University of Science, VNU-HCM

Faculty of Information Technology

Môn Cơ Sở Trí Tuệ Nhân Tạo

Introduction to Data Science

Data Visualization

Presenter: Le Ngoc Thanh

[email protected]

Ho Chi Minh City

 Content
◎ Introduction

◎ Types of Visualization
○ Comparison Plots
○ Relation Plots
○ Composition Plots
○ Distribution Plots
○ Geo Plots

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 What is Data Visualization?
◎ Data visualization is the graphical representation of information
and data.

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 Why is Data Visualization important?
◎ Visual data is very easy to understand compared to data in any
other form.
○ Our brains process images at a rapid pace, according to an MIT study.

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 Example of Data Visualization
◎ Sosmap.net visualizes the covid infected cases with map

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 Example of Data Visualization
◎ The visual from CNBC uses a bar graph to visualize the industry-by-
industry employment changes in the January 2021 jobs report.

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 Example of Data Visualization
◎ The NY Times uses scatter
plots to explain about healthy
food

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 Features of Visualizations
◎ All of data visualizations include the following features :
○ Indicators: They highlight the most important information.
○ Simplicity: The information is clear. The reader understands the
information at hand immediately.
○ Brevity: The message is short and clear, and no unnecessary
information is visible.
○ Originality: types of data are collected and displayed in a way that
offers readers a new perspective on the subject.
○ Colour: to draw the reader’s attention to the most important pieces of
information, clear and easy-to-understand color palettes are used.

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 Data Wrangling
◎ Data wrangling—also called data munging—is the process of
transforming and mapping data from one "raw" data form into
the format that is convenient for the consumption of data.

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 Tools and Libraries for Visualization
◎ Non-coding tool:
○ Tableau
○ Power BI

◎ Coding (Python, Matlab, R):

○ Python libraries:
◉ Matplotlib
◉ Seaborn
◉ Geospatial
◉ Bokeh

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 Types of Data

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 Content
◎ Introduction

◎ Types of Visualization
○ Comparison Plots
○ Relation Plots
○ Composition Plots
○ Distribution Plots
○ Geo Plots

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 Comparison Plots
◎ Comparison plots include charts that are well-suited for
comparing multiple variables or variables over time.
○ Line chart
○ Bar chart
○ Radar chart

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 Line Chart
◎ Line charts are used to display quantitative values over a
continuous time period and show information as a series.

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 Line Chart
◎ Uses:
○ Line charts are great for comparing multiple variables and visualizing
trends for both single as well as multiple variables, especially if your
dataset has many time periods (roughly more than ten).
○ For smaller time periods, vertical bar charts might be the better choice.

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 Line Chart Example
◎ Compares the stock-closing prices for Google, Facebook, Apple,
Amazon, and Microsoft.

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 Line Chart Pratices
◎ Design practices:
○ Avoid too many lines per chart
○ Adjust the scale so that the trend is clearly visible

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 Bar Chart
◎ The bar length encodes the value.

◎ There are two variants of bar charts: vertical bar charts and
horizontal bar charts.
○ While they are both used to compare numerical values across
categories, vertical bar charts are sometimes used to show a single
variable over time.
○ Don't confuse vertical bar charts with histograms. Bar charts compare
different variables or categories, while histograms show the distribution
for a single variable.

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 Bar Chart Example
◎ The marks out of 100 that five students obtained in a test

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 Bar Chart Example
◎ The following diagram compares movie ratings, giving two
different scores:

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 Radar Chart
◎ Radar charts, also known as spider or web charts, visualize multiple
variables with each variable plotted on its own axis, resulting in a polygon.
○ All axes are arranged radially, starting at the center with equal distances between
one another and have the same scale.

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 Radar Chart Example
◎ The following radar chart displays data about a student (a single
variable) scoring marks in different subjects.

