C PROGRAMMING UNIT I

Unit I
Introduction to Programming in C

1.1 History of C Programming Language

1. C is one of the high level language.
2. C programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories of
AT & T (American Telephone & Telegram) in USA.
3. C was originally developed for UNIX operating system.
4. It was developed to overcome problem of previous language such as B, BPCL, etc.
5. UNIX operating system development was started in 1969 and its code was rewritten in
c in the year 1972.

1.2Compiler and Interpreter

A. Compiler
1. Compiler used to translate high level language code to machine code.
2. Compiler scans complete program as once and translate it as a whole into machine code.
3. Compiler has slow speed because it scans complete program as once and translate it as
a whole into machine code.
4. Compiler generates all errors at a time, hence debugging is difficult than interpreter.
5. Compiler generate intermediate code which required linking hence compiler required
more memory.
6. Compiler checks all kind of limits, ranges, errors etc.
7. Program language like C, C++ uses compiler.

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B. Interpreter
1. Interpreter used to translate high level language code to machine code.
2. Interpreter reads line by line program and translate it into machine code.
3. Therefor Interpreter is faster than Compiler.
4. Interpreter generates single error at a time, hence debugging is easy than compiler.
5. Interpreter will not generate intermediate code hence Interpreter required less memory.
6. Program language like Python, Ruby uses Interpreter.

 Difference between compiler and interpreter

Compiler Interpreter

A compiler translates the entire source code in An interpreter translates the entire source code
a single run. line by line.

It consumes less time to translate source code It consumes more time to translate source code
to machine code to machine code

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Compiler Interpreter

It consumes more time to execute machine It consumes less time to execute machine code.
code.

It is more efficient. It is less efficient.

CPU utilization is more. CPU utilization is less.

Both syntactic and semantic errors can be Only syntactic errors are checked.
checked.

The compiler is larger. Interpreters are often smaller than compilers.

It is not flexible. It is flexible.

The localization of errors is difficult. The localization of error is easier than the
compiler.

The compiler is used by the language such as An interpreter is used by languages such as
C, C++. Java.

1.3 Algorithms
1. An algorithm is set of well-defined instructions to solve problem.
2. It takes set of inputs and produce desired output.
3. It is not a complete program or code.
4. The instruction in algorithm can be implemented in any language with the same output.

 Following are the characteristics of algorithm

1. Input: Algorithm has some input values.
2. Output: Algorithm produce one or more output.
3. Un-ambiguity: Instruction in algorithm should be simple and un-ambiguous.
4. Finiteness: Algorithm should contain limited number of instructions and should be
countable.
5. Effectiveness: Each instruction in algorithm affect overall process.
6. Language independent: Instruction in an algorithm can be implemented in any language
with same output.

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Write an algorithm to add two numbers entered by user

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variable num1, num2 and sum.
Step 3: Read value num1 and num2
Step 4: Add num 1 and num2 and assign the result to sum
Sum  num1 + num2
Step 5: Display sum
Step 6: Stop

Write an algorithm to find largest number among three numbers.

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables a, b and c
Step 3: Read value of a, b and c
Step 4: if a > b and a > c
Display a is largest number
else if b > c
Display b is largest number
else
Display c is largest number
Step 5: Stop

1.4 Flowchart
1. Flowchart is a sequential, logical and stepwise diagrammatic representation of a
program.
2. Flowchart uses simple geometric shapes and arrows to show the flow of program.
3. Flowchart can have only one start and stop symbol.
4. General flow of process is from top to bottom or from left to right.
5. Arrows should not cross each other.

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1.5 Structure of C Programming

Structure of C programming language has six sections.

I. Documentation Section

1. In this section, information of program is written such as title of program, purpose of

program, author name, date etc.
2. Documentation section is never execute, it also called as comment section.
3. C provides two types of comments i.e. single line comment and multiline comment.
4. Single line comment starts with // (double slash symbol)
5. Multiline comment starts with /* and ends with */.

II. Header (Link) Section

1. In this section, we use header files such as stdio.h, conio.h, string.h etc.
2. Header files are used to link function used in c program.
3. These file are used using # include statement.
4. E.g #include <conio.h>

III. Definition Section

1. In definition section we define constant values using # define

2. E.f. #define PI 3.142

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IV. Global Declaration section

1. The variable, which used in more than one function are called as global variable.
2. Global variable are declared in global declaration section i.e. outside of all functions.

V. Main Function Section

1. Every C has only one main function which starts with { and ends with }.
2. Main function has two sub sections.
A. Declaration part
i. In this part, variables are declared before used in program.
ii. Eg. int a,b,c;
B. Execution part
i. In this section, execution statements and function call statements are used.
ii. e.g. if(), printf(), scanf(). Clrscr(), etc.

VI. Sub Program Section

1. In this section, user can define function which is called as user defined function.
 The Character set
1. Every language has it’s own character set ex;- In English language there are 26
alphabets are used to create word, sentence, paragraph.
2. Similarly ‘C’ language has it’s own character sets i.e. ASCII character set.
3. In C language character set, 256 characters are available.
4. Using these characters we write the C program.
5. C language uses four types of characters.

i. Alphabets: Upper case 26 (A to Z) and lowercase 26 (a to z).

ii. Digits: 0 to 9 (10)
iii. Special characters: , . / ‘ “ ; : { } [ ] \ | ` ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ - = + etc.
iv. White spaces: These are used in string constant. E.g. /n /t /b // /” /r etc.

1.6 Token
1. Token is smallest individual element of program.
2. For example, we cannot create sentence without word; similarly, we cannot create
statement without token.

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3. Therefore we can say that tokens are basic component or building blocks to create
program.

