What are the limits of automated technologies for

vulnerability assessment?

Automated technologies for vulnerability assessment play a crucial role in identifying

security weaknesses within computer systems, networks, and applications. They provide
efficiency and scalability, allowing organizations to scan large environments for potential
vulnerabilities. However, despite their advantages, automated vulnerability assessment tools
have several inherent limitations that security professionals and organizations should be
aware of:

• False Positives and Negatives: Automated tools can generate false alarms (false
positives) or miss real vulnerabilities (false negatives).
• Limited Context Awareness: They may lack the ability to understand the broader
context of a system or application, leading to inaccuracies.
• Complex Vulnerabilities: Automated tools may not detect complex vulnerabilities or
logic-based flaws.
• Zero-Day Vulnerabilities: They cannot identify vulnerabilities that are unknown to
the security community.
• Authenticated Testing: Many tools don't perform authenticated testing, limiting their
effectiveness for certain vulnerabilities.
• Limited Coverage: Automated scans may not cover all parts of an organization's
environment.
• Scanning Overhead: Scanning large networks can disrupt operations and trigger
security alerts.
• Custom Applications: They may struggle to assess custom-built or specialized
software.
• Lack of Human Expertise: Automated tools lack human expertise in assessing
business impact and recommending remediation.
• Risk Prioritization: They may not provide clear prioritization of vulnerabilities
based on business impact.

What distinguishes a vulnerability assessment from a

vulnerability scan?

Aspect Vulnerability Assessment Vulnerability Scan

Definition A comprehensive evaluation of an A more limited, automated

organization's security posture, process that identifies and
involving a systematic review of reports known vulnerabilities
vulnerabilities, their potential impact, and weaknesses in a system
and recommendations for remediation. or network.
 Scope Broader in scope, encompassing both Focused on automated
automated scanning and manual testing. scanning to identify known
It includes risk analysis and business vulnerabilities.
impact assessment.

Approach Combines automated scanning with Primarily relies on automated

manual testing, human expertise, and tools and lacks the depth of
risk assessment. human analysis.

Level of Detail Provides in-depth analysis, including Offers a basic list of

risk prioritization, potential business vulnerabilities with limited
impact, and recommendations for context.
remediation.

Customization Tailored to the organization's specific Typically follows a

needs, including the assessment of standardized process and may
custom applications and unique not accommodate custom
configurations. systems well.

Human Involves cybersecurity experts who can Lacks the depth of human
Expertise understand the business context, assess expertise and may miss
critical assets, and provide context to vulnerabilities that require
findings. manual assessment.

Business Impact Assesses vulnerabilities in terms of Focuses primarily on

Assessment potential impact on the business, technical aspects and may not
helping prioritize remediation efforts. provide insights into business
risk.

Frequency Often conducted periodically or as Typically performed more

needed, considering changes in the frequently, such as daily or
organization's environment and weekly, to detect new
evolving threats. vulnerabilities.

Use Case Ideal for organizations seeking a Suitable for organizations

comprehensive understanding of their looking for quick, automated
security posture, compliance vulnerability identification
requirements, and risk management. and basic security checks.

Create a vulnerability management strategy for the

organization, which should include frequent remediation
and assessments.

Creating a comprehensive vulnerability management strategy for an organization is crucial to

maintaining a strong security posture. Such a strategy should encompass various stages,
including frequent assessments and remediation efforts. Below is a detailed vulnerability
management strategy that includes frequent assessments and remediation:
 i. Assessment and Identification:
• Regular vulnerability scanning and continuous monitoring.
• Maintain an up-to-date asset inventory.
• Prioritize and promptly apply security patches and updates.
ii. Vulnerability Assessment:
• Comprehensive assessments, including manual testing.
• Prioritize vulnerabilities based on severity and business impact.
• Align remediation efforts with risk levels and business objectives.
iii. Remediation:
• Timely remediation with defined SLAs.
• Test patches in a controlled environment.
• Implement change management to track and document changes.
iv. Validation and Verification:
• Validate remediation effectiveness through rescanning.
• Verify security controls and configurations.
v. Reporting and Documentation:
• Create detailed reports of the entire process.
• Provide executive summaries for decision-makers.
vi. Continuous Improvement:
• Establish a feedback loop for process enhancement.
• Review and analyze vulnerability management metrics.
vii. Employee Training and Awareness:
• Provide cybersecurity training for employees.
• Conduct phishing awareness training.
viii. Compliance and Regulatory Considerations:
• Ensure alignment with industry-specific regulations.
• Regularly audit and assess compliance.
ix. Incident Response Integration:
• Integrate vulnerability management with incident response.
x. Technology and Tool Evaluation:
• Continuously assess tool effectiveness.
• Stay informed about emerging technologies.
xi. Communication:
• Maintain open communication with stakeholders.
• Emphasize the importance of vulnerability management.
xii. Third-Party Risk Management:
• Assess third-party vendors and products.
• Mitigate supply chain risks.
xiii. Documentation Retention:
• Retain documentation for compliance and historical reference.
xiv. External Threat Intelligence:
• Stay informed about emerging threats.
• Proactively address potential risks.
xv. Regulatory Reporting:
• Prepare for reporting to regulatory bodies when required.
Determine major flaws that might result in a security
breach by analyzing the findings of a vulnerability
assessment.