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 Radar Chart Example
◎ The following diagram shows a radar chart for two
variables/groups:

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 Radar Chart Example
◎ Radar chart with faceting for multiple variables (multiple
subjects)

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 Radar Chart Pratices
◎ Design practices:
○ Display ten factors or fewer on one radar chart to make it easier to
read.

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 Content
◎ Introduction

◎ Types of Visualization
○ Comparison Plots
○ Relation Plots
○ Composition Plots
○ Distribution Plots
○ Geo Plots

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 Relation Plots
◎ Relation plots are perfectly suited to show relationships among
variables.
○ Scatter plot
○ Bubble plot
○ Correlogram
○ Heatmap

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 Scatter Plot
◎ Scatter plots show data points for two numerical variables,
displaying a variable on both axes.

A scatter plot of height and weight of persons belonging to a single group

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 Scatter Plot
◎ With scatter plot:
○ Can detect whether a correlation (relationship) exists between two
variables.
○ Can plot the relationship for multiple groups or categories using
different colors.
○ A bubble plot, which is a variation of the scatter plot, is an excellent
tool for visualizing the correlation of a third variable.

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 Scatter Plot Example
◎ Scatter plot with multiple variables (three groups)

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 Scatter Plot Example
◎ The following diagram shows the correlation between the body mass and the maximum
longevity for various animals grouped by their classes.
○ There is a positive correlation between the body mass and the maximum longevity

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 Variants: scatter plots with marginal histograms
◎ In addition to the scatter plot, you can plot the marginal distribution for each
variable in the form of histograms to give better insight into how each variable
is distributed.

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Correlation between body mass and maximum longevity of the Aves class with marginal histograms
 Bubble Plot
◎ A bubble plot extends a scatter plot by introducing a third numerical variable.
○ To show a correlation between three variables.
○ The value of the variable is represented by the size of the dots. The area of the dots is
proportional to the value.
○ A legend is used to link the size of the dot to an actual numerical value.

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 Correlogram
◎ A correlogram is a combination of scatter plots and histograms.
○ A correlogram or correlation matrix visualizes the relationship between
each pair of numerical variables using a scatter plot.
○ The diagonals of the correlation matrix represent the distribution of
each variable in the form of a histogram.

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 Correlogram Example
◎ The following diagram shows a
correlogram for height, weight,
and age of humans.

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 Correlogram Example
◎ Correlogram with
multiple categories

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 Heatmap
◎ A heatmap is a visualization where values contained in a matrix
are represented as colors or color saturation.
◎ Heatmaps are great for visualizing multivariate data
○ categorical variables are placed in the rows and columns
○ numerical or categorical variable is represented as colors or color
saturation.

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 Content
◎ Introduction

◎ Types of Visualization
○ Comparison Plots
○ Relation Plots
○ Composition Plots
○ Distribution Plots
○ Geo Plots

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 Composition Plots
◎ Composition plots are ideal if you think about something as a
part of a whole.
○ Pie chart
○ Stacked bar chart
○ Venn diagram

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 Pie Chart
◎ Pie charts illustrate numerical proportion by dividing a circle into
slices.
○ Each arc length represents a proportion of a category.
○ The full circle equals to 100%.
○ For humans, it is easier to compare bars than arc lengths; therefore, it
is recommended to use bar charts or stacked bar charts most of the
time.

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 Pie Chart Example
◎ The following diagram shows a pie chart that shows different fielding
positions of the cricket ground, such as long on, long off, third man, and
fine leg.

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 Pie Chart Example
◎ The following diagram shows water usage around the world:

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 Pie Chart Variants: Donut Chart
◎ Donut charts are more space-efficient because the center is cut
out, so it can be used to display information or further divide
groups into sub-groups.

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 Stacked Bar Chart
◎ Stacked bar charts are used to show how a category is divided into sub-
categories and the proportion of the sub-category, in comparison to the
overall category.
○ You can either compare total amounts across each bar or show a percentage of each
group.

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 Stacked Bar Chart
◎ A 100% stacked bar chart makes it easier to see relative
differences between quantities in each group.

