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Introduction to Computer

Defination​:​ A computer is an electronic device which takes input from the user in
the form of data(can be a sequence of numbers,characters,symbols,operand), then
processed that data by performing some calculations and operations,after that it
produced desired output(i.e. Meaningful information).

Data​: ​Data are just raw material which does not convey any meaning to us.
E.g. like numbers ,characters,symbols,operand and text etc.
Information​: ​Any meaningful thing that we get after processing(can be some
calculations,comparisons or decisions) data is called information.

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● The Term computer is derived from Latin word i.e ‘ computerae ’ which
means ‘ to compute’ .

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Tasks performed by computer-​ There are four major tasks that can a computer performs.
1)Inputting-​ Takes data from the user.
2)Processing-​ perform some operations on data.
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3)Outputting-​ Shows processed data i.e. Information.
4)Storing-​ stores your data/Information temporarily or
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permanently.
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Devices used to perform Tasks-

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1)Inputting- ​
Keyboard,mouse,joystick,scanner,light pen etc.
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2)Processing- ​CPU(central processing unit).

3)Outputting​- Monitor,Printer etc.
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4)storing- M
​ emory(RAM,ROM etc)
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History of computer Evolution

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1)Abacus- Invented by china in 16th century.

First mechanical calculating device.
Used for addition,subtraction and square roots.

2)ENIAC - Invented by JP Eckert and JW Mauchly in 1950.

First electronic digital computer
Used for weather prediction, atomic energy calculation and other scientific
uses.
3)EDSAC- Invented by John Von Neumann in the period of 1946-52 First computer
which has storage capacity and capable of
Storing data and information.
Also calculate table of squares and a list of prime numbers.

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Invented by JP Eckert and JW Mauchly in 1951.

4)UNIVAC- First general purpose electronic computer.
Used magnetic tapes as input and output.

Invented by IBM company in 1954.

5)IBM-650- Provided Input/Output units converting alphabetical and special
characters to two-digit decimal code.

Generations of Computer​- We have five generations till now

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Generati Year Device Language Spe Ex/Characteri O.S.

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I 1940 Vacuum Machine language 333 Ex-ENIAC, BOS
-195
6
tubes k et ms UNIVAC
-generate large
(batch
processing
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amount of heat os)
-Non portable
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-Fastest
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computing
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device
-used for
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scientific
purpose
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II 1956 Transistors Assembly and 10m Ex-PDP-8, Time sharing

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-196 high level s IBM-1401 system,multit

-portable and
3 language a sking
generate less
amount of heat
-more reliable
and less prone
to hardware
failure

III 1964 ICs High level 100n Ex-NCR-395,B6 Real-Time

-71 language(FORTRAN,C s 500, system
OBOL) algol DBMS

IV 1971 LSI(large PASCAL,ADA,COBOL- 10ps Ex-Intel 4004 Time sharing

2

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-Pres scale 74 chip, network,GUI

ent integrated FORTRAN IV Macintosh Interface
circuit) -More reliable
and portable
-better
communicatio
n and resource
sharing
V Prese SLSI - - Artificial -
nt (super large Intelligence
and scale ex-Robotics
beyo Integrated)c -parallel
nd hips processing
-Enable mega
chips

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-Intel core
microprocesso

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r is
implemented

Terms Related to Computer

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1) Hardware​-​ Physical components of the computer system which performs specific

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task are called hardware.

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Ex-Monitor,CPU,Keyboard,Mouse etc.
2) Software​-It is a set of programs and procedures.
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3) Program-​It is a set of instructions given to a computer by the user to perform

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particular task.
4) Data-​Data are just raw material which does not convey any meaning to
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us.
Ex-like numbers ,characters,symbols,operand and text etc.
5) Information-​Any meaningful thing that we get after processing(can be some
calculations,comparisons or decisions) data is called information.
6) Instruction-​The command given by a user to computer to perform some particular
task.
7) Memory-​Memory stores our data/Information temporarily or permanently.
It is a part of CPU.eg-RAM,ROM etc.

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Classification of Computers
A) Based on Size
1)Micro Computer-​ Micro computer are very small in size.some of them are very handy.they are
fastest growing and widely used Computers.
Ex-PC(personal computer),Notebook,Palmtop,tablet and Smart phones.
2)Mini Computer-​they are small in size,faster,cost lower than Mainframe. Initially ,the
minicomputer was to designed to carry out some specific task like CAD.
Now they are using as a central computer known as Server.Ex-IBM-17,PDP-11.
3)MainFrame computer-​these computer have large storing capacity and
comprehensive range of software.It is considered as a backbone of network of
computers and allow number of people to work at the same time.
Ex-IBM-370,UNIVAC-1110

4)Super Computer-​Super computers are most powerful,big in size,most expensive and fastest
computers. The speed of super computers measured in FLOPS(floating point operation

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Per second). They are used in scientific research,nuclear research weather forecasting
and research laboratories.The Sunway Taihulight is China's supercomputer.The Sunway

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TaihuLight achieves 93 Pflops on the Linpack benchmark, and has a peak performance of 125
Pflops.This means it can run quadrillions of calculations per second.
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B) Based on Work
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5)Analog Computer-​Analog computer works on the data that is continuous

in nature means which is not discrete And separated.This type of data is known as
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Analog Data
eg-Voltage,speed,pressure,temperature,depth etc.they carry out arithmetic and logical
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operations by manipulating and processing data.

Eg-Speedometers,seismograph,thermometer etc.
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6)Digital Computer-​Digital computer works on Discrete data that is which is not

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continuous in nature and when we are talking about discrete data in terms of digital
computer then we are talking about binary data.as we know that binary data works only
on 0 and 1 And it uses 0 and 1 to represent numerals,symbols and characters.Digital computer
can perform arithmatic as well as logical operations.it works very fast and
accurate.
Ex-Calculator
7)Hybrid Computer-​It is a computer which has the feature of both Analog and digital
computers.it can process both continious as well as discrete data.
Ex-Petrol pump processor,Machines in ICU to measure Temperature and BP.

C) Based on Purpose-
8)General Purpose computer-​General purpose computers are those computers that
served us variety of services rather than specific service.
Ex-Personal computer are best example of general purpose computer because it
provides us variety of services.we can use it as a music player,as our notebook to write
anything,as our playstation etc. 4
9)Special purpose computer-​this type of computer performs only specific task or you
can say that are
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Eg-Navigational system in aircraft and traffic light control system.