I watched six episodes of The Crown
last weekend.

a Circle the correct form. b Complete the sentences with the present perfect or past simple
I haven’t finished my homework yet / form of the verbs in brackets.
already, but I’m working on it now. Have you ever visited Buckingham Palace? (ever / visit)
1 We’ve lived here for eight months / 1 A When you working here? (start)
October. B I started at the end of last year, so I here for a few
2 I’ve already seen / I haven’t seen that months. (only / be)
film, but I don’t mind watching it again. 2 A you about Sam? (hear)
3 She’s been to Denmark but she never B Yes, I him this morning and he told me he’s
went / she’s never been to Sweden. leaving. (just/see)
4 I’ve known him since he was a little boy / 3 A you that awful horror film on TV
15 years. last night? (see)
5 We’ve only been on the train for an B I part of it, and it was terrible! (only / watch)
hour, but I’m already / just bored. 4 A Poor Daniel! He his arm. (break)
6 They’re / They’ve lived here for 12 years, B Oh no! When he that? (do)
but now they’re moving house.
5 A your team a match? (ever / win)
7 I first visited Brazil in 2010, and I’ve been
B Yes, a few times, but we the match today. (lose)
/ I went there many times since then.
6 A she university? (already / start)
8 I’ve been off work with the flu for all
B No, she’s decided to go travelling first, and she to
week / all week.
Thailand last month. (go)
9 I’ve never learnt how to ski, but I tried /
7 A you that report yet? (finish)
I’ve tried snowboarding last year.
B Yes, I it to the manager this morning. (sent)
10 Have you booked your flights yet /
already? 8 A How long you here? (live)
B I here six years ago. (move)
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present perfect continuous

• With non-action verbs we use the present
Revise the basics
perfect simple, e.g. I’ve known them for 10 years.
+ – NOT I’ve been knowing them for 10 years.
2 We use the present perfect continuous for
I have I’ve I haven’t
continuous actions which have visible present
You have You’ve You haven’t
been sleeping results.
He / She / It has He / She / It’s He / She / It hasn’t
well recently. 3 We use the present perfect continuous to ask
We have We’ve We haven’t
They have They’ve They haven’t or talk about situations which started in the
past and are still happening now. We often use
Have you been sleeping well recently? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. for / since or time expressions like all day / all
Has he been sleeping well recently? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. morning / all week. We don’t use the present
continuous or the present simple, e.g.

1 A What have you been doing lately? I’ve been waiting since 10 o’clock.
B I’ve been studying for my exams. NOT I’m waiting since 10 o’clock.
She’s been going for a walk every morning this week. I wait since 10 o’clock.
John’s been working very late recently. • If you say when something happened, use the
2 A You look tired. past simple, not the present perfect continuous,
B I’ve been working in the garden. e.g. I’ve been watching a lot of TV lately. I saw
A You’re covered in paint. a great programme last night. NOT I’ve been
B Yes, I’ve been decorating the kitchen all day. seeing a great programme last night.
3 How long have you been looking for a new job?
We’ve been living here since last year. work and live
It’s been raining all day. These verbs can usually be used in either the
present perfect simple or the present perfect
1 We use the present perfect continuous with action verbs for repeated continuous with no difference in meaning, e.g.
actions that started in the past and have continued till now. We often I’ve been living here for three months.
use time expressions like recently / lately. OR I’ve lived here for three months.

a Match the questions and answers, and complete the b Circle the correct form.
answers with the present perfect continuous. I haven’t been sleeping / I’m not sleeping
Why are you so tired? E enough recently.
1 Why do you look so happy? 1 I’m studying / I’ve been studying chemistry for
2 Is she a good dancer? two years. My final exams are next month.
3 Would you like to watch TV? 2 She’s leaving / She’s been leaving for a new job
4 Are you going to apply for that job? today, so we got her a goodbye present.
5 Are you thirsty? 3 We’re working / We’ve been working hard all
week, so let’s do something fun this weekend.
6 Have you found a new flat?
4 My parents arrived two days ago and they’re
7 How’s your new tablet?
staying / they’ve been staying with us for a
8 Do you like the jacket I gave you?
week.
9 How’s the weather in Chicago?
5 I’ve been trying / I tried to fix my bike at the
10 Are you ready for the concert tonight? weekend, but it’s still broken.
A Yes, I it every day. (wear) 6 He can’t come to my wedding because he’s
B No, I at a screen for too long today (stare) travelling / he’s been travelling at the moment.
C Yes, she for years, so she’s really good. (learn) 7 I’m thinking / I’ve been thinking about buying a
house for a while now.
D Awful – it all week. (rain)
8 I’m watching / I’ve been watching a lot of
E I ’ve been riding my bike for hours. (ride)
documentaries lately.
F No, I water all day. (drink)
9 I’m waiting / I’ve been waiting to hear back
G I about it, but I haven’t decided yet. (think)
from her since last week.
H No, not yet. I for weeks. (look)
10 Can I call you back later? We’re eating / We’ve
I Wonderful – I it every day. (use) been eating dinner.
J Yes, I every day. (practise)
K I’ve finished the book I for two years! (write)
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obligation, necessity, prohibition, advice

