DEE2413 - Instrumentation

and Measurement Systems

(Chapter 2-DC Meter)
TS.MOHD HISYAM BIN MOHD ARIFF
CHAPTER 2

DC and AC
METERS
 STRUCTURE FOR CHAPTER 2
Part 1 (DC) Part 2 (AC)
• Introduction to DC • Introduction to AC
meters meters
• D’ Arsonval meter • D’ Arsonval meter
movement movement (half-wave
rectification)
• DC ammeter
• D’ Arsonval meter
• DC voltmeter movement (full-wave
• DC ohmmeter rectification)
• Loading effects of AC
meter
 PART 1
DC METERS
OBJECTIVES
 Gain basic knowledge on DC meters
 Understanding principal of d’Arsonval meter
movement
 Know how to calculate the shunt resistance of
DC meter
 Learn the principle of Ayrton shunt

 Ammeter insertion effects on circuit

 Meters

Digital Meters
Measure the continuous voltage/ current signal at discrete points in
time.
The signal converted from analog signal (continuous in time) to a digital
signal (discrete instants in time)

Analog Meters
Based on the d’Arsonval meter movement which implements the readout
mechanism.
 INTRODUCTION
HOW CAN WE MEASURED CURRENT AND
VOLTAGE?
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

 Advantages  Disadvantages
 Wide range of  Work on DC only
measurement
 Wear & tear of control
 Low power consumption spring permanent
 Not affected by stray magnet
magnetic field
 No hysteresis loss
AMMETER, VOLTMETER AND OHMMETER?

 DC Ammeter : The shunting resistor Rsh and d’Arsonval

movement form a current divider
 DC Voltmeter : Series resistor Rs and d’Arsonval movement
form a voltage divider.
 DC Ohmmeter : Measures the current to find the resistance
Rs

Rsh

Rs
 DC AMMETER
 D’Arsonval movement, Rm || shunt resistor, Rsh
 Tolimit the amount of the current in the movement’s
coil by shunting some of it through Rsh
d'Arsonval movement
Im + - Rsh = resistance of the shunt
Rm Rm = internal resistance of the meter
movements (movable coil)
Rsh
Ish Ish = shunt current
Im = full scale deflection current of
the meter movement
I
I = full-scale deflection current for
Ammeter terminal the ammeter

| | = Parallel symbol
 DC AMMETER (CONT’D)
d'Arsonval movement Vm = ImRm Vsh = IshRsh
Im + - Vsh = Vm
Rm
IshRsh = ImRm
Rsh Rsh = ImRm / Ish (Ω) ----(a)
Ish
I = Ish + Im Ish = I – Im
Therefore, Rsh = ImRm/(I – Im)
I
Ammeter terminal Purpose I >>n Im , n = multiplying factor n=I/Im
I = nIm ---(b)
Substitute b to a
Rsh = ImRm/(nIm – Im)
Rsh= Rm/(n-1) -----(c)
 EXAMPLE 1: DC AMMETER

A 100uA meter movement with an internal resistance

of 800Ω is used in a 0 - 100 mA ammeter . Find the
value of the required shunt resistance.
 THE ARYTON SHUNT
Rm

Rsh
Rc Rb Ra

5A

10A 1A

Most sensitive
- + range
•Used in multiple range ammeter Rsh = Ra + Rb + Rc
•Eliminates the possibility of the
moving coil to be in the circuit
without any shunt resistance
Ra = Rsh − (Rb + Rc ) ----(c)
 THE ARYTON SHUNT (CONT’D)
Im
Rm At point B, (Rb+Rc)||(Ra+Rm)
Rsh
Rc Rb
B Ra VRb + Rc = VRa + Rm
I - Im

I2 (Rb + Rc )(I2 -Im) = Im(Ra +Rm)

Since,
I3 I1
Ra = Rsh – (Rb + Rc),
yield,
I
+ - I2 (Rb + Rc ) – Im(Rb+Rc) = Im [Rsh – (Rb + Rc ) + Rm]
Middle
sensitive I m ( Rsh + Rm )
range Rb + Rc = ----(d)
I2
 THE ARYTON SHUNT (CONT’D)

