Scribd
Upload
109 views7 pages

Chemistry Notes

Uploaded by

mrscomputerstrichy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
109 views7 pages

Chemistry Notes

Uploaded by

mrscomputerstrichy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

cement

Definition:
Cement is an inorganic binding material possessing adhesive
and cohesive properties and capable of bonding materials like
stones, bricks, building blocks, etc…..

s.n Chemical composition Formula Percentage%


of Portland cement
o
1. Dicalcium silicate 2Cao.SiO2(C25) 25%

2. Tricalcium silicate 3Cao.SiO2(C35) 45%

3. Tricalcium aluminate 3Cao.Al2O3(C3A) 10%

4. Tetracalcium 4Cao.Al2O3.Fe2O3(c4AF) 9%
aluminoferrite
5. Calcium oxide Cao 2%

6. Magnesium Mgo 4%
Oxide
7. Calcium sulphate CaSo4 5%
Properties of cement:
1. Setting and hardening
2. Heat of hydration (not in syllabus)
3. Function of gypsum (not in syllabus)

MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT:

Raw materials:
(i) Calcareous materials , CaO Ex: Limestone, chalk.
(ii) Argillaceous materials, Al2O3 and SiO2 Ex: clay, slate etc
Powdered coal (or) fuel oil.
Gypsum (CaSo4.2H2O)
Manufacture of Portland cement involves the following steps:
Mixing of raw materials
Burning
Grinding
Storage and Packing

(I) Mixing of raw materials:

(a) Dry Process (b) Wet Process

Dry Process: In dry process, the raw materials like limestone


and clay (3:1) are dried, and mixed in definite proportions
Wet process: In wet process, the raw materials in definite proportions
are finely ground with water and the slurry ( past like) is fed at the top
of the rotary kiln.

(II) Burning

The burning process is usually done in rotary kiln which is a long


horizontal steel cylinder coated with refractory bricks and capable of
rotating at 1 rpm 9 Revolution per minute) . The rotary kiln is set at a
slight inclination of about 5-60 in order to allow the raw materials fed
at one end to travel slowly to the firing and discharge exit end.

The slurry of raw materials is allowed to enter from the top end of
the rotary kiln. Simultaneously the burning fuel ( like powdered coal
or oil) and air are introduced from the lower end of kiln . The slurry
gradually comes down in the kiln into the different zones ( Drying
Zone at 400o :Calcination zone at 700 -1000 o C and clinkering zone at
1250-1500 o C of increasing temperatures.

Drying Zone: The upper part of the rotary kiln is known as drying zone
,where the temperature is about 400 o C . Due to the presence of hot
gases in this zone, water is evaporated from the slurry.

Calcinations zone: The middle part of the rotary kiln is known as


calcining zone where the temperature ranges from 700 -1000 o C. In
this zone lime stone is decomposed into CaO and CO2.

(c) Clinkering Zone : The lowest part of the zone is called as clinkering
zone, where the temperature is maintained about 1250-1500 o C. In
this zone lime reacts with clay ( Containing Al2O3, Fe2O3 and SiO2) and
forms aluminates and silicates

The mixture is then finely powdered and fed into the top of the rotary
kiln.
Cooling: the hot clinker is cooled with atmospheric air
and the hot air thus produced is used for drying the coal before
grinding.

Grinding: The cooled clinker is then finely pulverized


with 2-6% gypsum acts as a retarding agent for quick setting of
cement.

Storage and Packing: The cement coming out from the


grinding mills is stored in a concrete storage silos. Then the cement is
packed in jute bags by automatic machines. Each bag contains 50kgs
of cement.

Setting and hardening of cement:


 When the cement is mixed with H2o, hydration and hydrolysis
reactions of bogue compounds of cement begin, resulting in
the formation of gel and crystalline products.
 The insoluble gels and crystals have the ability to surround
inert materials like sand, bricks, crushed stones, etc….

Setting:
It is defined as stiffening of the original plastic mass due to the
formation of tobermonite gel.

Hardening:
It is defined as the development of strength due to formation of
crystals.

Chemical reaction involved in setting and hardening of cement:

Day 1:
 Cement is mixed with water hydration of tricalcium
aluminate (C3A) takes place within 1 day and the paste
becomes quite rigid within short time is called initial set or
flash set.
C3A + 6H2o C3A.6H2o
 To avoid early setting gypsum is added to cement during
grinding.
Day 2 to 7:
After the hydration of C3A, C35 begins to hydrate to give
tobermonite gel and crystalline Ca(OH)2.
C35 + 6H2o C352.3H2o + 3Ca(OH)2 +500 KJ/Kg
Tobermonite crystalline
Gel [very high adhesive
property]

day 7 to 28:
dicalcium silicate (C25) reacts with H2o very slowly and gets
completed in 7 to 28 days
C25 + 4H2o C3S2.3H2o + Ca(OH)2
Tobermonite gel crystalline

Tobermonite gel increase strength of cement between 7 to 28 days.

Hardening of cement:
Hydrated C4AF (tetracalcium alumino ferrite) takes place at
initially and formation of tobermonite gel and crystallization of
Ca(OH)2 and hydrated tricalcium aluminate are the reasons for
setting and hardening of cement

You might also like