1.

How to create object in php

<?php
// Define a simple class
class MyClass {
public $myVariable;
public function __construct($value) {
$this->myVariable = $value;
}
public function display() {
echo "Value of myVariable is: " . $this->myVariable;
}
}
// Create an object of MyClass
$obj = new MyClass("Hello, world!");
// Call a method of the object
$obj->display();
?>
2. What is abstract class write characteristics of abstract class
An abstract class in PHP is a class that cannot be instantiated directly. It is meant to be a
base class for other classes and provides a blueprint for the methods and properties that
its subclasses must implement. Abstract classes are declared using the abstract keyword.
Here are the characteristics of an abstract class in PHP:
~ Cannot be instantiated directly: Abstract classes cannot be used to create objects.
They are meant to be extended by other classes.
~ Can have abstract methods: Abstract classes can contain abstract methods, which are
methods without a body. These methods must be implemented by any concrete
subclass.
~ Can have non-abstract methods: Abstract classes can also have non-abstract methods,
which have a body and can be inherited by subclasses.
~ Can have abstract properties: Abstract classes can have abstract properties, which are
properties without a value. These properties must be implemented by any concrete
subclass.
 3. What is serialization?
Serialization in PHP refers to the process of converting a PHP data structure (such as an
array or an object) into a format that can be stored or transmitted and later
reconstructed to its original form. This is typically used when you need to store data in a
file or database, or when you need to send data over a network.
The serialized data is typically represented as a string, which can then be stored in a file,
database, or transmitted over a network. The serialized data can later be deserialized, or
converted back into its original PHP data structure.
4. What is interface explain with example
An interface in PHP is a contract that defines a set of methods that a class must
implement. It provides a way to define the structure of a class without actually
implementing any of its methods. Interfaces are declared using the interface keyword.
<?php
interface Animal {
public function makeSound();
}
class Dog implements Animal {
public function makeSound() {
return "Woof!";
}
}
$dog = new Dog();
echo $dog->makeSound(); // Output: Woof!
?>
5. Explain different parameters use for $_SERVER information
The $_SERVER superglobal in PHP is an associative array containing information about
the server environment, such as the server's software and configuration, the client's
browser and IP address, and more. It is a powerful tool for gathering information about
the server and the request that a PHP script is handling.
$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']: This parameter contains the hostname of the server that is
handling the current request.
$_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']: This parameter contains the request method (e.g., GET,
POST, etc.) used by the client to make the current request.
$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']: This parameter contains the URI (Uniform Resource
Identifier) of the current request.
$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']: This parameter contains the query string portion of the URI
of the current request.
6. What is sicky form? Explain
A "sticky form" in PHP refers to a web form that retains the values entered by the user
even after the form has been submitted. This is often used to provide a better user
experience by allowing the user to correct any errors in the form without having to re-
enter all the information.
7. What is self-processing form
A "self-processing" form in PHP is a form where the form submission and processing
logic are contained within the same PHP script. In other words, the form's action
attribute points to the same PHP script that renders the form, handles the form
submission, validates input, and processes the form data.
~ Form Display: The PHP script initially displays the HTML form to the user.
~ Form Submission: When the user submits the form, the same PHP script handles the
form submission by checking the request method ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"]) to
determine if the form has been submitted via POST.
~ Form Processing: If the form has been submitted, the PHP script processes the form
data, performs any necessary validation, and executes any business logic required for
the application.
~ Redisplay Form with Errors: If there are validation errors or processing issues, the PHP
script redisplay the form with error messages and, possibly, previously submitted values
(making it a sticky form) to allow the user to correct any mistakes.
8. Difference between $_get and $_post variables
~Data Transmission Method:
$_GET: Data is transmitted in the URL as query parameters. This means that the form
data is visible in the URL and can be bookmarked or shared.
$_POST: Data is transmitted in the HTTP request body. This means that the form data is
not visible in the URL and is not bookmarkable or shareable.
