Comprehensive Review on Various Smart

Methods for Stormwater Management System

Kamini H. Patel
P.G. Student, Town & Country Planning,
Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology, Surat, Gujarat
[email protected]
+91-8469323468

Bhasker Vijaykumar Bhatt

P.G. in charge (ME-TCP) & Assistant Professor,
Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat, Gujarat
[email protected]
+91-9825835364

ABSTRACT

In India, currently the smart city projects become a most important part of the growth for the nation, and many cities are participating in it.
In smart cities, the smartness of urban infrastructures also plays an important role. For that, the smart management of Stormwater drainage
system is also essential. Thus it becomes necessary for the planner to give smart proposals and tools for that and give their great views to
their city for becoming smart. Here literature carried out to understand the creative ideas for the Stormwater drainage system and its
management.

KEY WORDS: Smart City; Stormwater Drainage System; eroded dirt muddies the water and causes problems in the
StormCAD; Surface runoff; Low Impact Development; Best downstream.
Management Practices.
Many countries are adopting and exploring smart growth
INTRODUCTION strategies to reach environmental, community, and
economic goals. The environmental goals consider the
Water which originates throughout precipitation events and benefits of water that accrue when development plans use
snow/ice melts is known as Stormwater. Stormwater can compact development forms, a mix of uses, proper use of
soak into the soil (infiltrate), be held on the surface and existing infrastructure, and preservation of critical
evaporate, or runoff and end up in nearby streams, rivers, or environmental areas. While the quality of water and
other water bodies (surface water). Stormwater runoff is benefits of Stormwater for smart growth is broadly
water from rain or melting snow that “runs off” across the recognized, there has been clear-cut regulatory recognition
land instead of seeping into the ground. This runoff is the of these benefits to date.
nation's number one source of water pollution. Polluted
runoff happens anywhere. For example, in developed areas, In India, currently the smart city projects become a most
none of the water that falls on hard surfaces like roofs, important part of the growth for the nation, and many cities
parking lots or roads can bleed into the ground soil. These are participating in it. Smart Stormwater drainage system
impervious surfaces create large amounts of runoff which and its management are one of the most important aspects
carries out specks of dirt and makes the water polluted. The of the smart cities, which means to manage the surface
runoff flows from storm drains to streams. Runoff not only runoff and other problems related to storm drainage
pollutes but erodes stream banks. This type of runoff and network by using smart components, tools, and ideas in a
system. By using smart technological tools, i.e. StormCAD,

