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    Irrigation (Saad)

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    Irrigation (Saad)

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    8 views33 pages

    Irrigation (Saad)

    Uploaded by

    ramishailyas5

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 33

    DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN

    Mian Saad Ahmed


    IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN
     What is irrigation?

    Irrigation means the action of applying water to


    land in order to supply crops and other plants
    with necessary water.

    Remember: Artificial supply


    WHY DOES PAKISTAN NEED IRRIGATION?
     Arid and semi arid climate
     Aridity increase from North to South
     Ineffectiveness of rainfall
     Annual rainfall is less than 250 mm
     Number of rainy days is less than 10 especially in South of Pakistan
     Balochistan receives very low amount of rainfall
     Spells of high temperatures increase the rate of evapo-
    transpiration
     Monsoon winds are main source of rainfall but they are unreliable
    (time, amount and distribution)
     Rains occur heavily and land absorb small amount of water
     Long and frequent dry spell
     Lack of well – developed irrigation system.
    Methods of Irrigation in Pakistan
     Two irrigation methods are used in Pakistan:
    1. Traditional Methods of Irrigation
    a)Shaduf
    b) Charsa
    c) Persian Wheel
    d) Karez
    e) Inundation Canals
    f) Tank
    SHADUF
    Shaduf and Charsa
    In the Shaduf system water is drawn from a
    well, river or canal by a bucket which is
    attached to a pole on one side and weight
    on the other side.

    In Charsa, animal power is used to pull


    water from the well.
    PERSIAN WHEEL & CHARSA
    Persian Wheel
     Persian water wheel is a device used to raise water out
    of a well . It is a system of a chain of buckets slung
    round a vertical wheel, which is turned by a system of
    cogs and interlocking wheels powered by an ox or bull
    driven in a circle. With the passage of time the wooden
    wheel is replaced by metal. Now a days Persian wheels
    are replaced by tube-wells, but still they exist in small
    numbers in northern areas of Pakistan including district
    Swabi and Mardan.
    Persian Wheel
    DEFINITION OF CANAL
     Canal, an artificial
    waterway constructed
    for navigation or for the
    movement of water. The
    digging of canals for
    irrigation probably dates
    back to the beginnings of
    agriculture, and traces of
    canals have been found
    in the regions of ancient
    civilizations.
     Indundation canals are
    unlined and have water
    during rainy season.
    Tank Irrigation
     Tank irrigation is
    practiced by collecting
    excess water during
    the rainy season.
     Lasts only for a short
    time period.
    Tank Irrigation - Advantages
    • It is a cheap and popular method of
    irrigation.
    • It maintains level of groundwater.
    • Where construction of wells is very costly
    due to hard rock surface, irrigation by tank
    is cheaper.
    • Expenditure is much less as compared to
    canals.
    • Use of additional water from rainfall is
    possible through tanks.
    KAREZ - Features
     The Karez system of irrigation is one of the
    traditional engineering wonders of Pakistan.

    - Horizontal underground canal


    - Several Kilometers long
    - Owned and operated by a group of people
    - Vertical shafts are also dug for maintenance
    - Built on foot hills
    - Permeable rocks let rain water to seep through
    - Natural reservoir is formed
    - Water may contain salt and silt
    Karez - Location
     Practiced mostly in Balochistan (Quetta,
    Mustang, Pishin Valley, Turbat and some
    areas of Makran)
    Karez - Advantages
     In Balochistan water is scarce, evaporation rate is high.
    However by building the canal underground ,
    evaporation losses are reduced to a great extent.
     If carefully maintained, this irrigation system can be used
    for a 100 years or more.
     Once constructed, water can be extracted without
    much effort
     Large areas can be irrigated through Karez, 15% of the
    irrigated area in Balochistan uses Karez.
    Karez - Disadvantages
     Silting in the tunnel may cause blockage of water
     Building this tunnel can be very costly. Therefore it is
    owned by a group of people.
     The water keeps on flowing constantly, and since it is
    shared by a group of farmers they have to make use of
    their turn be it day or night.
     For digging and repair of the canal, experienced workers
    are needed.
     If the level of water table falls down, enough water
    won’t enter the tunnel, and therefore, the farmers
    won’t be able to carry out irrigation.
    KAREZ
    Modern Methods
    a) Perennial Canals
    b) Tube Well
    c) Spray or Sprinkler
    d) Tankers
    CANAL SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN
     Inundation Canal/ Flood Canal
    They flow during flood season
    • Perennial Canal
    1. They have been dug out from head works/ barrages
    and dams.
    2. They flow through out the year.
    3. They supply water to agriculture fields.
    • Link Canals
    The link canals were constructed to meet the
    deficiency of water in Eastern Rivers occurred after
    Indus Basin Treaty 1960.
    Perennial Canals
    Perennial Canals
    - Linked to dams and barrages
    - Lined with Cement
    - Continuous / Reliable supply of water
    - Irrigate a vast area
    - High initial cost
    - Used for production of HEP
    Tubewell
    Tube Well
     A tube well is a type of water well in which a long
    100–200 millimeters (3.9–7.9 in) wide stainless steel
    tube or pipe is bored into an underground aquifer.

     The lower end is fitted with a strainer, and a pump lifts


    water for irrigation.

     The required depth of the well depends on the depth of


    the water table.

     Helps to keep the water table low


    TUBEWELL
    Sprinklers or Spray Irrigation
     Sprinkles water over the crop and helps
    in even distribution of water.
     This method is much advisable in areas
    facing water scarcity
     Sprinklers are mostly installed on
    permanent risers.
     Some sprinklers which rotate are called
    rotor.
    SPRINKLE IRRIGATION- A MODERN METHOD
    Benefits of Modern Methods
     Tube wells can lower the water table /
    reduce water-logging and salinity.
     Less labor is required.
     Provides more water / irrigates large
    lands.
     Provides water through out the year.
     Can be controlled / steady supply (not in
    heavy showers).
     Reduces dependence on rainfall.
     Dams generate electricity.
    INDUS WATER TREATY
    INDUS WATER TREATY
    THANK YOU

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