A vulnerability assessment is a critical process in identifying weaknesses and security gaps

within an organization's IT infrastructure. Analyzing the findings of such assessments is
essential to pinpoint major flaws that could potentially lead to a security breach. Here's a
step-by-step approach to this analysis:
i. Review Vulnerability Data:
Begin by carefully reviewing the raw vulnerability data collected during the assessment. This
data typically includes a list of vulnerabilities, their severity ratings, affected systems, and
potential impact.
ii. Categorize Vulnerabilities:
Categorize vulnerabilities into different groups based on their severity levels. Common
classifications include low, medium, high, and critical. This helps prioritize the flaws that
pose the greatest risk.
iii. Assess Business Impact:
Consider the potential business impact of each vulnerability. Assess how the exploitation of a
particular flaw could affect critical business operations, data confidentiality, integrity, and
availability. Focus on vulnerabilities that could lead to significant financial, reputational, or
legal consequences.
iv. Identify Common Attack Vectors:
Analyze how vulnerabilities align with common attack vectors and techniques. Some flaws
may be easily exploited through methods like phishing, remote code execution, or SQL
injection. Identifying these vectors helps understand the potential avenues for attackers.
v. Evaluate Ease of Exploitation:
Consider the ease with which an attacker can exploit a vulnerability. Vulnerabilities with
known and readily available exploit tools or techniques are of higher concern. Also, assess
whether the flaw requires authentication or specific conditions to be met for exploitation.
vi. Review Patch Availability:
Check whether patches or updates are available for the identified vulnerabilities.
Vulnerabilities for which patches exist should be prioritized for immediate remediation.
Those without patches may require additional protective measures.
vii. Assess Vulnerability Dependencies:
Examine whether multiple vulnerabilities can be chained together to create a more significant
security risk. Some flaws may seem minor individually but can be combined to escalate
privileges or gain unauthorized access.
viii. Consider Compliance and Regulations:
Evaluate whether any vulnerabilities violate industry-specific compliance requirements or
regulations. Non-compliance can lead to legal consequences, making these flaws a higher
priority.
ix. Review Historical Data:
Compare the current vulnerability findings with historical assessment data. Identifying
recurring vulnerabilities indicates systemic issues that need attention.
x. Engage Stakeholders:
Involve key stakeholders, including IT teams, security personnel, and business leaders, in the
analysis process. Their insights into the organization's operations and priorities can help
determine the significance of flaws.
xi. Create an Action Plan:
Based on the analysis, create a detailed action plan that prioritizes the remediation of major
flaws. The plan should include timelines, responsible parties, and resources needed for
mitigation.
xii. Monitor Progress:
Continuously monitor the progress of vulnerability remediation efforts. Track how quickly
vulnerabilities are patched or mitigated and whether the risk landscape is improving.
xiii. Reassess and Iterate:
Regularly reassess the IT environment to identify new vulnerabilities and ensure that
previously addressed flaws remain secure. Vulnerability management is an ongoing process
that requires continuous improvement.

Compare the costs and benefits of using an open-source

approach vs using a commercial vulnerability assessment
program.

Aspect Open-Source Approach Commercial Vulnerability

Assessment Program

Cost Often free or lower initial May involve licensing and

cost subscription fees

Functionality and May have limited features Offers a comprehensive feature set.
Features

Customization Highly customizable. Customization may be limited.

 Vendor Support Relies on community Provides dedicated customer support.
support.