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CivilCAD, SewerGEMS, the existing Stormwater Gouri, R.l., & V.v.srinivas (2015) evaluated the
management system can be examined quickly, and performance of an existing Stormwater drain network in
problems are also resolved easily. These tools are also very Bangalore, through reliability analysis by Advance First
convenient, accurate and less time consuming for the design Order Second Moment (AFOSM) method and concluded
of the network. Thus by applying such smart ideas and three failure modes by AFOSM method. Failure mode 1:
techniques, one can make the city smart in the way of urban related to discharge carrying capacity of a conduit, the other
infrastructure. two failure modes: related to permissible maximum flow
velocity and desirable minimum flow velocity. The
CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW reliability values were low under the three failure modes
and here was a necessity to redesign some of the conduits to
A literature review is a judgmental report of studies improve their consistency. (Gouri, 2015).
found in the literature related to the selected area. Here De Paola, Francesco et al. (2015) minimized the total cost
the reviews of the literature of books, research papers, while preserving the system performance against the
reports and websites which related to the Stormwater modification in the hydrological regime assessed through
drainage network and management are critically the disaggregation methodology. They used Harmony
explained. Search for optimal design of sewer systems and
Disaggregation method for rainfall data and climate change
Romnée, Ambroise, Arnaud Evrard, and Sophie Trachte prediction.
(2016) prepared the methodology for the design of urban Needhidasan, S., and Manoj Nallanathel (2013) Designed
watershed. They adopted the five steps in practice: the new Stormwater drains by the rational method and
1.Indicator Analysis 2.Stakes and Strategies 3.Spatial made some changes in the sections of the drains in the
typologies 4.Scenarios of decentralized management 5. existing network in Calicut City (Kerala). They found out
Projects of decentralized management and gave the result all the elements of the balanced formula.
that the application of the methodology to an entire (Needhidasan, 2013).
watershed may lead the enhancement of the urban planning Welker, an L et. al. (2013 ) tried to give some monitoring
regulations and conventions for a decentralized approach to plan for Stormwater control measures in Philadelphia
Stormwater management. (Romnée, 2016). region. They examined the efficiency of structural,
Gould, Stephanie et. al. (2016) developed used the nonproprietary Stormwater Control Measures and gave
StormCAD model in Fairbanks Alaska. They observed the three tire monitoring plans in the system. (Welker, 2013).
correlation between the different types of metals present in Chahar, Bhagu R, Didier Graillot, and Shishir managed
Stormwater which were chosen for the detailed study i.e. Stormwater through infiltration trenches by modified
lead, copper and zinc. (Gould, 2016). rational method and MATLAB programming. They
Salvan, Leslie et. al. (2016) presented a detailed modeling concluded that Infiltration controls the quality and quantity
approach at district scale and also an optimized of Stormwater from small catchments and proper shape of
Mediterranean city (France) scale runoff modeling and the infiltration trench is essential for its estimation and
management. The study showed that the surface features maintenance problems. (Chahar, 2012 ).
were included in the topography and therefore hundred Young, Kevin D et. al. (2011) discussed a mathematically
percent impermeable which was not an entirely satisfying based approach to BMP selection, which applies the
statement. (Salvan, 2016) analytic hierarchy process (AHP) decision. They examined
Sun, Yu, Susanna Tong, and Y Jeffrey Yang (2016), with that there was a need instantaneously satisfy potentially
the helped of SUSTAIN: GIS-based modeling & decision clashing criteria may yield results that do not fully content
support system they resolved the utility of Best each test individually. So, the BMP rankings managed by
Management Practices in justifying Stormwater runoff by hiring the AHP must be critically analyzed. (Young, 2011).
the Duck Creek watershed at the Las Vegas Valley. They Pazwash, Hormoz, and Inc Ebrary (2011) reviewed that as
studied that an addition of one detention BMP and one one study the past flows one can prepare for the future
infiltration BMP to the existing BMPs seemed to be the inundations by applying prior techniques to manage the
most appropriate choice to mitigate the hydrologic impacts runoff (Pazwash H. a., 2011).
Bentley (2011 ) studied the problem of flooding in heavy
induced by future climate and land-use changes. (Sun,
rain season and also ensured proper drainage of the
2016).
Dronagiri area (Navi Mumbai) by building a Stormwater
Bhadiyadra, Kishan J et. al. (2015) examined the
network model in Dronagiri with the help of CivilStorm
performance of current Stormwater drainage system & the
and Dutch method. (Bentley, Analyzing complex
conditions that lead flooding problem at some low lying
StormWater systems with holding ponds below high tide
critical areas of Surat city. For that, they conducted Simple
levels in an archipelago of Navi Mumbai, 2011).
quantitative approach and some questionnaire survey and
Freni, G Mannina, and G Viviani (2010) presented the
gave some appropriate solutions of current problem i.e.
comparison of different mitigation measures on modeling
underground pipe network as temporary storage,
investigations and used modeling to assess the effects of the
Groundwater recharge well and hydraulic ram pump.
different urban drainage techniques in the Parco d’Orleans
(Bhadiyadra, 2015).
urban catchment; Italy. They used urban drainage model,