obligation and necessity 2 We use (not) need to when it is not necessary to do something.
3 We can also use needn’t + infinitive without to to say that it
1 I have to work every evening.
is not necessary to do something.
Do we have to leave a tip?
They had to wait for two hours at the airport. prohibition
2 You must be more careful.
Must I show ID at the door? You mustn’t be rude to customers.
You must pay him back as soon as possible. You mustn’t serve alcohol to people under 18.
3 I need to buy some food for tonight.
Do we need to book a table? • We use mustn’t when something is prohibited, dangerous, or
wrong.
1 We use have to to talk about all kinds of obligation. have to • mustn’t and don’t have to are completely different. Compare:
can be used in all tenses. You mustn’t drive. You’ve been drinking. = Don’t drive. (It’s
2 We also use must to talk about obligation. must is only used dangerous / wrong to do it).
in the present tense. The meaning is similar to have to, but You don’t have to drive. We can get the bus. = It’s not
must is especially used when the speaker sees something as necessary to drive. (There’s no obligation or necessity.)
a personal obligation. Compare:
I have to start work at 9.00. (an external obligation, the rule
advice
where I work) 1 You should try that new Vietnamese restaurant.
I must remember to book a table. (a personal obligation, one He shouldn’t drink so much coffee.
that I impose on myself) 2 You ought to get a new phone.
3 We can use need to to talk about things that are necessary. She oughtn’t to spend so much on clothes.
need to can be used in all tenses. 3 When you’re in Venice, you must / have to have a drink at
Harry’s Bar!
no obligation / no necessity
1 We use should / shouldn’t to give someone advice, or to
1 You don’t have to pay me now. say what we think is the right thing for ourselves or for
2 We won’t need to take the car – it’s walking distance from here. someone else to do.
3 You needn’t hurry. We have plenty of time.
2 We can also use ought to / oughtn’t to to give advice. The
meaning is the same as should / shouldn’t.
1 We use (not) have to when there is no obligation to do
something. 3 We can use must and have to to give strong advice when we
think it’s very important that someone does something.

a Circle the correct form. Tick ✓ if both are possible. b Complete the sentences with one word.
They had to / must leave early because of the baby. If you like that shirt, you should buy it.
1 I mustn’t / needn’t forget to send Maria’s birthday card. 1 You to use a blue or black pen to
2 My doctor says I have to / should to get more sleep. complete the form.
3 You don’t have to / mustn’t read all the books on the list, 2 She to practice more before the
but you should / shouldn’t read at least four. match.
4 You oughtn’t to / mustn’t smoke in here – that sign says 3 I remember to buy some milk after
‘No smoking’. work today.
5 I know I didn’t need to / mustn’t get you a present, but 4 You listen to music without
I wanted to. headphones.
6 You ought to / have to try to eat more fruit and vegetables. 5 We get the bus yet. It doesn’t take
7 You have to / needn’t worry about finding a hotel – you long to get there.
can stay with me. 6 He to listen to such loud music.
8 We shouldn’t / needn’t go to the supermarket tonight. 7 You use your mobile phone in the
We can go at the weekend. library – it’s against the rules.
9 She mustn’t / doesn’t have to work every weekend, she 8 We have to be at the cinema until nine
just chooses to. o’clock, so we have time for dinner first.
10 You shouldn’t / don’t need to get tickets in advance – 9 You visit us in Warsaw sometime!
we can get them on the night. 10 I to wait for an hour to see the doctor
this morning.