Im
Rm At point C, Rc||(Ra+Rb+Rm)

VRc = VRa + Rb + Rm
Rsh
Rc Rb Ra
C

I - Im

I2 (I3-Im)Rc = Im(Ra+Rb+Rm)
I3Rc = Im(Ra+Rb+Rc+Rm)
I3 I1
I3Rc = (Rsh+Rm)

I I m ( Rsh + Rm )
+ - Rc = ----(e)
I3
THE ARYTON SHUNT (CONT’D)
 Substitute eqn (d) into eqn (e), yields

1 1
Rb = I m ( Rsh + Rm )  −  ----(f)

 I 2 I3 

Ra = Rsh – (Rb+Rc) ----(g)

 EXAMPLE 2:
THE ARYTON SHUNT
Calculate the value for Ra, Rb and Rc as shown, given the
value of internal resistance, Rm=1kΩ and full scale current of
the moving coil = 100 µA. The required range of current are:
I1 = 10 mA, I2 = 100 mA and I3 = 1A.
Im
Rm

Rsh
Rc Rb Ra

I - Im

I2

I3 I1

I
+ -
SOLUTION EX:2
SOLUTION EX:2
 AMMETER INSERTION EFFECT
R1 R1
X X

Ie Connect Im
Ammeter
E E Rm

Y
E Y (I − I )
InsertionError = e m 100% E
Ie = Ie Im =
R1 R1 + Rm

Im R1
=
I e R1 + Rm

InsertionError =
( Ie − Im )
100%
Ie
EXAMPLE 3: AMMETER INSERTION EFFECTS

A current meter that has an internal resistance of

78Ω is used to measure the current through resistor
R1. Determine the percentage of error of the reading
due to ammeter insertion.
R1
X

Im
1kΩ

3V E Rm

Y
 SOLUTION EX:3
E 3V
Ie = = = 3mA
R1 1k

E 3V
Im = = = 2.78 mA
R1 + Rm 1k + 78

(I e − I m )
InsertionError =  100 % =
Ie
(3mA − 2.78mA) 100 % = 7.34%
3mA
 DC VOLTMETER
• DMM become VOLTMETER – multiplier Rs in series with the
meter movement.

To extend the
PURPOSE

voltage range

To limit current through the DMM

to a maximum full-scale deflection
current

DMM = D’Arsonval Meter Movement

 DC VOLTMETER (CONT’D)
Rs Im
+

Rm

1
Sensitivit y = (Ω/V) Unit derivation:
I fs
1 1 ohms
Sensitivit y = = =
Ifs= Im = full scale deflection current amperes  volt  volt
 
 ohms 
Rs + Rm= (S x Vrange) It is desirable to make
R(voltmeter) >>R ( circuit)
EXAMPLE 4: DC VOLTMETER
Calculate the value of the multiplier resistance
on the 50 V range of a dc voltmeter that used a
500µA d’Arsonval meter with an internal
resistance of 1 kΩ.
 SOLUTION EX:4

1 1
Sensitivit y = = = 2k / volt
I fs 500 uA

Rs = (S x Vrange) - Rm

Rs = 2k x 50 -1k = 99k ohm

 MULTI-RANGE VOLTMETER
 A multi-range voltmeter consists of a deflection instrument,
several multiplier resistors and a rotary switch.

only one of the three multiplier resistors is

connected in series with the meter at any time.
The range of this meter is

V = Im( Rm + R)
Multi-range Voltmeter
Where the multiplier resistance,
R can be R1 or R2 or R3
 MULTI-RANGE VOLTMETER

The multiplier resistors are connected in series, and

each junction is connected to one of the switch
terminals. The range of this voltmeter can be also
3V
10V calculated from the equation

V = Im( Rm + R)
30V

A commercial version of a Where the multiplier, R, now can be

multi-range voltmeter
R3 or (R2 + R3) or (R1 + R2 + R3)

(Note: the largest voltage range must be

associated with the largest sum of the multiplier
resistance)
EXAMPLE 5: MULTI-RANGE VOLTMETER
Calculate the value of the multiplier resistance for the
multiple range dc voltmeter circuit shown in Figure (a)
and Figure (b), if Ifs = 50μA and Rm = 1kΩ