Scalability Scalability varies by tool. Designed for scalability and enterprise

use.

Technical Expertise Requires more technical Designed for use by security

expertise. professionals.

Updates and Updates may depend on Frequent updates and patches for
Maintenance community. vulnerabilities.

Vulnerability May use publicly Access to proprietary and

Database available databases. comprehensive vulnerability data.

Offer a fresh approach or framework for evaluating

vulnerabilities that takes new dangers and technology into
account.

In today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, traditional vulnerability assessment approaches

may fall short in identifying and mitigating emerging threats. To address this challenge, we
propose the development and implementation of the Advanced Vulnerability Assessment
Framework (AVAF), designed to provide a proactive and adaptable approach to vulnerability
assessment that considers new dangers and technologies. AVAF is structured around the
following key principles and components:

i. Continuous Monitoring and Threat Intelligence:

Dynamic Risk Profiling: AVAF leverages real-time threat intelligence feeds to dynamically
profile emerging risks and vulnerabilities. It employs machine learning algorithms to assess
the potential impact and exploitability of new vulnerabilities.
ii. Asset Discovery and Classification:
Automated Asset Discovery: AVAF includes automated asset discovery tools that identify all
devices, applications, and systems within an organization's network, including those using
non-standard or IoT protocols.
iii. Contextual Risk Assessment:
Context-Aware Scanning: Rather than conducting generic scans, AVAF performs contextual
scanning based on asset classification, business importance, and data sensitivity. This ensures
that high-priority assets receive more extensive scrutiny.
iv. Attack Surface Analysis:
Exploitation Simulation: AVAF incorporates penetration testing and simulation techniques to
mimic potential attacks, helping organizations understand their full attack surface and how
vulnerabilities may be exploited.
v. Threat Modeling and Scenario-Based Assessments:
Threat Modeling Workshops: AVAF conducts threat modeling workshops to identify
potential threat vectors, attack scenarios, and assess their potential impact.
vi. Vulnerability Prioritization and Remediation:
Risk-Based Prioritization: AVAF employs a risk-based approach to prioritize vulnerabilities,
considering factors such as asset criticality, exploitability, and potential impact.
vii. Automation and Orchestration:
Automation of Remediation: AVAF integrates with security orchestration tools to automate
the remediation of identified vulnerabilities, reducing response times.
viii. Adaptive Learning:
Machine Learning and AI: AVAF continually learns from historical data and adapts to
evolving threats using machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms.
ix. Reporting and Communication:
Executive Dashboards: AVAF provides executive-level dashboards for clear visualization of
the organization's security posture, allowing for informed decision-making.
x. Compliance and Regulation Adherence:
Customizable Compliance Checks: AVAF includes customizable compliance checks to
ensure that organizations meet regulatory requirements and industry standards.

Review a vulnerability assessment report's clarity,

thoroughness, and practical advice.

A vulnerability assessment report is a crucial document that provides insights into an

organization's security posture, potential risks, and actionable steps to mitigate
vulnerabilities. In this review, we will examine the key aspects of a vulnerability assessment
report, assessing its clarity, thoroughness, and the practicality of the advice provided.

Clarity:
• Executive Summary: The executive summary should offer a concise overview of the
assessment's findings, focusing on critical vulnerabilities and their business impact.
• Report Structure and Organization: The report should be logically organized with
a clear table of contents and headings to guide the reader through sections.
• Use of Visual Aids: Visual aids such as charts and graphs should be effectively used
to illustrate key points and supported by clear explanations.
Thoroughness:
• Vulnerability Identification: Vulnerabilities should be comprehensively identified
using various scanning tools and techniques. Details like severity, CVEs, and affected
assets should be included.
• Asset Discovery: The report should include an inventory of all assets, including
hidden or non-standard assets.
• Risk Assessment: A thorough risk assessment should consider exploitability, impact,
and asset criticality. Risk rating or scoring systems should be used for prioritization.
• Recommendations: Recommendations should offer actionable steps tailored to
address specific vulnerabilities.

Practical Advice:
• Remediation Guidance: Practical remediation guidance should include step-by-step
instructions and consider the organization's technology and resources.
• Prioritization: The report should prioritize vulnerabilities clearly, justifying their
ranking.
• Mitigation Techniques: A variety of mitigation techniques should be offered,
including immediate and long-term solutions, along with compensating controls.
• Compliance and Best Practices: Recommendations should align with industry
standards and compliance requirements while promoting best practices in
vulnerability management.