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 6B GRAMMAR BANK

can, could, and be able to

ability, possibility, and permission 1 We use can to talk about ability, possibility, and permission.
can is a modal verb, and it only has a present form
1 You can use a toothbrush to clean jewellery. (which can be used to talk about the future) and a past /
I can’t understand these instructions. conditional form (could).
We can’t park here. It’s a no-parking zone.
She could swim when she was three years old. 2 We often use Can you / I…? or Could you / I…? to make
They couldn’t come to the concert last night. requests or ask for permission. Could…? is more polite.
2 Can you give me a hand? 3 For all other tenses and forms, we use be able to +
Could I borrow your car? infinitive.
3 I’ve been able to drive since I was 17. 4 We sometimes use be able to in the present and past if we
The technician will be able to fix it.
want to be more formal.
I’d love to be able to ski.
I like being able to try clothes on, so I never buy things 5 If we want to talk about ability on one specific occasion in
online. the past, we can use couldn’t but not could. Instead, we use
4 Unfortunately, we are not able to supply the missing parts. was / were able to.
I’m very sorry that I wasn’t able to attend the interview on • We can also use managed to instead of was / were able to,
Friday. e.g. I managed to buy it online.
5 I couldn’t find the book I wanted in the shops, but I was able
to buy it online. deduction
The mark on the carpet was really bad, but in the end I was
able to get it out. It can’t be broken! I only bought it last week.
They can’t be back yet. They said they were coming
home on Sunday.

• We use can’t to say we are sure that something is

impossible / not true.
• In this sense, the opposite of can’t is must. Compare:
She can’t be at work yet. It’s only 7.30 a.m. (= I’m sure it’s
not true.)
She must be at work now. It’s 9.30 a.m. (= I’m sure it’s true.)

a Are the highlighted forms right ✓ or b Complete the sentences with the correct form of can,
wrong ✗? could, or be able to.
Correct the wrong ones. I couldn’t find the book in any bookstore, but I was able to buy it
I couldn’t play the piano very well yet. online.
✗ I can’t 1 I miss having a car. I hate not go wherever
1 He can to sing really well. I want.
2 Were you able to speak to the manager 2 If they get the time off work, they’d travel
yesterday? around Australia for a month.
3 She’s very smart – she could speak three 3 These jeans be £500. That’s far too expensive!
languages at the age of eight! 4 you tell me what time the museum closes
4 I won’t can go to the party tonight. I already today?
have plans. 5 You should get a refund if the shoes don’t
5 I can speak French very well when I was a fit you.
child. 6 We get tickets to see the football match –
6 My suitcase was heavy, but I managed to there were a few left.
carry it. 7 I’ve never understand why so many people like
7 They can be at home. I’m sure they’re still at this music.
work. 8 Will you look after our dog while we’re away?
8 Will you can help me with my homework? 9 I couldn’t book a table for seven o’clock, but I
9 I like able to check my phone when I wake up. book one for eight.
10 It’s wonderful to be able to go to the beach 10 I’m sorry I’m late – I find your flat.
every day.

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phrasal verbs
Type 1 – phrasal verbs with no object Type 3 – phrasal verbs with an object – inseparable
I get up at 6.00. 1 My sister and I both take after our father.
I’m going to be away for three days next week. A Where’s your phone?
What time are you coming back tonight? B I don’t know. I’m looking for it.
They set off early in the morning. A How are you managing until you find a job?
The plane took off late, but we still arrived on time. B We’re living on my wife’s salary.
2 My boyfriend doesn’t get on with his parents.
• Some phrasal verbs have no object. The verb and the Jane’s looking forward to her holiday.
particle can’t be separated. NOT I get at 6.00 up.
Type 2 – phrasal verbs with an object – separable
1 Can you fill this bank form in?
Can you fill in this bank form?
Please put your clothes away.
Please put away your clothes.
Did you switch the computer off?
Did you switch off the computer?
2 Can you fill it in?
Please put them away.
Did you switch it off? 1 Some phrasal verbs have an object but can’t be separated –
the verb and the particle must stay together, even if the
1 Some phrasal verbs have an object and can be separated –
object is a pronoun.
we can put the object before or after the particle.
We take after our father. We take after him.
2 If the object is a pronoun (it, them, etc.), it always goes NOT We take our father after. We take him after.
between the verb and the particle.
2 Some phrasal verbs have two particles – they are never
I switched it off. NOT I switched off it.
separated.