Classification of tokens in C
Tokens in C language can be divided into seven categories
1. Keywords 2. Identifiers 3. Strings 4. Operators 5. Constant
6. Special Characters

1.6.1 Keywords
1. Keywords are the words whose meaning has already been explained to the C compiler.
2. The keywords cannot be used as variable names.
3. There are 32 keywords used in C all keywords must be written in lower case.
4. List of keywords:

2. Identifiers
1. Identifiers are the names given to variables, functions, arrays constants, structures,
unions and labels of statements.
2. The rules for naming identifiers are as follows −
3. Identifier names are unique.
4. Cannot use a keyword as identifiers.
5. Identifier has to begin with a letter or underscore (_).
6. It should not contain white space.
7. Special characters are not allowed.
8. Identifiers can consist of only letters, digits, or underscore.

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9. Only 31 characters are significant.

10. They are case sensitive.

The following names are valid identifiers

X y12 sum_1 _tempera

Names area text_rate TABLE

3. String
Any group of characters defined between double quotation marks is a string constant.
Eg. “Nandigram Institute of Information Technology”.

4. Constants
1. Constants are fixed values that never change during execution of program.
2. The types of constant can be integer constant, floating point constant, character
constant, string constant, Boolean constant etc.

a) Integer constant
1. Any integer value using 0 to digits are integer constant.
2. ‘,’, ‘.’ Space ‘$’ or’ R’ sign are not allowed in integer constant e.g. 12,480 and $380
are illegal constants

b) Floating point constant

1. A floating-point literal has an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part, and an
exponent part.
2. You can represent floating point literals either in decimal form or exponential form.
e.g. 3.14159 and 314159E-5 are legal constants.

c) Character Constants
1. Character Constants are enclosed in single quotes, e.g., 'x'
d) String constant
1. Any group of characters defined between double quotation marks is a string constant.
Eg. “Nandigram Institute of Information Technology”.
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e) #define preprocessor constant

1. We can define all basic type constants using #define preprocessor.
Eg. #define PI 3.142

5. Special characters
Some of the special characters that are used in C programming are as follows
1. Brackets[] −used for array element
2. Parentheses() − are used for function calls and function parameters.
3. Braces{} −indicates the start and end of a block of code
4. Comma (, ) −used to separate more than one variables or parameters in function.
5. Semicolon(;) − It is called as a statement terminator
6. Asterisk (*) − It is used to create a pointer variable.

1.6.2 Variables
1. Variables are containers for storing data values, like numbers and characters.
2. In C, we can define variables according to the data type such as int, char, float,
double, long etc.
3. Syntax:
type variableName = value; or type variableNaame;
4. Example:
int age=19;
float weight;

1.6.3 Data Types

1. Data types are used to define or declare the type of particular variable.
2. In C language there are three classes of data types.

1) Primary data type.

2) Derived data type.
3) User-defined data types.

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1. Primary data type

1. It is also known as basic or built in data type.
2. Primary data type is divided into 3 type.

a. Integer data type:

1. It stores only integer values and cannot store decimal point values.
2. Integer data type contains char, unsigned char, int, unsigned int, long int and unsigned
long int data types.
3. The range, size and format specifiers are shown in following table.

Size in Format
Data Type Range
Byte String
char -128 to 127 or -27 to 27-1 1 %c
unsigned char 0 to 255 or 0 to 28-1 1 %c
int -32768 to 32767 or -215 to 215-1 2 %i or %d
unsigned int 0 to 65535 or 0 to 216-1 2 %u
-2147483648 to 2147483647
long int 4 %ld
or -231 to 231-1
unsigned long int 0 to 4294967295 or 0 to 232-1 4 %lu

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b. Floating – point data type

1. A floating-point data type stores the value which has an integer part, a decimal point, a
fractional part, and an exponent part.
2. Floating-point data type contains float, double and long double data types.
3. The range, size and format specifiers are shown in following table.

Size in Format
Data Type Range
Byte String
Float 3.4e-38 to 3.4e+38 4 %f
Double 1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308 8 %lf
Long double 3.4e-4932 to 1.1e+4932 10 %lf

c. Void Type
1. The Void type has no value.
2. This is usually used to specify the type of functions.
3. The type of a function is said to be void when it does not return any value to the calling
function.

2. Derived data type

1. Derived data type are derived from fundamental data type.
2. The derived data type are array, pointer and function.

3. User defined data types

1. The data types that are defined by the user are called as User defined data types.
2. User defined data types are structure and union.

1.6.4 Operators
1. An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform mathematical or logical
operations.
2. C language providing eight types of operators.

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1. Logical Operators
Logical operator works on Boolean types of operands or conditions.
1. &&, || and ! are the logical operators.
2. Logical AND operator (&&) - If both the operands are true, then the condition becomes
true. E.g. if((a>b) && (a>c)), if a is greater than both b and c then it returns true
3. Logical OR Operator (||) - If any of the two operands is true, then the condition becomes
true.
E.g. if((a>b) || (a>c)), if a is greater than b or c then it returns true.
4. Logical NOT operator (!): Is unary operator. If the condition is true it returns false and
if the condition is false it returns true.
E.g. if(!(a>b)), if a is greater than b then it returns false else it returns true.
2. Arithmetic Operators
The following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by the C language.
Assume A=10 and B=20.

Operator Description Example

+ Adds two operands. A + B = 30

− Subtracts second operand from the first. A − B = -10

* Multiplies both operands. A * B = 200

/ Divides numerator by de-numerator. B/A=2

% It returns remainder after an integer division. B%A=0

3. Relational Operators
If we want to compare two values, then Relational operators are used.
C supports six Relational operators
Assume A=10 and B=20.