Why are vulnerability assessments using the "Common

Vulnerability Scoring System" (CVSS) and what does it
mean?

The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is an integral part of vulnerability

assessments due to its ability to provide a standardized and objective way to assess and
communicate the severity and impact of security vulnerabilities. CVSS serves several crucial
purposes in vulnerability assessments:

• Standardization: CVSS ensures consistent and comparable assessments across

organizations.
• Prioritization: CVSS helps prioritize vulnerabilities by severity to allocate resources
effectively.
• Communication: CVSS provides a common language for clear communication with
non-technical stakeholders.
• Risk Management: It calculates risk accurately by considering exploitability, impact,
and affected assets.
• Vendor-Neutral: CVSS is impartial and not tied to specific vendors or products.

What does it mean –

CVSS uses a scoring system to assess vulnerabilities, providing a numerical value to
represent their severity. The CVSS score consists of three metric groups: Base, Temporal,
and Environmental, each with its set of sub-metrics. Here's what each of these groups means:

• Base Metrics: Assess inherent vulnerability characteristics like attack vector and
impact.
• Temporal Metrics: Consider factors like exploit availability and ease of exploitation.
• Environmental Metrics: Customize scores based on organizational specifics like
asset value and security controls.
• CVSS Score: A numerical value between 0.0 and 10.0 representing severity, aiding
quick risk assessment.

Describe a few typical subcategories of software and

system vulnerabilities.

Software and system vulnerabilities can be classified into various subcategories, each
representing a specific type of weakness or security flaw. Understanding these subcategories
is crucial for effective vulnerability assessment and mitigation. Here are a few typical
subcategories:
▪ Buffer Overflow: Excess data in memory, may lead to unauthorized code execution.
▪ SQL Injection: Attackers manipulate database queries to steal data.
▪ XSS (Cross-Site Scripting): Malicious scripts run in users' browsers.
▪ CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery): Users unknowingly execute actions on web
apps.
▪ Privilege Escalation: Unauthorized users gain higher-level access.
▪ Auth Bypass: Flaws allow entry without valid credentials.
▪ DoS/DDoS: Overwhelm systems, causing crashes or downtime.
▪ Info Disclosure: Sensitive data accidentally exposed.
▪ File Inclusion/Traversal: Unauthorized file access.
▪ Insecure Deserialization: Processed data can execute code.
▪ Zero-Day Vulnerabilities: Unpatched, actively exploited flaws.

Compare and contrast active and passive vulnerability

evaluations.

Aspect Active Vulnerability Scans Passive Vulnerability Scans

Definitions Involves actively probing and Relies on monitoring and

testing systems to identify flaws collecting data passively
 Proactive vs Proactive approach to find Reactive approach based on
Reactive vulnerabilities before exploitation historical data and observation

Resource Typically consumes more Lighter on resources as it observes

Intensive resources due to active scanning existing network traffic

Real-Time Provides real-time insight into Offers insights into past

Assessment current vulnerabilities vulnerabilities but not immediate

Network Impact May cause network disruption or Minimal impact on network

degradation during scans performance, often imperceptible

Security Can trigger intrusion detection Generally, goes unnoticed, making

Measure systems and alarms it stealthier

Speed if Rapidly discovers vulnerabilities Slower to identify vulnerabilities,

Discovery through active testing relies on historical data

Examples Penetration testing, vulnerability Log analysis, traffic monitoring,

scanning, active probing passive observation

Risk Higher risk of unintended Lower risk, as it doesn't actively

consequences due to active testing interact with system

Use Cases Ideal for identifying immediate Suited for long-term trend analysis
threats and vulnerabilities and compliance monitoring

Visibility May reveal vulnerabilities that May not detect certain

passive methods miss vulnerabilities without active scans

Analyse the efficiency of various tools and techniques for

vulnerability scanning.