a Circle the correct form. Tick ✓ if both are b Complete the sentences using a pronoun and the
possible. correct form of the phrasal verb in brackets.
Could you turn on the light / turn the light on? ✓ That music is too loud. Please turn it down. (turn down)
1 I know this city very well because I grew here up 1 You’re just like your father. You really .
/ grew up here. (take after)
2 What time are you picking up me / picking me 2 The light is still on. Can you ? (switch off)
up? 3 I’m always arguing with my brothers. I .
3 I’ll switch on the air conditioning / switch the air (not get on with)
conditioning on. 4 A When are you going on holiday?
4 If your food is cold you should send back it / B Next week. I’m . (look forward to)
send it back. 5 A How are Jenny and Steve?
5 I asked for a large coffee / asked a large coffee B I don’t know. I’ve so we haven’t spoken
for. in a while. (fall out with)
6 Can I try these trainers on / try on these 6 A How’s her new business going?
trainers? B She hasn’t actually yet. (set up)
7 He gave me a form and told me to fill in it / fill it 7 This T-shirt is too big. I’m going to to the
in. shop. (take back)
8 Shall we set off at 8.00 / set at 8.00 off? 8 A Have you found your car keys yet?
9 Thanks for lending me the money. I’ll pay you B No, but I’m now. (look for)
back / pay back you tomorrow. 9 My son is ill so I need to stay at home today
10 Can you help me set up my laptop / set my to . (look after)
laptop up, please? 10 A Do we have the receipt for this present?
B No, I think I last week. (throw away)

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verb patterns
Revise the basics verbs + infinitive (with or without to)

infinitive with to 1 Mandy agreed to come with me.

They decided to go home early.
1 It’s very difficult to read his writing.
We wanted to visit the Tate Gallery.
NOT It’s very difficult read…
2 We can’t buy the tickets till tomorrow.
2 I need to go to the supermarket. There’s a lot of traffic – we might be a bit late.
NOT I need go… You shouldn’t drink so much coffee.
3 I went to the cinema to see the new James
Bond film. 1 We use the infinitive with to after many verbs.
NOT I went to the cinema for to see… 2 We use the infinitive without to after all modal verbs (except ought).
4 Be careful not to stay in the sun too long.
NOT Be careful to not stay… verbs + gerund (verb + -ing)

infinitive without to 1 They enjoy watching films at home.

I’ve finished reading the paper if you want it.
5 He can speak five languages.
2 She’s given up working on Saturdays.
NOT He can to speak…
I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
6 We mustn’t be late. Are you going to carry on studying English next year?
NOT We mustn’t to be late.
1 We use the gerund after some verbs, e.g. enjoy, finish, hate.
gerund (verb + -ing)
2 We use the gerund after phrasal verbs.
7 Watching TV helps me to relax in the evening.
NOT Watch TV helps me… verbs + object + infinitive (with or without to)
8 I’m not very good at remembering names.
NOT I’m not very good at remember… 1 They want us to go on holiday with them.
Liam told me not to tell anyone his news.
9 I love getting up early in the summer.
My parents don’t allow me to wear make-up.
NOT I love get…
2 His parents let him go to the concert.
10 I hate not seeing the children at bathtime. Our boss makes us work late on Fridays.
NOT I hate not see the children…
1 We use an object + the infinitive with to after some verbs.
NOT They want that we go with them.
2 We use an object + the infinitive without to after let and make.

a Complete the sentences with the correct b Rewrite the sentences to mean the same thing.
form of the verbs in brackets. She asked if I would like to have lunch with her.
We both enjoy going to the beach. (going) She invited me to have lunch with her.
1 You should to bed early tonight. (go) 1 He doesn’t work at the bakery any more.
2 Have you finished that show yet? He’s given up .
(watch) 2 The forecast says it’s going to continue to snow today.
3 I love time with my family. (spend) It’s going to keep on .
4 We might to the park today because 3 I didn’t remember to book the tickets.
everyone wants football. (go, play) I forgot .
5 I don’t think Italian food is easy. It’s 4 I’ve done my homework.
hard a good lasagna. (cook, make) I’ve finished .
6 He’s good at English, but he hates 5 My teacher said that I should enter the competition.
it. (speak, write) My teacher persuaded .
7 We were told our phones in class. 6 Her parents won’t allow her to go to the party.
(not use)
Her parents won’t let .
8 I can’t afford a new laptop at the
7 My daughter says I should take her to Disney World.
moment. (buy)
My daughter wants .
9 I can’t imagine the internet. (not have)
8 They said that they wouldn’t help me.
10 We want to take up this summer. (surf)
They refused .
9 We’re excited about going to Paris next weekend.
We’re looking forward to .
10 He practices the guitar for an hour a day.
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have something done