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Operator Example

== (A == B) is not true.

!= (A != B) is true.

> (A > B) is not true.

< (A < B) is true.

>= (A >= B) is not true.

<= (A <= B) is true

4. Assignment Operator
The assignment operators are used to assign values or result of the expression to
variables.
ex:-a=10;
5. Increment and Decrement operators
Prefix Increment and Decrement operators
In the prefix operators the values of variables is Increment and Decrement First and then
assigned to the expression

++a and - - a
a=3
y=++a
y=4
 Postfix Increment and Decrement operators
Postfix operators first assign the values to variables on left side and then
increment the operand
a=5;
y=a++;
y=6

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6. Special Operators
Below are some of the special operators that the C programming language offers.

Operators Description

This is used to get the address of the variable.

& Example : &a will give address of a.

This is used as pointer to a variable.

Example : * a where, * is pointer to the variable
* a.

This gives the size of the variable.

Sizeof () Example : size of (char) will give us 1.

7. Bit-wise Operator
Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation.
Assume a=4 (0100) and b=3 (0011)

Operator Example

& (A & B) = 0, i.e., 0000

| (A | B) = 7, i.e., 0111

^ XOR (A ^ B) = 49, i.e., 0111

~ One;s compliments (~A ) = , i.e,. -0111101

<< A << 2 = 16 i.e., 1 0000

>> A >> 2 = 1 i.e., 0001

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8. Conditional operators
This is only one ternary operator in C programming language.
Syntax:
Expirations ? expression2 : expression3
Example:
x=(a<b)? a:b;
it means that –

if (a>b)
x=a
else
x=b;

 Input and Output Functions

Input and Output Functions are used to read the data from the input devices and display the
results on the screen.
In C programming, the input/output functions are classified in to two types:
1. Formatted I/O Function and
2. Unformatted I/O Function

1.7 Formatted I/O Function:

1. Formatted Input and Output functions used to read and write data with specific
formatting.
2. These I/O functions supports all data types like int, float, char, and many more.
3. scanf() and printf() are commonly used formatted I/O functions

A. printf()
1. This function is used to display result on the screen.
2. It can be used to display any combination of numerical value or char or string value.
3. This function is defined in the stdio.h header file.
4. Syntax:
printf (“format string”, v1, v2, . . . , vn);
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5. For eg.
printf (“%f”, s);
printf (“\n sum=%6.2f”, s);
printf (“\n %d factorial is %d”, k, kfact);
B. scanf()
1. This function is used to receive input from keyboard.
2. It can be used to receive any combination of numerical value or char or string value.
3. This function is defined in the stdio.h header file.
4. Syntax:
scanf (“format string”, &v1, &v2, . . . , &vn);
5. For eg.
scanf (“%f”, &s);
scanf (“%c”,&ans);
scanf (“%d %d”,&k, &kfact);

//display the ascii value

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int y;
clrscr();
prinf(“Enter any integer value :: “);
scanf(“%d”,&y);
printf(“%c %d”,y,y);
getch();
}
1.7 Unformatted function: -
1. These functions are called unformatted I/O functions because it cannot use format
specifiers.
2. The unformatted input/output functions only work with the character data type.
3. In case values of other data types are passed to these functions, they are treated as the
character data.
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4. getch(), getche(), getchar(), putch(), putchar() and clrscr() are commonly used
unformatted functions provide by conio.h header file and gets() and puts() are the
unformatted functions provided by stdio.h header file.

a. getch()
1. getch() function reads a single character from the keyboard.
2. The character entered by user doesn’t display on the screen.
3. There is no need to press enter key from keyboard. As soon as any key pressed from
keyboard getch() read a single character.
4. getch() is also used for hold the screen.
5. Example:
ch=getch(); // where ch is a char variable.

b. getche()
1. getche() function reads a single character from the keyboard.
2. The character entered by user is displayed on the screen.
3. There is no need to press enter key from keyboard. As soon as any key pressed from
keyboard getch() read a single character.
4. Example:
ch=getche(); // where ch is a char variable.

c. getchar()
1. The getchar() function is used to read only a first single character from the keyboard
whether multiple characters is typed by the user and this function reads one character
at one time until and unless the enter key is pressed.
2. Example:
ch=getchar(); // where ch is a char variable.

d. gets()
1. gets() function reads a group of characters or strings from the keyboard.
2. These characters get stored in a character array.
3. This function allows us to write space-separated texts or strings.
4. Syntax:

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gets(str); // where str is a character string variable.

5. Example :
char str[15];
gets(str);

e. puts()
1. puts() function is used to display a group of characters or strings which is already stored
in a character array.
2. Syntax:
puts(str); // where str is a string (array of characters)
3. Example :
char str[20]=" Hello World";
puts(str);

f. clrscr()
1. clrscr() function is used to clear the monitor screen.
2. It has the following syntax :
clrscr();

 Difference between scanf() and gets()

1. The main difference between these two functions is that scanf() stops reading characters
when it encounters a space, but gets() reads space as character too.
2. If you enter name as Shaikh Nisar using scanf() it will only read and store Shaikh and
will leave the part after space. But gets() function will read it completely.

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 C PROGRAMMING UNIT II

Unit II
Controlling Statement

2.1 Conditional / Decision Making Statements

1. The statements in a program are normally executed line by line from start to end of
program.
2. Sometimes, a programmer needs a single statement or a group of statements to be
execute according condition.
3. This will be done using conditional statements or decision making statements.
4. C Language provides following conditional or decision making statements.
i. if statement
ii. if …. else statement
iii. Nested if statement
iv. Ladder of else if statement

2.1.1 if statement
1. The if statement is a powerful decision making statement used to control the flow of
program.
2. if statement first of all check the condition and if condition is true, if block will be
executed and if the condition is false, if block will not be executed and program
control goes next to if block statement.
3. The general format of if statement is below:

if (test expression)
{
Block of statements
}
1. After test expression of if statement, block of statements are written inside open and
closed curly brackets {}.
2. Block of statements may contain single statement or group of statements.