Vulnerability scanning is a critical component of cybersecurity, helping organizations

identify and address weaknesses in their systems, networks, and applications. The efficiency
of vulnerability scanning tools and techniques can significantly impact an organization's
ability to maintain a secure environment. Let's analyze the efficiency of various tools and
techniques in this context:
Vulnerability Scanning Tools:

• OpenVAS (Open Vulnerability Assessment System): OpenVAS is an open-source

vulnerability scanning tool known for its extensive vulnerability database. It
efficiently detects known vulnerabilities across various systems and applications. Its
efficiency lies in its regular updates and comprehensive scanning capabilities.
 • Nessus: Nessus is a widely-used commercial vulnerability scanner. Its efficiency is
attributed to its speed and accuracy in identifying vulnerabilities. It provides detailed
reports and integrates with other security tools, enhancing its overall efficiency in
vulnerability management.
• QualysGuard: QualysGuard is a cloud-based vulnerability management solution. Its
efficiency lies in its scalability, allowing organizations to scan large networks
efficiently. It offers real-time reporting and prioritizes vulnerabilities based on
severity.
• Nexpose: Nexpose by Rapid7 is another commercial vulnerability scanner known for
its efficiency. It uses advanced scanning techniques to detect vulnerabilities quickly.
Its reporting and analytics capabilities contribute to its effectiveness.
Passive vs. Active Scanning:

• Active Scanning: Active scanning involves sending probes and requests to identify
vulnerabilities actively. While it is efficient in discovering known vulnerabilities, it
can be resource-intensive and may disrupt network operations. It's best suited for
proactive identification of immediate threats.
• Passive Scanning: Passive scanning, on the other hand, relies on observing network
traffic and collecting data passively. It is efficient in providing insights into historical
vulnerabilities and compliance monitoring. Passive scanning has minimal impact on
network performance and is ideal for long-term trend analysis.
Vulnerability Prioritization Techniques:

• Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS): CVSS is an industry-standard for

scoring vulnerabilities based on their severity. Efficient vulnerability scanners use
CVSS scores to prioritize vulnerabilities, allowing organizations to focus on
addressing the most critical ones first.
• Asset and Risk-Based Prioritization: Some tools and techniques take into account the
asset's value and potential impact on the organization when prioritizing
vulnerabilities. This approach efficiently directs resources toward protecting critical
assets.
Integration with Remediation:

• Efficient vulnerability scanning tools seamlessly integrate with remediation

workflows. They not only identify vulnerabilities but also provide guidance on how to
mitigate them.
• Integration with patch management systems and automation tools streamlines the
remediation process, making it more efficient.
Reporting and Visualization:
Efficiency is enhanced through clear and actionable reporting. Effective tools generate
detailed reports with visualizations that help security teams understand vulnerabilities better.
These reports should include recommendations for remediation.
Conclusion:
Efficiency in vulnerability scanning is crucial for organizations to maintain a strong security
posture. The choice of scanning tools, active or passive scanning, prioritization techniques,
integration capabilities, and reporting all play a significant role in determining how
efficiently vulnerabilities are identified and addressed. Organizations should carefully assess
their specific needs and constraints to select the most efficient combination of tools and
techniques for their vulnerability management program.

Create a methodology for risk assessment that combines

other security indicators with the findings of vulnerability
assessments.

1) Understand the Objectives:

Define the purpose of the risk assessment, such as identifying potential threats,
vulnerabilities, and their impact on the organization's assets and operations.

2) Establish a Framework:

Adopt a recognized risk assessment framework, like ISO 27005 or NIST SP 800-30,
to ensure consistency and comprehensiveness.

3) Identify Assets:

List and categorize critical assets, including hardware, software, data, and personnel.
Determine their value to the organization.

4) Conduct Vulnerability Assessment:

Employ vulnerability scanning tools and techniques to identify weaknesses and

vulnerabilities in the organization's systems, applications, and network infrastructure.

5) Gather Security Indicators:

Collect data on security indicators from various sources, including:

•Incident Logs: Review logs of past security incidents to identify trends and
recurring issues.
• Threat Intelligence Feeds: Utilize external threat intelligence sources to
understand emerging threats.
• User Behavior Analytics: Monitor user activities for anomalous behavior.
• Patch Management Reports: Evaluate the effectiveness of patching processes.
• Access Control and Authentication Logs: Analyze access patterns and
authentication failures.
6) Evaluate Security Indicators:

Assess the collected security indicators to identify patterns, anomalies, and potential
risks. Consider the context in which these indicators exist.
 7) Risk Assessment:
• Combine vulnerability assessment findings and security indicators to assess
the risks associated with identified vulnerabilities and threats.
• Use the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) to quantify the
severity of vulnerabilities.
• Consider the likelihood of exploitation based on historical data and threat
intelligence.
8) Risk Prioritization:
• Prioritize risks based on their potential impact and likelihood.
• Assign risk levels (e.g., low, medium, high) to vulnerabilities and threats.
9) Mitigation Strategies:
• Develop mitigation strategies for high and medium-risk items.
• Align strategies with industry best practices and compliance requirements.
10) Reporting:

Generate comprehensive reports that include vulnerability assessment findings,

security indicators, risk assessments, and mitigation recommendations.

