PLANE

FIGURES
FSOLIMON

ENGR. ROY ANGELO PINEDA

Civil Engineer
LearningOutcomes
PLANE FIGURES

• Define, and enumerate parts

• identify plane figures.
• Solve and apply involving perimeter and
areas of Plane figures.
Plane Figures
Plane geometry is the study of geometric figures that can be drawn on
a two-dimensional surface called a plane. Figures that lie on a plane are
called two-dimensional figures or simply plane figures.

Examples:
Polygons
A Polygon is a closed plane figure formed by line segments.

Part of a Polygon

1. The side or the edge of a polygon is one of the line segments that
make up the polygon. Adjacent sides are pairs of sides that share a
common endpoint.
2. The vertices of a polygon are the endpoints of each side of the
polygon. Adjacent vertices are endpoints of a side
3. A diagonal of a polygon is a line segment joining two non-adjacent
vertices of the polygon.
4. An interior angle is the angle formed by two adjacent sides inside
the polygon.
5. An Exterior angle is an angle that is adjacent to and supplementary
to an interior angle of the polygon.
Types of polygons
1. Equiangular Polygon – A polygon is equiangular if all of its
angles are congruent.
2. Equilateral Polygon - A polygon is equilateral if all of its sides are
equal.
3. Regular Polygon – Regular polygons are both equiangular and
equilateral.
4. Irregular Polygon – A polygon that is neither equiangular nor
equilateral is said to be an irregular polygon.
5. Convex Polygon – Every interior angle of a convex polygon is less
than 180°. If a line is drawn through the convex polygon, the line will
intersect at most two sides.
6. Concave Polygon – A concave polygon has at least one interior
angle that measures more than 180°. If a line is drawn through a
concave polygon, the line may intersect more than two sides.
Naming Polygons
Similar Polygons
 Two polygons are similar if their corresponding interior angles are
congruent, and their corresponding sides are proportional. Similar
polygons have the same shape but may differ in size.

𝒚𝟐

𝒚𝟏
𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟏
Relations Between Two Similar Polygons

 The ratio of any two corresponding sides of similar polygons are

equal.
𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐

 The ratio of the areas of similar polygons is the square of the ratio of
any two corresponding sides.
𝟐 𝟐
𝑨𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏
𝑨𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐

 The ratio of the perimeters of similar polygons is equal to the ratio of

any two corresponding sides.

𝑷𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏
𝑷𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Properties of a Regular Polygon

 The perimeter (𝑃) of any closed plane figure is the total length
around the figure, or the sum of the side lengths. The formula for
finding the perimeter of a regular polygon is
𝑷 𝒏 𝒔
where n is the number of sides and s is the length of each side.

 Area of any polygon can be calculated by dividing the polygon into

many triangles, and then finding the sum of the areas of the triangles.
For a regular polygon with 𝑛 sides of measure 𝑠,

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝒏𝒔𝟐
𝑨 𝒏𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐭
𝟒 𝒏 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟒𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝒏
Properties of a Regular Polygon

 Diagonal of a polygon is a line connecting two nonadjacent vertices.

The number of diagonals in a polygon is expressed by the formula
𝒏 𝒏 𝟑
𝑵𝒅 where 𝑛 is the number of sides.
𝟐

 The apothem of a regular polygon is a line segment from the center

to the midpoint to one of its sides. The apothem is perpendicular to
the side. For a regular polygon with 𝑛 sides of measure 𝑠,

𝒔
𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎, 𝒂
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝒏
Properties of a Regular Polygon

 Interior Angles of a polygon are the angles inside the polygon.

𝐧 𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝐈𝐀
𝐧

 Sum of Interior Angles in a polygon is expressed by the formula,

𝑺𝑰𝑨 𝒏 𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟎° where 𝑛 is the number of sides.

 Central Angle is the angle that is opposite a side of a regular polygon.

It is formed by two lines drawn from the center of the polygon to two
side adjacent vertices.

𝟑𝟔𝟎°
𝛉
𝐧
Sample Problems
1. Find the area of a regular nonagon whose sides measure 3 meters.
Determine the number of distinct diagonals that can be drawn from each
vertex and the sum of its interior angles. A=55.64 sq m, d = 27, SIA =
1260 deg
Sample Problems
2. The number of diagonals of regular polygon is 65. Find the perimeter of the
Polygon if its apothem measures 8 inches. Perimeter = 51.22 inches
Sample Problems
3. The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 35. Find the area of the
Polygon if its apothem measures 10 centimeters. Area = 325.10 sq. cm
Sample Problems
4. What is the name of a regular polygon that has 90 diagonals?
pentadecagon
Triangles
 The most fundamental subset of polygons is the set of Triangles.