NHCE 2017 Kamini Patel 2

Infiltration BMP model, and Centralized storage tank Bentley (2006) gave the brief introduction about
model in their study. (Freni, 2010). StormCAD and its Features. (Bentley, Storm sewer design,
LeFevre, Nancy-Jeanne Bachmann et. al. (2010) studied and modeling, 2006).
that study site required to establish the long-term stability Orlins, J. et. al. (2005) prepared a Regional Stormwater
of sensors and to observe runoff trends suggested by the management plan for Managing Watersheds for Human and
data over a wide range of storm events in Gainesville, VA., Natural Impacts in New Jersey. They observed that, RSWP:
to circumscribing building Ghana. They also designed and significant tool for managing quality & quantity of water in
tested an interconnected system of undertrained LID watershed.-RSWPPs required diversion team of experts.-
component. (LeFevre, 2010). RSWMPs can provide solutions& management strategies
Balascio, Carmine C., and William C. Lucas (2009) ideally suited to the issues of a particular watershed.
carried out the survey and provided an overview and (Orlins, 2005).
analysis of the current water quality regulations in four Pazwash, H, and S T Boswell (2013) presented an
Mid-Atlantic States (Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and overviewed of design parameter for urban SWMS.
Pennsylvania).They concluded that the New Jersey & Regulations governing developments in New Jersey and
Pennsylvania’s law: precise verification of removal rates, also gave Suggestions for the unification of directives
Maryland: not require accurate verification, Delaware: statewide. (Pazwash H. a., 2004).
capacity to calculate TSS removal but verification is not Villarreal, E et. al. (2002) analyzed the functions of the
needed. (Balascio, 2009). system by SWMM. They instead of connecting two
James P. Heaney and John J. Sansalone (2009) illustrated Stormwater system the provision of retention storage for
what the Urban Stormwater field could look like in the year leading water is much appropriate in Östra Torn, Lund,
2050. They studied Stormwater management tools and Sweden. (Villarreal, 2002).
techniques and different type of literature related future Thomas E. Barnard, Thomas M. Walski, S. Rocky
Stormwater systems. Concluded that the key expected Durans, Steve Lowry, Micheal E. Meadows, Brian E.
drivers cost of providing water and energy and Whitman (2013) presents the brief overview on inlets,
technological advances. (Sansalone, 2009). gravity pipe systems, and storm sewer design. In which
Faust, Kasey M, and Dulcy M Abraham (2009) evaluated small introduction about StormCAD was also conducted
the impact of the generated runoff due to decommissioning which consist some topic like how we can use StormCAD?
impervious surfaces, transitioning land uses and , Analysis and design and also its profile. StormCAD can
incorporating bio-retention cells at the neighborhood level be used for: Design multiple storm sewer systems with
in vacant lots in Sahel, Africa. They did it with Stormwater constraint-based design, Analyze inlets based on HEC-22
management models and examined that an approach for methodology;Use AASHTO, HEC-22 energy, standards,
quantifying the impact of retooling alternatives on the absolute or user-specified methods to compute
generated runoff. (Faust, 2009). losses;Analyze various design scenario for storm sewer
Bentley (2009) Provided Proper sizing of six infiltration system;Import and export AutoCAD and MicroStation
basins without impacting the race track in New Jersey with DXF files;Predict rainfall runoff rates;Generate
the help of different types of Stormwater models, i.e., professional-looking reports for clients and review
StormCAD, Pond pack, HEC-RAS, Flow master. In this agencies;Generate plan and profile plots of the network
study, Bentley products were chosen for the design of this (Thomas M. Walski, 2013).
project because of their ability to perform repetitions of a
multitude of controls with greater ease and speed than CONCLUSION
entrants’ software. (Bentley, Bentley’s Stormwater
Modeling Helps Paulus, Sokolowski, & Sartor, LLC Design The paper shows the different review of literature related to
Thunderbolt Raceway Motorsports Park’s Stormwater Stormwater drainage system and its management. The main
Systems, 2009). purpose of this study is to get ideas about smart Stormwater
Schreier, Hans, and Jiri Marsalek (2008) Suggested drainage system, as the smart city provided with basic
Innovative ideas in the different stage of Stormwater infrastructure to give a better, clean and livable
Management System in Canada and examined what environment and quality of life to live smarter. Smart
advances have been made in all aspect of Stormwater infrastructure is also the key point of the smart city. For
management with an Experimental anthropological that, the smart management of Stormwater drainage system
approach. (Schreier, 2008). is also essential. Thus it becomes necessary for the planner
Franti and D P Shelton (2006) developed a runoff to give smart proposals and tools for that.
simulator water output control device with a simple, cost-
efficient and adaptable design to produce repeatable ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
hydrographs with different shapes. They used HEC2 &
The authors convey a deep sense of gratitude to Dr.
MUSLE: to establish realistic design constraints for
Vaishali Mungurwadi, Principal, Sarvajanik College of
simulator and concluded that Device was built based on the
Engineering & Technology and Prof (Dr).Pratima A. Patel,
gravity controlled flow design. (Franti, 2006).
Faculty Head-Civil Engineering, Sarvajanik College of

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Engineering & Technology, Surat for consistent support Salvan, L. e. (2016). Drainage System and Detailed Urban
and motivation. Topography: Towards Operational 1D-2D
Modeling for Stormwater Management. Procedia
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Bentley. (2009). Bentley’s Stormwater Modeling Helps Stormwater Best Management Practices in an
Sokolowski, Paulus and Sartor, LLC Design Urban Watershed in Las Vegas Valley. Applied
Thunderbolt Raceway Motorsports Park’s Geography.
Stormwater Systems. Bentley. Villarreal, E. e. (2002). Extension of Stormwater System at
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