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3. If block of statements contain single statement, open and closed curly brackets {} are
optional.

Fig.: Flowchart of simple if statement

4. Example:
if ( a>b)
{
Printf(%d\n”,a);
}

Void main()
{
int a,b;
printf(“\n Enter the Number a & b”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
if(a>b)
printf(“A is greater number”);
if(b>a)
printf(“B is greater number”);
getch();
}
Note:

i. The test expression (condition) should not end with semicolon(;).

ii. The test expression without expression arguments is not acceptable.
iii. The test expression must be always enclosed within a pair of brackets().

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2.1.2 if….else statement

1. The if – else statement is an extension of the simple if statement.
2. if statement first of all check the condition and if condition is true, true statements of
block will be executed and if the condition is false, false statements of block will be
executed and program control goes next to true and false statements of blocks.
3. In if…else statement every time true or false statements of block will be executed. It
never happens that both blocks will be executed or will not be executed. At a time
only one block will be executed.
4. The general format of if…else statement is below:

if(test expression)
{
true statements block
}
else
{
false statements block
}

Fig.: Flowchart of if…else statement

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 C PROGRAMMING UNIT II

//Write a program to find grater number within two numbers

Void main()
{
int a,b;
printf(“\nEnter the Number a & b”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
if(a>b)

printf(“A is grater number”);

else
printf(“B is grater number”);
getch();
}
//Write a program to find given number is even or odd

void main()
{
int num;
printf(“\nEnter the any number”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
if(num%2==0)
{

printf(“The given number is even number”);

}
else
{
printf(“The given number is odd number”);
}
getch();
}

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//Write a program to find given year is leap year or not

void main()
{
int year;
printf(“\nEnter the year”);
scanf(“%d”,&year);
if(year%4==0 && year%400==0 && year%100!=0)
{
printf(“The given year is leap year”);
}
else
{
printf(“The given year is not leap year”);
}
getch();
}

2.1.3 Nested if statement

1. In C programming we can use multiple if statements inside the body of other if
statement block, this is called as nested if statement.
2. We can also use the multiple if or if…else statements inside the body of else
statement block, this is called nested if … else statement.
3. General form of nested if statement is as below:

if(condition 1)
{
Block of statements
if(condition 2)
{
Block of statements
if(condition 3)

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{
Block of statements
}
}
}

4. General form of nested if…else statement is as below:

if(condtion 1)
{
Block of statements
if(condtion 2)
{
Block of statements
}
else
{
Block of statements
}
}
else
{
Block of statements
if(condtion 3)
{
Block of statements
}
else
{
Block of statements
}
}

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Flowchart for nested if statements

Flow chart for nested if…else statement

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//Write a program to print largest number among three numbers.

void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf(“Enter any three numbers”);
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &a, &b, &c);
if(a>b)
{
if(a>c)
{
printf(“%d is grater”,a);
}
else
{
printf(“%d is grater”,c);
}
}
else
{
if(b>c)
{
printf(“%d is grater”,b);
}
else
{
printf(“%d is grater”,c);
}
}
}

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 C PROGRAMMING UNIT II

//Write a program that display the class obtained by student if percentage of the
student is input through the keyboard.

void main()
{
float per;
printf(“\nEnter the percentage”);
scanf(“%f”,&per);
if(per<0 && per>100)
{
printf(“Invalid input”);
exit();
}
if(per<40)
printf(“Fail”);
else
{
if(per<50)
printf(“Pass”);
else
{
if(per<60)
printf(“Second class class”);
else
printf(“First class”);
}
}
}

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//Write a program find out entered key is upper case or lower case.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char x;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter any char");
scanf("%c",&x);
if((x>=65&&x<=90)||(x>=97&&x<=122))
{

if(x>=65&&x<=90)
printf("it is an upper case alphabet");
else
printf("It is lower case alphabet");
}
else
printf("It is not alphabet");
getch();
}

//Write a program find out Positive number and negative number

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{

int num;
printf("\nenter any number");

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scanf("%d",&num);
if(num>0)
{
printf("given number is positive");
}
else
{
if(num<0)
{
printf("given num is negative");
}
else
{
printf("Zero");
}
}
getch();
}

2.1.4 else if Ladder

1. if else if ladder in C programming is used to test a series of conditions sequentially.
2. Furthermore, if a condition is tested only when all previous if conditions in the if-else
ladder are false.
3. If any of the conditional expressions evaluate to be true, the appropriate code block
will be executed, and the entire if-else ladder will be terminated.
4. General form of nested if…else if ladder statement is as below:

If(condition 1)
{
Block of statements
}
else if(condition 2)

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{
Block of statements
}
else if(condition 3)
{
Block of statements
}
else
{
Default block of statements
}

Flow chart for if … else if ladder statement

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//Write a program that display the class obtained by student if percentage of the
student is input through the keyboard.
void main()
{
float per;
printf(“Enter the value”);
scanf(“%f”,&per);
if(per>80)
{
printf(“grade is merit”);
}
else if(per>70)
{
printf(“Distinction”);
}
else if(per>60)
{
printf(“Grade A”);
}
else if(per>50)
{

printf(“Grade is B”);
}
else if(per>=35)
{
printf(“Grade is C”);
}
else
{
printf(“Failed”);
}
getch();
}
2.1.5 switch … case Statement
1. Instead of writing nested if..else if statements, we can use the switch statement.
2. The switch statement selects one of many code blocks to be executed.
3. The switch expression is evaluated once.
4. The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case.

