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Copyright © 2005, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
2HAB=?A
Finite Element Analysis was developed as a numerical method of stress analysis, but now it has been extended
as a general method of solution to many complex engineering and physical science problems. As it involves
lot of calculations, its growth is closely linked with the developments in computer technology. Now-a-days a
number of finite element analysis packages are available commercially and number of users is increasing. A
user without a basic course on finite element analysis may produce dangerous results. Hence now-a-days in
many M.Tech. programmes finite element analysis is a core subject and in undergraduate programmes many
universities offer it as an elective subject. The experience of the author in teaching this course to M.Tech
(Geotechnical Engineering) and M.Tech. (Industrial Structures) students at National Institute of Technology,
Karnataka, Surathkal (formerly, K.R.E.C. Surathkal) and to undergraduate students at SDM College of
Eingineering and Technology, Dharwad inspired him to write this book. This is intended as a text book to
students and as an introductory course to all users of finite element packages.
The author has developed the finite element concept, element properties and stiffness equations in first
nine chapters. In chapter X the various points to be remembered in discritization for producing best results is
presented. Isoparametric concept is developed and applications to simple structures like bars, trusses, beams
and rigid frames is explained thoroughly taking small problems for hand calculations. Application of this
method to complex problems like plates, shells and nonlinear analysis is introduced. Finally a list of
commercially available packages is given and the desirable features of such packages is presented.
The author hopes that the students and teachers will find it as a useful text book. The suggestions for
improvements are most welcome.
DR S.S. BHAVIKATTI
Acknowledgements
The author sincerely acknowledges Dr C.V. Ramakrishnan, Professor, Department of Applied Mechanics,
IIT Delhi for introducing him the subject finite element analysis as his Ph.D. guide.
The author thanks the authorities of Karnataka Regional Engineering College, Surathkal (presently National
Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Surathkal) for giving him opportunity to teach this subject to M.Tech.
(Industrial Structures and Geotechnical Engineering) students for several years. He thanks SDM College of
Engineering and Technology, Dharwad for the opportunity given to him for teaching the course on FEA to
VII semester BE (Civil) students. The author wishes to thank his M.Tech. Students Madhusudan (1987),
Gowdaiah N.G. (1987), Parameshwarappa P.C. (1988), Kuriakose Mathew (1991), Vageesh S.M. (1991),
Vageesh S.V. (1992), Manjunath M.B. (1992), Siddamal T.V. (1993), Venkateshan Y. (1994), Nagaraj B.N.
(1995), Devalla Lakshmi Satish (1996) and Ajith Shenoy M. (1996) for carrying out their M.Tech thesis work
under his guidance.
Thanks are also due to clerical assistance he got from Mrs. Renuka Deshpande, Sri. R.M. Kanakapur and
Sri. Rayappa Kurabagatti of Department of Civil Engineering of SDM College of Engineering & Technology,
Dharwad in preparing the manuscript. He acknowledges the help rendered by Sri R.J.Fernandes, Sri Satish
and Sri Chandrahas of SDM College of Engineering & Technology, Dharwad in preparing the drawings.
Contents vii
Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgements vi
1. Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 General Description of the Method 1
1.3 Brief Explanation of FEA for a Stress Analysis Problem 2
1.4 Finite Element Method vs Classical Method 4
1.5 FEM vs FDM 5
1.6 A Brief History of FEM 6
1.7 Need for Studying FEM 6
1.8 Warning to FEA Package Users 7
Questions 7
References 7
5. Shape Functions 55
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Polynomial Shape Functions 56
5.3 Convergence Requirements of Shape Functions 59
5.4 Derivation of Shape Functions Using Polynomials 61
5.5 Finding Shape Functions Using Lagrange Polynomials 82
5.6 Shape Functions for Serendipity Family Elements 89
5.7 Hermite Polynomials as Shape Functions 95
5.8 Construction of Shape Functions by Degrading Technique 98
Questions 102
12. Finite Element Analysis—Plane Stress and Plane Strain Problems 204
12.1 Introduction 204
12.2 General Procedure when CST Elements are Used 204
12.3 Use of Higher Order Elements 216
Questions 217
1
Introduction
1.1 GENERAL
The finite element analysis is a numerical technique. In this method all the complexities of the problems, like
varying shape, boundary conditions and loads are maintained as they are but the solutions obtained are
approximate. Because of its diversity and flexibility as an analysis tool, it is receiving much attention in
engineering. The fast improvements in computer hardware technology and slashing of cost of computers
have boosted this method, since the computer is the basic need for the application of this method. A number
of popular brand of finite element analysis packages are now available commercially. Some of the popular
packages are STAAD-PRO, GT-STRUDEL, NASTRAN, NISA and ANSYS. Using these packages one can
analyse several complex structures.