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 Stacked Area Chart
◎ Stacked area charts show trends for part-of-a-whole relations.
○ The values of several groups are illustrated on top of one another.
○ It helps to analyze both individual and overall trend information.

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 Venn Diagram
◎ Venn diagrams, also known as set diagrams, show all possible
logical relations between a finite collections of different sets.
○ Each set is represented by a circle.
○ The circle size illustrates the importance of a group.
○ The size of an overlap represents the intersection between multiple
groups.

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 Content
◎ Introduction

◎ Types of Visualization
○ Comparison Plots
○ Relation Plots
○ Composition Plots
○ Distribution Plots
○ Geo Plots

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 Distribution Plots
◎ Distribution plots give a deep insight into how your data is
distributed.
○ Histogram
○ Density plot
○ Box plot
○ Violin plot

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 Histogram
◎ A histogram visualizes the distribution of a single numerical
variable.
○ Each bar represents the frequency for a certain interval.
○ Either plot a histogram with absolute frequency values or alternatively
normalize your histogram.
○ To compare distributions of multiple variables, use different colors for
the bars.

◎ Histograms help get an estimate of statistical measures.

○ Identify where values are concentrated
○ Easily detect outliers.
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 Histogram Example
◎ The distribution of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) for a test group.
○ The solid line indicates the mean and the dashed lines indicate the
standard deviation

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 Density Plot
◎ A density plot shows the distribution of a numerical variable.
○ It is a variation of a histogram that uses kernel smoothing, allowing for
smoother distributions.
○ An advantage they have over histograms is that density plots are
better at determining the distribution shape, since the distribution
shape for histograms heavily depends on the number of bins (data
intervals).

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 Density Plot Example

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 Box Plot
◎ The box plot shows multiple statistical measurements.
○ The box extends from the lower to the upper quartile values of the
data, thus allowing us to visualize the interquartile range.
○ The horizontal line within the box denotes the median.
○ The whiskers extending from the box show the range of the data. It is
also an option to show data outliers, usually as circles or diamonds,
past the end of the whiskers.

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 Box Plot Example

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 Box Plot Example
◎ If you want to compare statistical measures for multiple variables or groups,
simply plot multiple boxes next to one another.

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 Violin Plot
◎ Violin plots are a combination of box plots and density plots.
○ Both the statistical measures and the distribution are visualized.
○ The thick black bar in the center represents the interquartile range, the
thin black line shows the 95% confidence interval, and the white dot
shows the median.
○ On both sides of the center-line, the density is visualized.

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 Violin Plot Example
◎ The following diagram shows a violin plot for a single variable
and shows how students have performed in Math:

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 Box plot vs Violin Plot

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 Content
◎ Introduction

◎ Types of Visualization
○ Comparison Plots
○ Relation Plots
○ Composition Plots
○ Distribution Plots
○ Geo Plots

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 Geo Plots
◎ Geological plots are a great way to visualize geospatial data.
○ Dot map
○ Choropleth map
○ Connection map

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 Dot Map
◎ In a dot map, each dot represents a certain number of
observations.
○ Each dot has the same size and value (the number of observations
each dot represents).
○ The dots are not meant to be counted—they are only intended to give
an impression of magnitude.
○ The size and value are important factors for the effectiveness and
impression of the visualization.
○ You can use different colors or symbols for the dots to show multiple
categories or groups.

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 Dot Map Example
◎ The following diagram shows a dot map where each dot represents a
certain amount of bus stops throughout the world

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 Choropleth Map
◎ In a choropleth map, each tile is colored to encode a variable.
○ A tile represents a geographic region for, for example, counties and
countries.

◎ Choropleth maps provide a good way to show how a variable

varies across a geographic area.

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 Choropleth Map Example
◎ The following diagram shows a choropleth map of a weather
forecast in the USA:

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 Connection Map
◎ In a connection map, each line represents a certain number of connections
between two locations.
○ The link between the locations can be drawn with a straight or rounded line
representing the shortest distance between them.

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