11) Continuous Monitoring:

Implement continuous monitoring mechanisms to track changes in security indicators

and vulnerabilities over time.

12) Review and Update:

Regularly review and update the risk assessment methodology to adapt to evolving
threats and technology changes.

13) Conclusion:

A robust risk assessment methodology that integrates security indicators with

vulnerability assessment findings is essential for proactive risk management. By
combining these elements, organizations can gain a holistic view of their security
posture, prioritize actions, and make informed decisions to protect their assets and
data effectively.

Analyse the ethical and legal issues that accompany

vulnerability assessment, such as disclosure.

Ethical Considerations:
Informed Consent: Before conducting vulnerability assessments on systems or networks, it is
important to obtain informed consent from the system owner or administrator. This ensures
that the assessment is conducted with the knowledge and permission of the parties involved.

• Scope and Boundaries: Clearly define the scope and boundaries of the vulnerability
assessment. Ethical assessors should not intentionally damage or disrupt systems
during the assessment. Unauthorized access, data breaches, or any actions that
negatively impact the assessed systems should be strictly avoided.
• Confidentiality: Vulnerability assessors must respect the confidentiality of any data
or information they access during the assessment. This includes not disclosing
sensitive information to unauthorized parties and handling data in accordance with
privacy regulations.
• Disclosure to Affected Parties: If a vulnerability assessment uncovers significant
security weaknesses that could potentially harm users or organizations, there is an
ethical responsibility to disclose these findings to the affected parties. However, this
disclosure should be responsible and coordinated with the affected organizations to
minimize harm.
• Competence: Vulnerability assessors should possess the necessary skills and
expertise to conduct assessments effectively and responsibly. Incompetent
assessments can lead to false positives, unnecessary disruptions, and potential ethical
breaches.

Legal Considerations:
• Authorization: Unauthorized vulnerability assessments can be illegal and may
violate computer crime laws. It is essential to obtain proper authorization before
conducting any assessment.
• Data Privacy: Assessors must comply with data privacy and protection laws,
especially when handling sensitive information. Unauthorized access to personal data
may lead to legal consequences.
• Defacement and Damage: Actions that result in defacement or damage to systems or
networks may lead to legal liabilities. Assessors must avoid any activities that can
cause harm.
• Regulatory Compliance: Some industries and sectors have specific regulations
regarding vulnerability assessments. Compliance with these regulations is crucial to
avoid legal issues.
• Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs): Assessors may be bound by NDAs that limit
their ability to disclose findings publicly. Legal agreements should be reviewed and
followed carefully.

What constitutes a vulnerability assessment process'

essential elements?
A vulnerability assessment process is a systematic approach to identifying, evaluating, and
mitigating security vulnerabilities in an organization's information systems. It involves a
series of essential elements designed to enhance an organization's overall cybersecurity
posture. These elements ensure that vulnerabilities are proactively managed and that critical
assets are protected from potential threats.

1) Scope Definition:
• Identify and prioritize assets based on criticality and sensitivity.
2) Vulnerability Identification:
• Maintain asset inventory.
• Continuously monitor for new vulnerabilities.
• Use vulnerability databases and feeds.
3) Vulnerability Scanning:
• Choose appropriate tools.
• Schedule regular scans for systems and applications.
• Cover network and application levels.
4) Risk Assessment:
• Prioritize vulnerabilities based on severity.
• Calculate risk considering likelihood and impact.
• Classify vulnerabilities as critical, high, medium, or low.
5) Remediation Planning:
• Develop patch management strategy.
• Plan mitigation measures.
• Implement change management.
6) Vulnerability Reporting:
• Generate detailed assessment reports.
• Share reports with stakeholders.
7) Remediation Verification:
• Validate patches and mitigations.
• Confirm successful resolution.
8) Documentation:
• Maintain records of assessments and remediations.
• Ensure authorized access and retention.
9) Ongoing Monitoring and Review:
• Continuously improve the process.
• Stay updated on emerging threats.
10) Compliance and Reporting:
• Align with regulations and standards.
• Report findings when required.