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5. If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed.

6. The break and default statements are optional.
7. After every case if break statement is not used, after matching case value with
expression value all remaining case block will be executed including default block.
8. The breaks statement is out of the switch block and stops the execution.
9. The default statement is specifies some code to run if there is no case match.
10. In a switch there can be either variable or expression
11. If it is a variable it must be either integer or character
12. If it is an expression it must be an arithmetic expression.
13. There can be any number of cases.
14. Every case should have an unique value.
15. These cases can be written in any sequence.
16. In a case there can be any number of statements.
17. It is possible to have the nested switch.
18. General format of switch …. case statement is as below:

switch(expression)
{
case value 1:
block of statements
break;
case value 2:
block of statements
break;
case value 3:
block of statements
break;
default:
default block of statements
}

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Flow chart for switch….case statement.

// Write a program that reads a number between 1 to 7 and display the day name

void main()
{

int day;
printf(“Enter a number between 1 to 7 \n”);
scanf(“%d”,&day);
switch(day)
{
case 1: printf(“Monday\n”);
break;
case 2: printf(“Tuesday\n”);
break;
case 3: printf(“Wednesday\n”);
break;

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case 4: printf(“Thursday\n”);
break;
case 5:printf(“Friday\n”);
break;
case 6:printf(“Saturday\n”);
break;
case 7:printf(“Sunday\n”);
break;
default:printf(“Monday\n”);
}
getch();
}

//Write a program add,sub,multi & division of two number

void main()
{
int a,b,n,p;
float c;
clrscr();
xyz:printf(“\nenter two number”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
printf(“\n 1 addition of two number”);
printf(“\n 2 subtraction of two number”);
printf(“\n 3 multiplication of two number”);
printf(“\n 4 division of two number”);
printf(“\nenter your choice”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1: c=a+b;
printf(“\naddition of two number is%f”,c);

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break;
case 2: c+a-b;
printf(“\subtraction of two number is%f”,c);
break;
case 3: c+a*b;
printf(“\multiplication of two number is%f”,c);
break;
case 4: c+a-b;
printf(“\division of two number is%f”,c);
break;
default:
printf(“\nentered choice incorrect”);
}
printf(“\nDo you want to continue (Y/N)….”);
printf(“\nEnter 6 for Yes and 7 for No”);
scanf(“%d”,&p);
swatch(p)
{
case 6: goto xyz;
case 7:exit();
}

getch();
}

2.2 Looping Control Structures

In the C programming, sometimes we want to execute some part of the program again and
again for some particular number of times. In such situations we use looping statements.
C programming provides three types of looping statements
1. for loop
2. while loop
3. do….while loop

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2.2.1for loop
1. When we exactly know how many times we want to execute loop, we use for loop
instead of while and do…while loop.
2. for loop consist of three statements i.e. initialization statement, test expression /
conditional statement and increment / decrement statement.
3. Syntax

for(initialization statement; test expression; increment / decrement)

{
Statements inside the body of loop
}

Example

for(int i=0; i<10; i++)

printf(“%d\t”,i);

Output of above code is as:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

 How for loop works

1. The initialization statement is executed only once. Variable should be initialized if
already declared. If variable is not declared before initialization, variable should be
declared and initialized.
2. Then test expression is evaluated. If the test expression is false, for loop will be
terminated. If the test expression is true, the statements inside the body of loop will be
executed. It is called as an iteration of loop.
3. After completion of one iteration, increment / decrement statement will executed and
value of variable will be updated.
4. Again the test expression will be evaluated.
5. The loop will execute again and again until the test expression become false.
6.
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Flow chart for ‘for’ loop

//Write a program to print addition of 1 to 10 numbers

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
int sum=0;
clrscr();
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
sum+=i;
printf(“/nAddition of 1 to 10 numbers is %d”,sum);
getch();
}

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//Write program to print all numbers from 1 to 200 divisible by 3,4 and 5.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
clrscr();
printf(“All numbers from 1 to 200 divisible by 3,4 and 5\n”);
for(int i=1;i<=100;i++)
{
if(i%3==0 && i%4==0 && i%5==0)
printf(“%d/t”,i);
}
getch();
}

//Write program to print table of 1 to 20

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
clrscr();
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
for(int j=1;j<=20;j++)
printf(“%4d”,(i*j));
printf(“\n”);
}
getch();
}

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2.2.2 While loop

1. while loop is one of the entry control loop.
2. In this loop the condition is given at the top.
3. This loop check the condition first and if condition is true, body of loop will be executed.
4. After completion of one iteration (loop), again condition will checked and if condition is
true, body of loop will be executed.
5. Body of loop will be execute again and again, until condition become false.

Syntax:
while(condition)
{
Body of loop

 Example:

//Write a program to print all even numbers from 1 to 100.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int i=2;
clrscr();
while(i<=100)
{
printf(“%3d”,i);
i=i+2;
}
getch();
}

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Flow-chart for while loop

2.2.3 do….while loop

1. do….while loop is the exit control loop.

2. In this loop the condition is given at the end of loop.
3. This loop executes the body of loop without checking the condition for first iteration.
4. Since the test condition is execute at the bottom of the loop, the body of the loop is always
executed at least once.
5. After completion of one iteration (loop), condition will be checked and if condition is true,
body of loop will be executed for second time.
6. Body of loop will be executing again and again, until condition become false.
7. At the end of while condition in do…while loop, semicolon is compulsory.