3V
10V

30V

Figure (a) Figure (b)

 SOLUTION EX:5
 Solution A
SOLUTION EX:5
VOLTMETER LOADING EFFECT

RA
RT = Rs +Rm
Rs Im
E

VRB RB
Rm Req = RB //RT

Ifs= Im Rs + Rm
Vrange =
S
Rs= (S x Vrange) - Rm
Total voltmeter resistance, RT
Vrange = ( Rs + Rm) Im RT = Rs + Rm = S x Vrange
VOLTMETER LOADING EFFECT
(CONT’D)
Calculation:

 1) RT = Rs + Rm = S x Vrange
 2) Req = RB // RT

 3) Without volt-meter RB
V = xE
RA + RB
RB
(expected value)

 4) With volt-meter Req

VRB =
m
(measured value) xE
Req + R A

VRB − VRB
m
 5) Insertion error
x100%
VRB
EXAMPLE 6: VOLTMETER LOADING
EFFECT

RA
RT = Rs +Rm
Rs Im
E

VRB RB
Rm Req = RB //RT

A volt meter (0-10V) that has an internal resistance of

78Ω is used to measure the voltage across resistor RB.
Determine the percentage of error of the reading due to
voltmeter insertion. Let E = 4V, RA=RB = 1kΩ , S =
1kΩ/V
 SOLUTION EX:6
1) RT = Rs + Rm = S x Vrange

RT = 1k x 10 = 10 k ohm

2) Req = RB // RT
= 1k ohm //10 k ohm = 0.91k ohm
3) Without volt-meter
(expected value)

RB 1k
VRB = xE = x 4V = 2V
R A + RB 1k + 1k
 SOLUTION EX:6
4. With volt-meter (measured value)

Req 0.91k
= xE = x 4V = 1.92V
m
VRB
Req + R A 0.91k + 1k
5. Insertion error

VRB − VRB 2 − 1.92

m
x100 % = x100 % = 4%
VRB 2
 DC OHMMETER
Basic Ohmmeter circuit

Fixed portion
Rz
Ifs
0.1Rz 0.9Rz Rm

Variable E
X Y
portion

Rx
 DC OHMMETER (CONT’D)
Before measuring the Rx, the Ωmeter is set to “zero”-calibration
Definition zero = shorting the terminal x-y & adjust Rz to obtain
the full-scale deflection on the meter movement.

E
I fs = w/o Rx
Rz + Rm
I < Ifs

E
I= with Rx
Rz + Rm + Rx
 DC OHMMETER (CONT’D)
Relationship between full-scale deflection to the value of Rx is :

I Rz + Rm
P= =
I fs Rz + Rm + Rx

This equation is used for marking off the scale on the

meter face of the ohmmeter to indicate the value of a
resistor being measured
 EXAMPLE 7:DC OHMMETER
A 1 mA full-scale deflection current meter movement is to be
used in an ohmmeter circuit. The meter movement has an
internal resistance, Rm, of 100Ω, and a 3 V battery will be used
in the circuit. If the measured resistor has resistance of 1kΩ,
mark off the meter face for the reading.
SOLUTION EX:7
 EXAMPLE 8:DC OHMMETER
A 1 mA full-scale deflection current meter movement is to be
used in an ohmmeter circuit. The meter movement has an
internal resistance, Rm, of 100Ω, and a 3 V battery will be used
in the circuit. Mark off the meter face for the reading (20%,
40%, 50%, 75% and 100%).
 SOLUTION EX:8
Ohm

4.5k 3k

12k 50% 1k
40%
75%
20%
0
∞
0% 100%
Full scale
percentage
MULTIPLE-RANGE OHMMETER
The previous section is not capable of measuring resistance
over wide range of values.
We need to extend our discussion of ohmmeters to include
multiple-range ohmmeters
Rz - fixed resistance &
Ifs zeroing potentiometer
Rm

R1
Rx1

R2
R x 10

R3
R x 100
E
X Y
END OF PART 1
 MOHD HISYAM – LIVE | LEARN |
RESEARCH | PLAY.
Thank you (ump.edu.my)

Open Module by Mohd Hisyam

47