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DATABASE MANAGEMENT
Database is collection of interrelated data and set of program to access this data in a
convenient and efficient way.
A ​DBMS​ stores data in such a way that it becomes easier to retrieve, manipulate, and give
information.

Architecture

DBMS is divided into three levels:

External view or user view or view level

It is highest level of data abstraction includes only those portion of database of concern to a

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user.

Conceptual view/logical level

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Includes all the entities and relationship among them. It describes the schemas of
database. DBA work at this level.
Internal view or physical level
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This is the lowest level of DBMS. it describes how to store data data and access these data.
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Keys
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Key is defined a the combination of attributes that is used to identify record of the
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database table. It is also used to arrange the records.

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● Superkey − A set of attributes that collectively identifies an entity in an entity

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set.
● Candidate Key − Minimal superkey is called a candidate key. An entity set may
have more than one candidate key.
● Primary Key − uniquely identify the entity set called primary key.
● Foreign key- whose value is derived from the primary key of another table.
Relationship held between two tables with the help of foreign key.
What is SQL
Structured query language
SQL is the language used to query all databases. It is simple learn and appears to do
very little but is the heart of a successful database application.

DML : DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE

SELECT :- RETRIEVE SOME RECORDS FROM TABLE

INSERT :- CREATE A RECORD
UPDATE : CHANGE OR MODIFY A
RECORD
DELETE :DELETE RECORDS
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DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE

GRANT : GIVE PRIVILEGES TO USER
REVOKE : TAKE BACK PRIVILEGES GRANTED FROM
USER
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE

CREATE: CREATE A TABLE, VIEW A TABLE,

ALTER :- MODIFY EXISTING
TABLE DROP: DELETE AN
ENTIRE TABLE
TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE

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COMMIT: PERMANENTLY SAVE ANY TRANSACTION INTO
DATABASE ROLLBACK : RESTORE THE DATABASE TO LAST
COMMITTED STATE SAVEPOINT: TEMPORARILY SAVE A

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TRANSACTION.
ELEMENTS OF DATABASE k et
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● Entity − An entity is a real-world entity having properties called attributes. Each
attribute is defined by its set of values called domain. For example, in a college
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database, a student is considered as an entity. Student has various attributes

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such as name, age, class, etc.

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● Relationship− The logical group among entities is called relationship.

Relationships are mapped with entities in various ways. Mapping cardinalities
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define the number of connection between two entities.

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​ atabase
D
1.In the relational modes, cardinality is termed as:
(A) Number of tuples. (B) Number of attributes. (C) Number of tables. (D)
Number of constraints.
Ans: A

2.The view of total database content is

(A) Conceptual view. (B) Internal view. (C) External view. (D) Physical View. ​
Ans: A

3. Architecture of the database can be viewed as

(A) two levels. (B) four levels. (C) three levels. (D) one level.
Ans: C

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4. In a Hierarchical model records are
organized as

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(A) Graph. (B) List. (C) Links. (D) Tree.
Ans: D
5. In an E-R diagram an entity set is represented
by a (A) rectangle. (B) ellipse. (C) diamond box.
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(D) circle. Ans: A
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6.The statement in SQL which allows to change the definition of a table is

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(A) Alter. (B) Update. (C) Create. (D) select. Ans:

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A
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7. Which database level is closest to the users?

(A) External (B) Internal (C) Physical (D) Conceptual
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Ans: A
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8.In E-R Diagram derived attribute are represented by

(A) Ellipse (B) Dashed ellipse (C) Rectangle (D) Triangle
Ans B

9. In E-R Diagram relationship type is represented by

(A) Ellipse (B) Dashed ellipse (C) Rectangle (D) Diamond
Ans: D

10. An entity set that does not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key is a
(A) strong entity set. (B) weak entity set. (C) simple entity set. (D) primary entity set.
​Ans: B

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