~Data Size Limit:
$_GET: Limited by the maximum length of a URL (typically around 2048 characters, but
this can vary depending on the browser and server settings).
$_POST: Limited by the server's configuration (e.g., post_max_size and
upload_max_filesize settings in the php.ini file).
~Security:
$_GET: Less secure because the data is visible in the URL and can be tampered with by
the user.
$_POST: More secure because the data is not visible in the URL and is transmitted in the
request body.
~Usage:
$_GET: Typically used for requests that do not change the server state (e.g., search
queries, pagination, etc.).
$_POST: Typically used for requests that change the server state (e.g., form submissions,
data updates, etc.).
9. Explain concept of the XML
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for
encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. It
is widely used for representing structured data in a hierarchical format. In PHP, you can
work with XML in various ways, such as parsing XML documents, creating XML
documents, and transforming XML documents using XSLT.
~ XML Parsing: PHP provides several functions for parsing XML documents, such as
simplexml_load_string(), simplexml_load_file(), and xml_parse().
~ XML Generation: PHP provides functions for generating XML documents, such as
simplexml_load_string(), simplexml_load_file(), and xml_parse().
~ XML Validation: PHP provides functions for validating XML documents against a
schema, such as libxml_use_internal_errors(), libxml_get_errors(), and
libxml_clear_errors().
~ XPath: XPath is a language for addressing parts of an XML document. PHP provides
functions for querying XML documents using XPath, such as DOMXPath::query().
 10. What is XML parser what are different type explain with example
An XML parser is a software component or library that reads XML documents and
interprets their structure, allowing developers to extract information and manipulate
data within the document. XML parsers come in different types, each with its own
approach to parsing and processing XML documents. Here are the main types of XML
parsers:
DOM Parser (Document Object Model):
~ DOM parsers create a tree-like representation of the entire XML document in memory,
where each node in the tree corresponds to an element, attribute, text node, etc.
~ DOM parsers provide a powerful API for navigating and manipulating the XML
document using methods such as getElementById(), getElementsByTagName(), and
createElement().
SAX Parser (Simple API for XML):
~ SAX parsers parse XML documents sequentially and generate events as they encounter
elements, attributes, text, etc.
~ SAX parsers do not build a complete in-memory representation of the XML document,
making them memory-efficient and suitable for large XML documents.
11. Write php program to create class temperature which contains data members
as Celsius and Fahrenheit. Define parameterized constructor in Celsius
<?php
class Temperature {
private $celsius;
private $fahrenheit;
// Parameterized constructor to initialize Celsius temperature
public function __construct($celsius) {
$this->celsius = $celsius;
$this->fahrenheit = $this->convertToCelsiusToFahrenheit($celsius);
}
 // Method to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
private function convertToCelsiusToFahrenheit($celsius) {
return ($celsius * 9/5) + 32;
}
// Method to get Celsius temperature
public function getCelsius() {
return $this->celsius;
}
// Method to get Fahrenheit temperature
public function getFahrenheit() {
return $this->fahrenheit;
}
}
// Create an object of Temperature class with Celsius temperature as 20
$temperature = new Temperature(20);
// Get and display Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures
echo "Celsius temperature: " . $temperature->getCelsius() . "°C<br>";
echo "Fahrenheit temperature: " . $temperature->getFahrenheit() . "°F";
?>
12. Write php script to create cd catlog using xml file
Xml file -
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8' ?>
<CD>
<cd type='music'>
<name>silent_songs</name>
<launch-date>5-6-2014</launch-date>
<composer>A-R-Rehman</composer>
</cd>
<cd type='music'>
<name>Hip-Hop</name>
<launch-date>4-8-2011 </launch-date>
<composer>Yo-Yo-Honey singh </composer>
</cd>
<cd type='music'>
<name>love track </name>
<launch-date>6-9-2000</launch-date>
<composer>Arjit Singh</composer>
</cd>
</CD>
Php file -
<?php
$xml=simplexml_load_file('slip_11_Q3.xml');
var_dump($xml);
?>