Electronic Circuits

Chapter 1: Op-Amp

1
 Content
Introduction

Inverting & Non-Inverting Amplifier

Current-to-Voltage Converter

Instrumentation Amplifier

Integrator and Differentiator

2
 Introduction
vThe integrated circuit operational amplifier evolved soon after
development of the first bipolar integrated circuit.
vThe μA-709 was introduced by Fairchild Semiconductor in
1965 and was one of the first widely used general-purpose
op-amps. The new classic μA-741, also by Fairchild, was
introduced in the late 1960s.

Circuit symbol of Op-Amp

3
 OP AMP TERMINALS
§ Terminal #1
§ inverting input
§ Terminal #2
§ non-inverting input
§ Terminal #3
§ output
§ Terminal #4
§ positive supply VCC
§ Terminal #5
§ negative supply VEE

4
IDEAL OP AMP

5
 FUNCTION & CHARACTERISTICS
§ An amplifier’s input is composed of two components…
§ differential input (vd) – is difference between inputs at
inverting and non-inverting terminals
§ common-mode input (vcm) – is input present at both inverting
and non-inverting terminals
§ Similarly, two components of gain exist…
§ differential gain (Aod) – gain applied to differential input ONLY
§ common-mode gain (Acm) – gain applied to common-mode
input ONLY

6
FUNCTION & CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristics of Ideal Op Amp
§ infinite input impedance
§ zero output impedance
§ zero common-mode gain (Acm = 0)
§ complete common-mode rejection
§ infinite open-loop gain (A = infinity)
§ infinite bandwidth

7
 DIFFERENTIAL & COMMON MODE SIGNAL
common-mode input
  
1
vIcm = (v1 + v2 )
2

but also...

inverting input
 
v1 = vIcm - vId / 2

diff

v2 = vIcm + vId / 2

non-inverting input

8
 Inverting Amplifier
R2 facilitates
“negative feedback”

R1 regulates level of
this feedback

=?
source is applied to non-inverting input is
inverting input grounded

9
 Inverting Amplifier
v One of the most widely used op-amp circuits is the inverting amplifier

§ The closed-loop gain:

𝑣# − 𝑣% 𝑣% − 𝑣"
− =0
𝑅% 𝑅$
Inverting op-amp circuit
𝑣# − 0 0 − 𝑣"
− =0
𝑅% 𝑅$
𝑣" 𝑅$
𝐴! = =−
𝑣# 𝑅%

§ The input resistance:

𝑅# = 𝑅%
Inverting op-amp equivalent circuit
10
 Example 1
𝑣" 𝑅$
𝐴! = =−
𝑣# 𝑅%

Using the inverting Op-amp amplifier to design the circuit such that the voltage
gain is Av = −5. Assume the op-amp is driven by an ideal sinusoidal source,
𝑣& = 0.1sin𝜔𝑡 (𝑉), that can supply a maximum current of 5𝜇𝐴.

11
Example 2

=?

12
 Inverting Amplifier – Finite Gain
§ We have:
𝑣' − 𝑣% 𝑣% − 𝑣(
𝑖% = 𝑖$ =
𝑅% 𝑅$

§ The output voltage is: 𝑣( = −𝐴") 𝑣%

𝑣(
𝑣% = −
𝑣" 𝑣( 𝐴")
𝑣' − 𝑣% 𝑣' + 𝑣( +
𝐴") 𝐴")
§ We obtain: 𝑖% = = = 𝑖$ = −
𝑅% 𝑅% 𝑅$
𝑣( 𝑅$ 1
§ Then: 𝐴! = =−
𝑣' 𝑅% 1 + 1 1 + 𝑅$
𝐴") 𝑅%

14
 Example 3

𝑣( 𝑅$ 1
𝐴! = =−
𝑣' 𝑅% 1 + 1 1 + 𝑅$
𝐴") 𝑅%

Consider an inverting op-amp with 𝑅1 = 10𝑘Ω and 𝑅2 = 100𝑘Ω. Determine the closed-
loop gain for: Aod = 102, 103, 104, 105, and 106.