Syntax:
do
{
Body of loop

} while(condition);

Example:

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//Write a program to print all odd numbers from 1 to 100.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int i=1;
clrscr();
do
{
printf(“%3d”,i);
i=i+2;
} while(i<=100)
getch();
}

Flow chart for do….while loop

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//Write program for Fibonacci series

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1,n,f,f1,f2;
clrscr();
printf("Enter Number of Fibonacci Values Needed : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
f=0;
f1=1;
f2=1;
do
{
i++;
printf("%d\n",f);
f1=f2;
f2=f;
f=f1+f2;
}
while(i<=n);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:
Enter Number of Fibonacci Values Needed : 10

0
1
1
2

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 C PROGRAMMING UNIT II

3
5
8
13
21
34
//Write program to addition of numbers.

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int number, sum = 0;
clrscr();
do
{
printf("Enter a number: (To stop enter 0) ”);
scanf("%lf", &number);
sum += number;
}
while(number != 0);
printf("Sum = %.d",sum);
getch();
}

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Difference between while and do…while loop.

while loop do … while loop

This is entry control loop This is exit control loop.
Condition is at the top Condition is at the bottom
No necessity of brackets if there is single Brackets are compulsory even if there is a
statement in body single statement.
There is no semicolon at the end of while. The semicolon is compulsory at the end do-
while.
It is not compulsory to execute body of loop It is compulsory to execute body of loop at
at least once. least once.
while(n<=10) do
{ {
printf(“%d\n”,n); printf(“%d\n”,n);
n++; n++;
} }while(n<=100);

2.3 A. Break Statement

1. The break statement is used for two different purposes. In switch … case statement,
break statement terminate the switch block.
2. It is also used in looping statement. When break is encountered inside any loop, control
automatically passes to the first statement after the loop.
Ex:-
switch()
{
case 1:
block of statements.
break;
case 2:
block of statements.
break;
default:
block of statements.
}

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//Write a program to print 1 to 10 numbers up to number divisible by 2 and 3.

void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i%2==0 && i%3==0)
{
break;
}
printf(“%d”,i);
}
getch();
}

2.3 B. Continue Statement

1. This statement should be used only within the loop.
2. After execution of continue statement inside the loop, remaining statements of loop
will not be execute and next iteration will be start to execute.
//Write a program to print all number from 1 to 100 except number divisible by 2 and 3.
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=20;i++)
{
if(i%2==0 && i%3==0)
{
continue;
}
printf(“\n%d”,i);
}
getch();
}

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In above example, if condition is true when i =6,12 and 18 and continue statement will
be execute. Therefore printf(“\n%d”,i) statement will not execute after continue statement
execution. The above program will not print the numbers 6, 12 and 18.

2.3 C. goto Statement

1. This statement transfers the control from one statement to other statement in the
program, which may not be in the sequence.
2. The general form of the goto statement is

goto label;
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement n
label: Statement x1
Statement x2
Statement xn

Above example is called as forward jump.

label : Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement n
go to label;
Statement x1
Statement x2
Statement xn

This is called as backward jump.

3. goto statements requires a label to identify where to jump.

4. Label names follow the rules of variable name.
5. After label name colon (:) is compulsory.
6. After goto label semicolon (;) is used.

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Example

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
void main ()
{

int a,b;
clrscr();
xyz:printf("enter the number");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a%2==0)
{
printf("given num is even ");
}
else
{

printf("\nthe given num is odd");

}
printf("\nif you want to continue");
printf("\n Enter 6 to yes 7 to no");
scanf("%d",&b);
if(b==6) goto xyz;
if(b==7) exit(0);
}

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 C PROGRAMMING UNIT III

Unit III
Functions in C

3.2 What is Function?

1. In computer programming, a function is a self-contained block of code that performs a
specific task or set of tasks.
2. Functions are used to organize and modularize code, making it more readable,
maintainable, and reusable.
3. A function takes input (parameters or arguments), processes that input, and typically
returns an output (result).
4. Functions help break down a program into smaller, manageable pieces, which can be
individually developed, tested, and maintained.
5. Each function has a name, a set of parameters (if any), a function body, and a return
type.

Types of functions in C
There are two main types of functions in programming:

A. Library Function
1. In C programming, a library function (or built-in function) refers to a function that is
provided as part of the standard C library.
2. These functions are predefined and come with the C programming language.
3. Library functions are designed to perform common and useful operations, making them
readily available for C programmers to use.
4. Library functions are already defined in C, so you don't need to declare or define them
yourself.
5. Many library functions are part of the Standard C Library, such as functions for
input/output (e.g., printf, scanf), string manipulation (e.g., strlen, strcpy), mathematical
operations (e.g., sqrt, sin), and more.
6. Library functions are well-documented in C language specifications and library
documentation. You can easily find information on how to use these functions and their
required parameters.
7. E.g.
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h> // Include the math library for sqrt() function
int main()
{
double number = 16.0;
double result = sqrt(number); // Using the sqrt() library function
printf("The square root of %f is %f\n", number, result);
return 0;
}
8. In the code above, we included the math library (using #include <math.h>) to access
the sqrt() function, which calculates the square root of a number.

3.3 User defined functions

1. In C programming, user-defined functions are functions that you create to perform

specific tasks within your program.
2. These functions are defined by the programmer and are not part of the standard C
library.
3. User-defined functions allow you to break down your program into smaller, more
manageable parts, making your code more organized, readable, and modular.
4. Here are the types of user-defined functions in C:
A. Function without Return Value (Void Function):

Type: Functions that do not return any value are called "void functions."