• We can use have something done in any tense
How often do you have your car serviced?
and with modal verbs and other verb patterns,
I don’t have the flat cleaned. I clean it myself.
e.g. gerunds or infinitives.
She has her house repainted every few years.
• have is the main verb and is stressed. We use
I’m having my hair cut tomorrow.
auxiliary verbs (do, did, etc.) to make questions
We’ve had a new bathroom put in. and negatives.
The flat was in good condition, so we didn’t have it redecorated.
• If we want to say who did the work, we use by,
When did you have those photos taken? e.g. We had our wedding photos taken by the
We’re going to have the carpets cleaned next week. same photographer you used.
You ought to have your roof repaired. I had the central heating checked by British Gas.
• We use have + object + past participle when we arrange (and usually Using get instead of have
pay) for someone to do something for us, either because we can’t or
In this structure, we can also use get instead of
don’t want to do it ourselves. Compare:
have, e.g. I’m going to have my hair cut =
I’m going to get my hair cut.

I cleaned my car yesterday. I had my car cleaned yesterday.

(= I did it myself.) (= I paid someone to clean it for me.)

a Put the words in the correct order to make b Complete the sentences with the correct form
sentences. of have.
They…serviced had car week the last He / flat / cleaned / today
They had the car serviced last week. He’s having his flat cleaned today.
1 Everyone…taken photo at had work their yesterday 1 He / need / photo taken / next week
2 Has…had eyes your tested recently his grandfather ? 2 They / should / car / service
3 We…carpets next having our week are cleaned 3 She / roof / repaired / at the moment
4 I…might in my the cut hair short have summer 4 He / ought to / windows / replace
5 They…have cleaned need windows to their 5 They / their house / paint / last year
6 I…to going hair have my dyed am 6 He / suit / make / in Hong Kong / last month
7 We…invitations having professionally our are made 7 She / not want / hair / cut / this week
8 They…birthday beautiful for had a made cake her 8 They / might / new bathroom / put in / next year
9 We…the should have checked air conditioning soon
10 He…having house is repainted his

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the passive
forms of the passive • The subject of a passive sentence can be the direct or the
indirect object, e.g.
present simple The site is visited by thousands Active: They are going to give us (indirect object) our exam
of people every year. results (direct object) tomorrow.
present continuous The castle is being restored at the Passive: We are going to be given our exam results
moment.
tomorrow. OR Our exam results are going to be given to us
present perfect The King’s body has never been found. tomorrow.
past simple 10,000 soldiers were killed in an hour at • We often use the passive to talk about processes, for
the Battle of Gettysburg.
example, scientific processes, and in formal writing, such as
past continuous The bridge was closed because it was newspaper reports.
being repaired.
The chemicals are combined at very high temperatures.
past perfect The hospital had been opened by the
Queen three years before.
Parts of Windsor Castle have been damaged in a fire.
will and be going to When will the new museum be built?
Active or passive?
We are going to be given our exam
We can often say things in two ways, in the active or the
results tomorrow.
passive.
infinitive with to The city centre has to be closed to all
1 Using active or passive changes the focus.
traffic next weekend.
Compare:
infinitive without to The President must be elected by a clear
The royal family owns Windsor Castle.
majority.
(Active: The focus is more on the owner.)
gerund Most people hate being woken up in the
Windsor Castle is owned by the royal family.
middle of the night.
(Passive: The focus is more on the castle.)
• We often use the passive when it’s not said, known, or 2 The passive is often used for a more formal style.
important who does an action. My phone has been stolen. Compare:
(= Somebody has stolen my phone, but we don’t know who.) They grow rice in Valencia.
• If we want to say who did an action in a passive structure, we (Active: informal – they = people, farmers)
use by. The Sagrada Familia was designed by Antoni Gaudi. Rice is grown in Valencia.
(Passive: a more formal style)