15
Summing Amplifier

§ Using superposition theorem to analysis the

summing amplifier, we obtain:

𝑅* 𝑅* 𝑅*
𝑣( = − 𝑣'% + 𝑣'$ + 𝑣
𝑅% 𝑅$ 𝑅+ '+

§ If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3, then:
𝑅*
𝑣( = − 𝑣 + 𝑣'$ + 𝑣'+
𝑅% '%

16
 Non-Inverting Amplifier
R1 and R2 act as voltage divider,
regulating negative feedback
to the inverting input
inverting input
is grounded
through R1

source is applied =?
to non-inverting
input

17
 Non-Inverting Amplifier
v We have:
0 − 𝑣' 𝑣' − 𝑣(
𝑖% = 𝑖$ =
𝑅% 𝑅$

𝑣" 𝑅$
v Because 𝑖1 = 𝑖2, then: 𝐴! = =1+
𝑣# 𝑅%
Non-inverting op-amp circuit

v In voltage follower circuit: 𝑅$ = 0

𝐴! = 1 𝑅# = ∞ 𝑅" = 0

Voltage follower op-amp

18
 Example 4

Derive the closed-loop gain of non-inverting amplifier which has a finite

differential gain of Aod.

19
 Example 5

𝑣" 𝑅$
𝐴! = =1+
𝑣# 𝑅%

R1 R3
1K 2K

R2 vout
1K
vi R4
1K

20
 Current-to-Voltage Converter

vIn some situations, the output of a device or circuit is a

current. An example is the output of a photodiode or photo-
detector. We may need to convert this output current to an
output voltage.
𝑣8 = −𝑖9𝑅: = −𝑖; 𝑅:

21
 Simple voltage-to-current converter

𝑣=
vVoltage-to-current converter: 𝑖9 = 𝑖< =
𝑅<
§ Current i2 is independent of the load impedance or
resistance R2.
§ NOT practical as the load need to be at ground potential.

22
Example 6

23
Voltage-to-Current Converter
𝑣' − 𝑖, 𝑍, 𝑖, 𝑍, − 𝑣(
v At the inverting terminal: =
𝑅% 𝑅*

𝑣( − 𝑖, 𝑍, 𝑖, 𝑍,
v At the non-inverting terminal: = 𝑖, +
𝑅+ 𝑅$

v From these two equations, we obtain:

𝑅* 𝑖, 𝑍, − 𝑣' 𝑖, 𝑍,
= 𝑖, +
𝑅% 𝑅+ 𝑅$

𝑅* 𝑍, 𝑍, 𝑅*
v Then: 𝑖, −1− = 𝑣'
𝑅% 𝑅+ 𝑅$ 𝑅% 𝑅+

𝑅* 1 𝑅* 𝑣'
v If = : 𝑖, = −𝑣' =−
𝑅% 𝑅+ 𝑅$ 𝑅% 𝑅+ 𝑅$
24
 Example 7
Let 𝑍𝐿 = 100Ω , 𝑅1 = 10𝑘Ω, 𝑅2 = 1𝑘Ω, 𝑅3 = 1𝑘Ω, and 𝑅𝐹 = 10𝑘Ω. If 𝑣𝐼 = −5𝑉,
determine the load current iL and the output voltage vO.