3.3.1 Declaration: You declare a void function by specifying its name, parameters, and the
void keyword as the return type.
For example:

void greetUser(char name[]);

3.3.2 Definition: The definition of the function contains the actual code to be executed when
the function is called.

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For example:
void greetUser(char name[]) {
printf("Hello, %s!\n", name);
}

3.3.3 Function Calling: You call a void function in your program by using its name and
providing any required arguments.
For example:

int main() {
char username[] = "John";
greetUser(username); // Call the greetUser function
return 0;
}

B. Function with Return Value:

Type: Functions that return a value of a specific data type are called "functions with return
values."

3.3.1 Declaration: You declare a function with a return value by specifying its name,
parameters, and the data type of the return value.
For example:

int add(int a, int b);

3.3.2 Definition: The definition of the function contains the code to be executed and a return
statement to send back a value of the specified data type.
For example:

int add(int a, int b) {

int sum = a + b;
return sum;
}

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3.3.3 Function Calling: You call a function with a return value in your program and store the
returned value in a variable.
For example:

int main() {
int result = add(3, 4); // Call the add function and store the result
printf("The sum is %d\n", result);
return 0;
}

3.4 Recursion
1. Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself in order to solve a
problem.
2. In C, a recursive function is a function that, within its own definition, makes one or
more calls to itself.
3. This can be a powerful way to solve problems that can be broken down into smaller,
similar sub-problems.
4. Here's the basic structure of a recursive function in C:

return_type function_name(parameters) {
// Base case (exit condition)
if (base_case_condition) {
// Return a value
}

// Recursive case
else {
// Make one or more recursive calls
// Modify parameters
}
}

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5. In the recursive function:

i. The base case is the condition that determines when the recursion should stop. Ii. It's
essential to prevent infinite recursion and provide a result.
iii. The recursive case is where the function makes one or more calls to itself, typically
with modified parameters.

Here's an example of a simple recursive function in C to calculate the factorial of a number:

#include <stdio.h>

// Recursive function to calculate the factorial of a number

int factorial(int n) {
// Base case: factorial of 0 is 1
if (n == 0) {
return 1;
}
// Recursive case: n! = n * (n-1)!
else {
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
}

int main() {
int num = 5;
int result = factorial(num);
printf("Factorial of %d is %d\n", num, result); // Output: Factorial of 5 is 120
return 0;
}

In this example, the factorial function is defined recursively. The base case checks if n is 0 and
returns 1 because the factorial of 0 is defined as 1. In the recursive case, it calculates the
factorial of n by multiplying n with the factorial of (n - 1). This process continues until the base
case is reached.

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When calling factorial(5), it will result in the following recursive calls:

factorial(5) calls factorial(4)

factorial(4) calls factorial(3)
factorial(3) calls factorial(2)
factorial(2) calls factorial(1)
factorial(1) calls factorial(0)

At this point, the base case is reached, and each function call starts returning values:

factorial(0) returns 1
factorial(1) returns 1 * 1 = 1
factorial(2) returns 2 * 1 = 2
factorial(3) returns 3 * 2 = 6
factorial(4) returns 4 * 6 = 24
factorial(5) returns 5 * 24 = 120

Recursion is a powerful technique, but it should be used with care.

You must ensure that your recursive function reaches the base case to avoid infinite recursion.
It is often used for problems that can be naturally divided into smaller instances of the same problem,
like factorials, Fibonacci numbers, etc.

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 C PROGRAMMING UNIT IV

Unit IV
Array and Structure

4.1 Array
1. Arrays used to store multiple values in a single variable, instead of declaring separate
variables for each value.
2. An array is a group of similar type of data elements stored in contiguous memory
location. These data elements addressed by common name.
3. Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and number99,
you declare one array variable such as numbers and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and
..., numbers[99] to represent individual variables.

4. A specific element in an array is accessed by an index.

5. Index of first element of array is 0 and index of last element is array size-1.

4.2 Array Declaration And Initialization

1. An array is declared by writing the data types, followed by the name, followed by the
size in brackets.
2. Syntax:
data type array_name[size];

3. Example:
int n[12];
4. Here declares the n as an array to contain a maximum of 12 integer constants.
5. The c language treats character strings simply as arrays of characters.

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6. The size in a character string represents the maximum number of characters that the
string can hold.
7. Example:

char n[20];

8. Here declare the variable n as a character array variable that can hold a maximum of 20
characters. Suppose we read the following string constant into the string variable name.
“Nandigram Institute”
9. Each character of the string is treated as an element of the array name and is stored in
the memory as follow.

n[0] n[1] n[2] n[3] n[4] n[5] n[6] n[7] ….. …..n[20]
‘N ‘a ‘n ‘d ‘i ‘g ‘r ‘a ‘m ‘ ‘I ‘n ‘s ‘t ‘i ‘t ‘u ‘t ‘e ‘/n
’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’

10. When the compiler finds a character string. It terminates it with an additional null
character. The element n[20] holds the null character ‘\0’.
11. When declaring character arrays, we must allow one extra element space for the null
terminator.

 Types of Arrays
There are three types of arrays
1. One dimensional array
2. Two dimensional array
3. Multi-dimensional array

4.3. One dimensional array

1. One-dimensional arrays, are arrays with only one dimension or a single row.
2. Generally, values in list of same data types are stored as single dimensional arrays.
 Declaration of one dimensional array
1. An array is declared by writing the data types, followed by the name, followed by the
size in brackets.