a Complete the sentences with the correct b Rewrite the sentences to mean the same thing.
passive form of the verb in brackets. A mosquito bit me.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New I was bitten by a mosquito.
York was opened in 1870. (open) 1 They opened the new restaurant last week.
1 Many books about The new restaurant .
World War I. (write) 2 You can download the app from the store.
2 I saw the jacket in the shop last week, but The app .
when I went back, it . 3 Martin Luther King, Jr gave the ‘I have a dream’ speech in 1963.
(sold) The ‘I have a dream’ speech .
3 Fifty new houses in my 4 You must not use your mobile phones during the exam.
town right now. (build) Mobile phones .
4 The Great Wall of China 5 I don’t think they’re going to invite me to their party.
by around 10 million tourists a year. (visit) I don’t think I’m .
5 The Taj Mahal in the 6 Has your manager asked you to work at the weekend?
1650s. (complete) Have you at the weekend?
6 We couldn’t go inside the castle because it 7 You should take your medicine three times a day.
for a wedding. (use) Your medicine .
7 I hate early in the 8 What time will they close the roads for the marathon?
morning. (wake up) What time ?
8 If it snows heavily, our school will 9 They had to cancel the concert last night.
have . (close) The concert .
9 If you take it back to the shop, you should 10 I was really upset that someone had damaged my car.
a refund. (give) I was really upset that my car .
10 When will we about our
exam? (tell)

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reported speech
Revise the basics reported imperatives and requests
1 ‘Wait in the car.’
direct statements reported statements
She told me to wait in the car.
‘I have a good memory.’ She said (that) she had a good memory. ‘Don’t forget.’
‘I’m not leaving.’ He told me (that) he wasn’t leaving. He told me not to forget.
‘We’ll never forget you.’ They told me (that) they’d never forget me. 2 ‘Could you close the window?’
‘I can’t remember.’ He said (that) he couldn’t remember. She asked me to close the window.
‘We might / may be a bit late.’ They told us (that) they might be a bit late. ‘Can you wait here, please?’
‘I must go.’ She said (that) she had to go. He asked us to wait there.

1 We can use tell + object pronoun +

word changes in reported speech infinitive to report imperatives and
instructions.
‘I’ll see you tomorrow.’ He said (that) he’d see me the next day.
‘I did it yesterday.’ She told me (that) she’d done it the day before. • The verb tell can mean give information or
give an instruction. Compare:
‘I went skiing last week.’ He said (that) he’d been skiing the week before.
He told me (that) his name was Rob.
‘We don’t like it here.’ She told us (that) they didn’t like it there.
(= information)
‘This is your station.’ She said (that) that was our station.
He told me to close the door. (= instruction)
• Remember that when we report direct speech some time after the original 2 We can use ask + object pronoun +
words were said, we change pronouns and possessive adjectives, time infinitive to report requests (when you ask
expressions, and words like here and this. someone politely to do something). We
must use an object pronoun, e.g. me, us.
reported questions
• The verb ask can mean ask a question or
1 ‘What do you want to do?’ She asked me what I wanted to do. make a request. Compare:
‘When’s your birthday?’ She asked me when my birthday was. He asked (me) what I was doing. (= question)
2 ‘Have you been to Australia?’ He asked us if / whether we’d been to Australia. He asked me to close the door. (= request)
‘Are you coming with me?’ She asked him if / whether he was coming with her.

1 In reported questions, we change the tenses as with reported statements.

• Reported questions have normal word order, auxiliaries do/did are not used,
nor are question marks: She asked me what I wanted to do.
NOT She asked me what did I want to do?
• The verb ask in reported questions can be used with or without a subject or
object pronoun. e.g. She asked what I wanted to do.
• With the verb be, the word order changes in the reported question.
2 We use if or whether to report questions which start with an auxiliary verb.

a Complete the sentences using reported speech. b Complete the sentences using reported speech.
‘I don’t know your phone number.’ ‘Could you turn down the music?’
She said…she didn’t know my phone number. He asked me…to turn down the music.
1 ‘I’ve seen the first episode.’ He said… 1 ‘Don’t forget to take photos.’ They told us…
2 ‘I can’t remember my password.’ She said… 2 ‘Did you have a good flight?’ She asked him…
3 ‘I will probably be a bit late.’ My sister said… 3 ‘Will you watch the match tonight?’ He asked us…
4 ‘We haven’t visited Oxford yet.’ They said… 4 ‘Please take a seat.’ She told me…
5 ‘The lesson won’t be finished before 9.00.’ She told 5 ‘Where did you go to school?’ They asked me…
me… 6 ‘How long is the queue?’ She asked her…
6 ‘We can’t afford to buy another car.’ They told us… 7 ‘Look at the prices of the flights!’ She told me…
7 ‘I have to finish it before midnight.’ She said… 8 ‘Have you seen the film before?’ He asked me…
8 ‘I must leave work at 6.00.’ He said… 9 ‘Are you going to be busy at the weekend?’ He asked
9 ‘We hope you’ll visit us one day.’ They told me… him…
10 ‘My friends are coming round tonight.’ She told me… 10 ‘Remember to call me when you arrive.’ She told me…

