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PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
CLASS 12
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PROJECT:-
To Investigate The Dependence Of The
Angle Of Deviation On The Angle Of
Incidence Using a hollow prism filled,
one by one, with different transparent
fluids.
SUBMITTED BY:-
ARYA AGARWAL
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CERTIFICATE:-
This is to certify that ARYA AGARWAL of
class XII has successfully completed the
investigatory project under our observation for
the fulfillment of class XII Examination
conducted by “CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION”. The Topic is-:
To Investigate The Dependence Of The Angle
Of Deviation On The Angle Of Incidence Using
a hollow prism filled, one by one, with different
transparent fluids. It is worked under the
supervision of Physics Teacher.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am sincerely thankful to my physics faculty
who helped me a lot for the completion of this
project with their guidance and time and due to
them I could take up this project. I also thank
our Principal for immense encouragement. I
extend my sincere thanks to our lab attendant,
my family members and my classmates. I
sincerely thank CBSE for giving me the
opportunity to undertake this project.
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INDEX:-
SR. TOPIC
NO
1) PRINCIPAL
2) PROTOCOL
3) INVESTIGATION
4) BIBLOGRAPHY
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PRINCIPAL:-
SNELL’S LAW:-
The point of refraction is created where the incident
rays lands and the angle that it makes with the
refracted ray not forgetting the normal line that is
dropped on the plane perpendicularly. The medium
through which the rays of light are passing creates a
considerable difference in refraction unlike in
reflection of light. The refractive indices make the
dependency on the medium apparent in Snell’s Law.

FORMULA:-
n1×sin(angle of incidence)=n2×sin(angle of refraction)

Refractive Index:
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The refractive index of a medium is a dimensionless

number that describes how light propagates through
that medium. It is defined as the ratio of the speed of
light in vacuum (or air) to the speed of light in the
medium. The refractive index can vary depending on
the wavelength of light and the medium's properties.

Critical Angle:
When light travels from a denser medium to a rarer
medium, there exists a critical angle of incidence . If
the angle of incidence exceeds this critical angle,
the light undergoes total internal reflection rather
than refraction. The critical angle can be calculated
using the formula:
μ 1 sin i c = μ 2 sin 90 °
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Applications:
 Lenses: The principles of refraction are essential
for understanding the behavior of lenses, both
converging and diverging. Lenses are used in
various optical devices, including cameras,
telescopes, and eyeglasses.
 Prisms: Prisms work based on the dispersion of
light due to different refractive indices of
materials. They are used to separate white light
into its constituent colors (dispersion).
 Fiber Optics: In fiber-optic communication,
light signals are transmitted through optical
fibers (made of glass or plastic) by undergoing
total internal reflection.
 Atmospheric Refraction: The bending of light as
it passes through the Earth's atmosphere is
responsible for phenomena like sunrise and
sunset appearing earlier than geometrically
predicted.
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PROTOCOL:-
Aim:-
To find out the refractive indices of different liquids using a
hollow prism.
Apparatus Required:-
 Hollow glass prism
 Various liquids like water, carbon disulphide, benzaldehyde
etc.
 Bell pins
 Drawing board
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Theory
A prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished
surfaces that refract light. Prisms can be made from any material
that is transparent including glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism
can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors.
Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into
components with different polarizations.
The refractive index of the liquid Is given by the formula:
U=sini/sinr=sin((a+d)/2)/sin(a/2)
Where,
U=refractive index of the liquid.
a= the angle of minimum deviation
d=angle of prism
i=angle of incidence
r=angle of refraction
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Procedure:-
 Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with help
of drawing pins.
 Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.
 Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
 Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal
PQ and place 2 pins so that they appear to be in the straight
line.
 Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid ,on the
marked outline ABC.
 Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all
the 4 pins appear to be in same line.
 Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so
obtained.
 Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.

Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of incidence

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Observation:-
 Benzaldehyde
S.no a º(angle of i º (angle of d º (angle of
prism) incidence) deviation)
1 60 30 45
2 60 35 42
3 60 37.5 40
4 60 39 42
5 60 40 45

U=sin((60+40)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.504

 Water
S.no a º(angle of i º (angle of d º (angle of
prism) incidence) deviation)
1 60 30 25
2 60 35 22
3 60 40 20
4 60 45 22
5 60 50 25
6 60 55 28

U=sin((60+22)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.306
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 Dil. Sulphuric Acid

S.no a º(angle of i º (angle of d º (angle of
prism) incidence) deviation)
1 60 20 33
2 60 30 30
3 60 35 25
4 60 40 29
5 60 45 30

U=sin((60+25)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.351
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Conclusion :-

Refractive indices at room temperature:

 Benzaldehyde
o Actual: 1.546
o Experimental: 1.504
 Water
o Actual: 1.33
o Experimental: 1.306
 Dil . Sulphuric acid
o Actual: 1.355
o Experimental: 1.351
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Precautions:-

 Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-60 degree.

 Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in same line.

 Distance b/w two points should not be less than 10mm

(about 0.39 in).

 Same angle of prism should be used for all observation.

 Arrow head should be marked to represent emergent and

incident ray.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
 CLASS 12 NCERT PHYSICS
 GOOGLE SEARCH ENGINE
 Wikipedia.com
 Slideshare.net

THANK YOU