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2. Syntax:
data type array_name[size];

3. example:
int n[12];

 Initialization of one dimensional array

1. We can initialize the elements of arrays in the same way as the ordinary variables
when they are declared.
2. Syntax:
Data type array-name[size]={list of values};

The values in the list are separated by commas

3. Ex- int number[3]={0,0,0};

4. Here declare the variable number as an array of size 3 and will assign zero to each
elements.
5. If the number of values in the list is less than the number of elements will be set to
zero automatically.

float total[5]={0.0,15.75,-10.0};

6. Here initialize the first three elements to 0.0, 15.75 and -10.0 and the remaining two
elements to 0.0.
7. We also declare the array as variant. In that no need to enter the size of array.

Ex int a[]={1,3,4};

8. That is called as variant and in that we can store the number of element.
9. Similar, We can also declare the character array but we must end the string with ‘\0’

ex- char name[]={‘b’,’h’,’o’,’s’,’l’,’e’,’\0’}

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 Entering data into an array

int marks[30];
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 29 ; i++ )
{
printf ( "\nEnter marks " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &marks[i] ) ;
}

The ‘for’ loop causes the process of asking and receiving a student’s marks from the user to be
repeated 30 times.

 Reading Data from an Array

Suppose we want to read the above array of 30 student’s marks and calculate the average of
marks.

int sum=0, avg;

for ( i = 0 ; i <= 29 ; i++ )
{
sum=sum+marks[i];
}
Avg=sum/30;
printf ( "\nAverage of marks = %d ", avg ) ;

4.4. Two dimensional array

1. Two-dimensional array is array with two dimensions or with row and column.
2. Generally, values in table of same data types are stored as two dimensional arrays.
 Declaration of two-dimensional array
1. An array is declared by writing the data types, followed by the name, followed by the
row-size in first brackets and column-size in second brackets.
2. Syntax:
data type array_name[row-size][colum-size];

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3. example:
int n[12][10];
 Initialization of one dimensional array
1. We can initialize the elements of arrays in the same way as the ordinary variables
when they are declared.
2. Syntax:
Data type array-name[row-size][column-size]={{list of values in first row},
{list of values in second row}, . . . . , {list of values in row-size th row}} ;

The values in the list are separated by commas

3. Ex- int number[3][4]={{0,0,0,0}, {1,2,5,4}, {5,9,8,7}};

4. Here declare the two dimensional array number as an array of row-size 3 and colum-
size 4 will assign value as shown in { } each elements.
5. We also declare the array as variant. In that no need to enter the size of array.

Ex int a[ ][ ] = { {0,0,0,0}, {1,2,5,4}, {5,9,8,7} };

6. That is called as variant and in that we can store the number of element.
Entering data into an two dimensional array

int marks[30][4];
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 29 ; i++ )
{
for(int j=0; j<4; j++}
{
printf ( "\nEnter marks " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &marks[i] ) ;
}
}

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The ‘for’ loop causes the process of asking and receiving a 30 student’s marks of four subject
from the user to be repeated 30 times.

4.5 Standard String library functions

4.6 Creating structures

4.7 Accessing structure members (dot Operator)

4.8 Unions

1. In C, a union is a user-defined data type that allows you to store different types of data
in a single memory location, but only one of them at a time.
2. It is similar to a structure in that it can hold multiple variables of different data types,
but unlike a structure, a union uses the same memory location for all its members.
3. This means that only one member of the union can be used at any given time, and
accessing a different member will overwrite the current value.
4. Here's the basic structure of a union in C:

union union_name {
data_type member1;
data_type member2;
// ...
};

5. Here's an example of a union that can store either an integer or a float value:

#include <stdio.h>

union NumericValue {
int intValue;

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float floatValue;
};

int main() {
union NumericValue number;

number.intValue = 42;
printf("Integer value: %d\n", number.intValue);

number.floatValue = 3.14;
printf("Float value: %f\n", number.floatValue);

// Accessing the other member of the union

printf("Integer value after setting a float: %d\n", number.intValue);

return 0;
}

In the example above, we define a union named NumericValue.

This union has two members: intValue of type int and floatValue of type float.
When we assign a value to one of the members, it uses the same memory location to store the
value.
This means that setting the floatValue overwrites the intValue, and accessing intValue after
setting floatValue will yield unpredictable results.

Unions are commonly used in situations where you need to store different types of data in a
single variable but only use one type at a time.
However, you must be careful when using unions to ensure that you access the correct member,
depending on the context, as there's no built-in mechanism to determine which member is
currently valid.

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 Difference between union and structure in C

Here's a table highlighting the key differences between unions and structures in C:

Characteristic Union Structure

Shares the same memory location for all Allocates separate memory for each
members. It is as large as the largest member. The size is the sum of all
Memory Usage member. members' sizes.

Only one member can be accessed at a time

Members because they share the same memory All members are accessible
Accessibility location. simultaneously.

Members do not interfere with each

Members can overwrite each other's values. other. Each member has its own
Storage of Data Changing one member can affect others. memory location.

Used when you need to store different types

of data in a single variable but only use one Used when you want to group related
Use Case type at a time. data together as a composite data type.

union NumericValue { int intValue; float

Example floatValue; }; struct Point { int x; int y; };

Size is the sum of the sizes of all

Size Calculation Size is determined by the largest member. members.

Accessing Use the . (Dot) operator to access

Members Use the . (Dot) operator to access members. members.

Storing data in a database where different

Use Case fields can be of various types (e.g., integers, Representing a point with x and y
Example floats, strings). coordinates in a Cartesian plane.

Typical Efficient for saving memory when only one Used for organizing and grouping
Operations member is used at a time. related data.

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In summary, unions and structures serve different purposes in C.

Unions are used when you want to store different types of data in the same memory location,
while structures are used to group related data elements together.
The choice between unions and structures depends on the specific requirements of your program and
how you intend to use the data.

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