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third conditional and other uses of the past perfect

third conditional other uses of the past perfect
If I’d known his number, I would have called him. 1 When we arrived at the departure gate, the flight
They’d have been much happier if they’d never married. had already closed.
If I hadn’t gone to university, I wouldn’t have met my wife. When the film started, I realized that I’d seen it before.
We still hadn’t had breakfast when the taxi arrived.
What would we have done if we’d missed the flight?
How long had they been engaged before they got married?
• We use the third conditional to talk about how things 2 ‘We haven’t been married long.’
could have been different in the past, i.e. for hypothetical She said (that) they hadn’t been married long.
/ imaginary situations and their consequences. In the third ‘My boyfriend proposed to me in Paris.’
conditional, we use if + past perfect, would have + past She told me (that) her boyfriend had proposed to her in Paris.
participle. ‘I’d already seen the film.’
He said (that) he’d already seen the film.
’d
In third conditionals, ’d is the contraction of both had and 1 We use the past perfect in narratives when we are talking
would, e.g. If I’d known his number, I’d have called him. about the past and we want to talk about something that
happened earlier in the past.
had would • Compare:
When we arrived at the departure gate, the flight closed
(= we were on time).
When we arrived at the departure gate, the flight had closed
(= we were too late).
2 We use the past perfect in reported speech when the
original speech uses the present perfect or the past simple.
• If the original speech is past perfect, there is no change in
reported speech.

a Complete the sentences with the past simple or b Complete the third conditional sentences with the
past perfect form of the verbs in brackets. correct form of the verbs in brackets.
By the time I arrived at the airport, her flight had left. If I ’d known you were so busy, I wouldn’t have asked
(arrive, leave) you to help me move house. (know, not ask)
1 I the city very well, even though I 1 I the poster if I
there twice before. (not remember, past the cinema. (not see, not walk)
be) 2 What we if we
2 She she enough our flight? (do, miss)
to pass the exam. (hope, do) 3 If I earlier, I late
3 I the film twice and I for work. (wake up, not be)
to see it again. (see, not want) 4 If I by the sea, I to
4 She me that she surf. (not grow up, not learn)
the city before. (tell, not visit) 5 We tickets if we
5 When I to the shop, someone earlier. (get, call)
the last copy of the game. (go, buy) 6 If you that job,
6 We all our work, so we you it? (offer, take)
stay late. (not finish, have to) 7 If you me you had a problem,
7 They that they I you. (tell, help)
each other for ages. (say, know) 8 If I my trainers, I
8 We in Edinburgh for a few months to the gym today. (not forget, go)
when we this amazing restaurant. 9 I you a coffee I
(be, discover) you wanted one. (buy, know)
9 He if I his 10 You so tired if you
notepad. (ask, see) up so late. (not feel, not stay)
10 She my message because she
her phone. (didn’t see, lose)

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be, do, and have: auxiliary and main verbs

be – main verb and auxiliary have – main verb and auxiliary
1 A Where’s my bag? B It’s over there. 1 I have two brothers and a sister.
I was very sensitive when I was a child. He’s having a shower at the moment.
They haven’t been here before. What did you have for dinner?
2 I’m sitting on the bus. 2 I have to be at the airport at 11.00.
They aren’t coming to the party. We had our computer repaired last week.
I was cycling to work when I saw him. 3 They’ve bought a new car.
Were they waiting for you when you arrived? I haven’t seen him recently.
She’s been learning Japanese for two years. Has he ever been to Spain?
They haven’t been working here for very long. 4 I was sure I’d seen him before.
A new concert hall is being built – it will open next year. We were hungry because we hadn’t had breakfast.
My car has been stolen! Had she tried to phone you before she arrived?

1 We can use be as the main verb in a sentence. 1 We can use have as the main verb in a sentence. It can be an
2 be is also an auxiliary verb. action or non-action verb.
• We use am / is / are as auxiliaries in the present continuous. 2 With have to and have something done, have is a main verb.
• We use was / were as auxiliaries in the past continuous. 3 We use have / haven’t / has / hasn’t as auxiliaries in the
• We use has been / have been as auxiliaries in the present present perfect.
perfect continuous.
4 We use had / hadn’t as auxiliaries in the past perfect.
• We use all tenses of be as auxiliaries in passives.
do – main verb and auxiliary
1 What are you doing?
I did my homework last night.
2 She doesn’t speak English. Where do they live?
They didn’t go to the theatre. Did you enjoy the film?