25
 Difference Amplifier
vAn ideal difference amplifier
amplifies only the difference
between two signals. It rejects any
common signals to the two input
terminals.
vEx: a microphone system amplifies an audio
signal applied to one terminal of a difference
amplifier, and rejects any 60 Hz noise signal or
“hum” existing on both terminals
𝑅?
𝑅9 𝑅@ 𝑅9
vThe output voltage: 𝑣8 = 1 + 𝑣 −
𝑅? =9
𝑣=<
𝑅< 1+𝑅 𝑅<
@
26
 Difference Amplifier
𝑅?
𝑅9 𝑅@ 𝑅9
𝑣8 = 1 + 𝑣 − 𝑣=<
𝑅< 𝑅? =9 𝑅<
1+𝑅
@

𝑅9 𝑅? 𝑅9
vIf = : 𝑣8 = 𝑣=9 − 𝑣=<
𝑅< 𝑅@ 𝑅<
𝑅9 𝑅? 1
vIf ≠ : 𝑣AB = 𝑣=9 + 𝑣=<
𝑅< 𝑅@ 2
𝐴C
𝑣8 = 𝐴AB ×𝑣AB + 𝐴C ×𝑣C 𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 =
𝐴AB
27
 Example 8
Consider the difference amplifier. Let 𝑅2/𝑅1 = 10 and 𝑅4/𝑅3 = 11. Determine
CMRR(dB).

28
Example 9

29
Instrumentation Amplifier
v Obtain a high input impedance and a high
gain in a difference amplifier with
reasonable resistor values: DIFFICULT.

v SOLUTION: insert a voltage follower

à Problem: GAIN is not easily to change.

v INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER allows us to

change the gain by changing only a single
resistance value.

30
 Instrumentation Amplifier
§ The current in resistor R1 and R2 is
𝑣'% − 𝑣'$
𝑖% =
𝑅%

§ The output voltages of op-amps are:

𝑅$ 𝑅$
𝑣(% = 𝑣'% + 𝑖% 𝑅$ = 1 + 𝑣'% − 𝑣'$
𝑅% 𝑅%
𝑅$ 𝑅$
Voltages and currents in instrumentation amplifier 𝑣($ = 𝑣'$ − 𝑖% 𝑅$ = 1 + 𝑣'$ − 𝑣'%
𝑅% 𝑅%

§ The output of difference amplifier is:

𝑅- 𝑅- 𝑅$
𝑣( = 𝑣($ − 𝑣(% = 1+2 𝑣'$ − 𝑣'%
𝑅+ 𝑅+ 𝑅%

31
 Example 10
Consider the instrumentation amplifier circuit. Assume that 𝑅4 = 2𝑅3 so that the
difference amplifier gain is 2. Determine the range required for resistor R1 to realize
a differential gain adjustable from 5 to 500. Assume that R1 is a variable resistor
varying from 𝑅%. to 𝑅%. + 100𝑘Ω

32
 Integrator and Differentiator

Generalized inverting amplifier Op-amp integrator

𝑣'
v Op-amp integrator: 𝑣( = −
𝑠𝑅% 𝐶$

v Op-amp differentiator: 𝑣( = −𝑣' 𝑠𝑅$ 𝐶%

Op-amp differentiator

Reading: Microelectronics, Circuit Analysis and Design, D.A. Neamen, 4th edition, p621-670
33
Integrator Amplifier

34
Differentiator Amplifier

35
 Comparator
v When 𝑣$ is slightly greater than 𝑣% :

The output is driven to a high

saturated state 𝑉/

v When 𝑣$ is slightly less than 𝑣% :

The output is driven to a low
saturated state 𝑉,

v The transition region occurs when the difference input voltage in the range −𝛿, 𝛿
Example: if the open-loop voltage gain is 105 and the difference between the two
0!10" %3
stage is 𝑉/ − 𝑉, = 10𝑉 then 2𝛿 = = = 101- 𝑉 .
2 %3#

38
 Comparator
For input bias current compensation

v Using the superposition, we obtain:

𝑅% 𝑅$
𝑣4 = 𝑉56* + 𝑣
𝑅% + 𝑅$ 𝑅% + 𝑅$ '
v The ideal crossover voltage occur:
𝑅%
𝑣4 = 0 ↔ 𝑣' = − 𝑉
𝑅$ 56*

For input bias current compensation

39
Example 11

43
HW 1.1

45
HW 1.2
HW 1.3

47
HW 1.4

48
HW 1.5

49