Classification of Triangles: According to sides

Equilateral – a triangle with three congruent sides and three
congruent angles. Each angle measures 60°
Classification of Triangles: According to sides
Isosceles – a triangle with two congruent sides and two congruent
angle

Scalene – a triangle with no congruent sides and no congruent angle

Classification of Triangles: According to angles
Right – a triangle with a right
angle (90 ° angle)
c
b
Note: Pythagorean Theorem

𝑐 𝑎 +𝑏
a
Oblique – a triangle with no right angle
 Acute – a triangle with three acute angles (less than 90 °)
 Equiangular – a triangle with three equal angles
 Obtuse – a triangle with one obtuse angle (more than 90° but less
than 180°)
Congruent Triangles
 Two triangles are congruent when they have the same shape and size.
Similar Triangles
 Two triangles are similar if their corresponding angles are congruent,
and their corresponding sides are proportional.

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐

𝑏 𝑏

 Area
 Sides =
 Perimeter =
Parts of a Triangle
 Base – A triangle has three possible bases and three possible vertices.
 Vertex angle – The angle opposite of the base
 Base angle – The two angles adjacent to the base
 Altitude – A line segment is drawn from a vertex perpendicular to the
opposite side
 Orthocenter – The point of the intersection of the altitudes of a
triangle.
 Median – is the line segment connecting the midpoint of a side and the
opposite vertex.
 Centroid – is the point of intersection of the median of a triangle
 Angle bisector – it divides an angle of the triangle into congruent or
equal angle
 Incenter – the point of intersection of the angle bisectors of a triangle.
 Perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle – it divides the sides
into two equal segments and is perpendicular to the sides
 Circumcenter – is the point of intersection of the perpendicular
bisectors of the sides of a triangle
 Euler line – is the line that contains the orthocenter, centroids, and
circumcenter of a triangle.
Properties of Triangle Centers

1. Orthocenter – The orthocenter is not always in the interior of a

triangle. In an obtuse triangle, the two sides of the obtuse angle and the
corresponding altitudes are extended to meet at a point outside the
triangle. In a triangle, the orthocenter is on a vertex of the triangle.
2. Centroid – the centroid is known as the center of mass of the triangle.
Unlike the orthocenter, the centroid is always inside the triangle, and
for the right, isosceles, and equilateral triangles, the centroid is located
one-third of the altitudes from the base.
3. Inceter – the incenter is the center of the large circle that can be
inscribed in a triangle.
4. Circumcenter – the circumcenter is the center of the circle
circumscribing a triangle. It is not always inside the triangle. The
vertices of a circumscribed triangle lie on the circle and are equidistant
from the circumcenter.

Note: The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always equal to 180°
Altitude, Median and Angle Bisector C

 Altitude
2 𝑠 𝑠 𝑎 𝑠 𝑏 𝑠 𝑐 b a
ℎ
𝑐 ℎ

Where s is the semi-perimeter s A B

c

 Median
b a
𝑚
1
𝑚 2𝑎 2𝑏 𝑐
2 A B
c
C

 Angle Bisector 𝜃 𝜃
b a
𝑎𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑙 𝑙
𝑎 𝑏
A B
c
Formulas for the area of a Triangle
 General Formula Note: Area is
maximum when
1 the height is
𝐴 𝑏 ℎ maximum ℎ
2
b

 Side-Angle-Side Formula
a
1
𝐴 𝑎 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜃
2
b

 Heron’s Formula C

𝐴 𝑠 𝑠 𝑎 𝑠 𝑏 𝑠 𝑐 b a

Where s is the semi-perimeter s B

A
c
Sample Problems
1. If one side of a triangle is 20 meters and the perimeter is 72 meters, what
is the maximum area that the triangle can have? 240 square meter
Sample Problems
2. Solve for the perimeter and area of the given triangle below: 894.50 sq. ft

75 ft

56.44 ft

33.73 ft
Sample Problems
3. From the right triangle ABC shown below, AB = 40 cm and BC = 30 cm.
Points E and F are projections of point D from hypotenuse AC to the
perpendicular legs AB and BC, respectively. How far is D from AB so that
length EF is minimal?
Sample Problems
4. Find the area of triangle ABC, given that the sides AB = 5 units, BC = 8
units, and ∠ABC = 60°.
Sample Problems
5. Find the area, perimeter, and all interior angles of the given triangle below.

2 61 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
a

12 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