1 We can use do as the main verb in a sentence.

2 We use do / don’t / does / doesn’t as auxiliaries in the
present simple, and did / didn’t as auxiliaries in the past simple.

a Complete the sentences with the correct b Complete the sentences with the auxiliary verbs be, do,
form of the main verb be, do, or have. and have.
She had a very busy day at work. (have) Does she have time to help us, or is she too busy?
1 I’ll come for a bike ride with you if I 1 They hoping for good weather, but it rained
time. (have) every day so far.
2 I really pleased if I got the job. (be) 2 A you know that they moved to London?
3 Can you the washing-up tonight? (do) B No, they tell me.
4 I to Egypt before, so I’m looking 3 A Paul coming to see you next weekend?
forward to it. (not be) B I’m not sure. He decided.
5 We can’t talk now because we dinner 4 She called me yet. I think she’s interested.
at the moment. (have) 5 A your daughter like playing tennis?
6 I couldn’t find my phone last night. It B No, she . She prefers swimming.
in my pocket or my bag. (be) 6 She visited lots of countries, but she been to
7 The party was amazing. We all a great Portugal yet.
time. (have) 7 A they know how to find our house?
8 Where you last night? (be) B I think so. I told them where it is.
9 I get my computer fixed this weekend. 8 The traffic been really bad this week, so we
(have) going to cycle to work instead of driving.
10 I my homework later tonight. (do) 9 A Where’s Daniel?
B I know. He tell me where he
going.
10 I want to read that book. I already read it.
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revision of verb forms

a Complete the conversation with the correct form b Complete the sentences to mean the same thing.
of the verbs in brackets. Use the correct form of the words in brackets.
Emma Hello, Ben, how are (be) you? What have you She said that we shouldn’t bring anything. (tell)
been doing this week? We were told not to bring anything.
Ben Hi, Emma. I’m fine, thanks. I 1 (pack) 1 I started learning salsa five years ago. (dance)
for my trip. I salsa for five years.
Emma Oh, I 2 (not know) you were going 2 We gave her £30 for looking after the children. (pay)
away! She £30 for looking after the children.
Ben Sorry, I 3 (think) I 4 (tell) you. 3 He couldn’t hire a car because he had forgotten his
5
I (go) to Thailand for six months. driving license. (remember)
Emma Really? Wow! What 6 you (do) If he his driving license, he could have
there? hired a car.
Ben I7 (teach) English. I 8 (feel) a 4 They bought that flat two years ago. (have)
bit nervous about it, but excited too!
They that flat for two years.
Emma I’m sure you 9 (have) a great time.
5 I don’t have enough money to go to the festival this
When 10 you (leave)?
year. (can afford)
Ben Next Monday. If you 11 (not be) busy,
I would go to the festival this year if I it.
you should 12 (visit) me there!
6 It’s not necessary for you to buy a ticket in advance.
Emma I wish I 13 (can), but I 14
(need)
(already / make) plans to visit Jenny in France.
You to buy a ticket in advance.
Ben Ah yes, she 15 (tell) me you 16
(go) to visit her this summer. You must be 7 He learnt to ride a bicycle when he was six. (able)
looking forward to 17 (spend) some He since he was six.
time with her. 8 She told me that I should apply for the job. (ought)
Emma Yes, I 18 (be). I 19 (not see) her She said that I for the job.
for a few months, so we 20 (have) a lot 9 What are you planning to study at university? (go)
to talk about. What at university?
Ben Yes, you two always have a lot to talk about – 10 Did you play any sports when you were a child?
even when you’ve just seen each other the day (use to)
before! Did you when you were a child?
11 My sister said it would be a good idea to book a
holiday soon. (suggest)
My sister a holiday soon.
12 Millions of tourists go to Las Vegas every year. (visit)
Las Vegas by millions of tourists every
year.
13 My manager said I could take a few days off. (allow)
My manager a few days off.
14 We can see the film another night. (not have to)
We see the film tonight.
15 We missed the train we wanted, so we had to wait for
the next one. (already left)
By the time we arrived at the station, the
train .

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