The finite element analysis originated as a method of stress analysis in the design of aircrafts. It started as
an extension of matrix method of structural analysis. Today this method is used not only for the analysis in
solid mechanics, but even in the analysis of fluid flow, heat transfer, electric and magnetic fields and many
others. Civil engineers use this method extensively for the analysis of beams, space frames, plates, shells,
folded plates, foundations, rock mechanics problems and seepage analysis of fluid through porous media.
Both static and dynamic problems can be handled by finite element analysis. This method is used extensively
for the analysis and design of ships, aircrafts, space crafts, electric motors and heat engines.
[k ]e {δ }e = {F}e
where [k]e is element stiffness matrix, {δ }e is nodal displacement vector of the element and {F}e is nodal
force vector. The element of stiffness matrix kij represent the force in coordinate direction ‘i’ due to a unit
displacement in coordinate direction ‘j’. Four methods are available for formulating these element properties
viz. direct approach, variational approach, weighted residual approach and energy balance approach. Any
one of these methods can be used for assembling element properties. In solid mechanics variational approach
is commonly employed to assemble stiffness matrix and nodal force vector (consistant loads).
Element properties are used to assemble global properties/structure properties to get system equations
[ k ] {δ } = {F}. Then the boundary conditions are imposed. The solution of these simultaneous equations give
the nodal unknowns. Using these nodal values additional calculations are made to get the required values e.g.
stresses, strains, moments, etc. in solid mechanics problems.
Thus the various steps involved in the finite element analysis are:
(i) Select suitable field variables and the elements.
(ii) Discritise the continua.
(iii) Select interpolation functions.
(iv) Find the element properties.
(v) Assemble element properties to get global properties.
(vi) Impose the boundary conditions.
(vii) Solve the system equations to get the nodal unknowns.
(viii) Make the additional calculations to get the required values.
B D
A 1 5 9 13 17 21 24 29 33 37 41 45
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 C
2
2 5 8 11 14 17 20
23 26 29 32 P
3
3 6 9 12 15
18 21
B 4 8 12 16 20 24 27 30 33 D
24 32
28 36 40 44 48
6 10 4 3
xP
7 11 1 2
(a) Element no. 5 (b) Typical element
Fig. 1.3
Step 2: The portion to be analysed is to be discretised. Fig. 1.2 shows discretised portion. For this 33 elements
have been used. There are 48 nodes. At each node unknowns are x and y components of displacements. Hence
in this problem total unknowns (displacements) to be determined are 48 × 2 = 96.
Step 3: The displacement of any point inside the element is approximated by suitable functions in terms of
the nodal displacements of the element. For the typical element (Fig. 1.3 b), displacements at P are
u= ∑N u = N u + N u
i i 1 1 2 2 + N 3u3 + N 4 u4
and v = ∑N v = N v + N v
i i 1 1 2 2 + N 3 v3 + N 4 v4 …(1.2)
The approximating functions Ni are called shape functions or interpolation functions. Usually they are
derived using polynomials. The methods of deriving these functions for various elements are discussed in this
text in latter chapters.
Step 4: Now the stiffness characters and consistant loads are to be found for each element. There are four
nodes and at each node degree of freedom is 2. Hence degree of freedom in each element is 4 × 2 = 8. The
relationship between the nodal displacements and nodal forces is called element stiffness characteristics. It is
of the form
[k ]e {δ }e = {F}e , as explained earlier.
For the element under consideration, ke is 8 × 8 matrix and δ e and Fe are vectors of 8 values. In solid
mechanics element stiffness matrix is assembled using variational approach i.e. by minimizing potential energy.
If the load is acting in the body of element or on the surface of element, its equivalent at nodal points are to be
found using variational approach, so that right hand side of the above expression is assembled. This process
is called finding consistant loads.
4 Finite Element Analysis
Step 5: The structure is having 48 × 2 = 96 displacement and load vector components to be determined.
Hence global stiffness equation is of the form
[k] {δ } = {F}
96 × 96 96 × 1 96 × 1
Each element stiffness matrix is to be placed in the global stiffness matrix appropriately. This process is
called assembling global stiffness matrix. In this problem force vector F is zero at all nodes except at nodes
45, 46, 47 and 48 in x direction. For the given loading nodal equivalent forces are found and the force vector
F is assembled.
Step 6: In this problem, due to symmetry transverse displacements along AB and BC are zero. The system
equation [ k ] {δ } = {F} is modified to see that the solution for {δ } comes out with the above values. This
modification of system equation is called imposing the boundary conditions.
Step 7: The above 96 simultaneous equations are solved using the standard numerical procedures like Gauss-
elimination or Choleski’s decomposition techniques to get the 96 nodal displacements.
Step 8: Now the interest of the analyst is to study the stresses at various points. In solid mechanics the
relationship between the displacements and stresses are well established. The stresses at various points of
interest may be found by using shape functions and the nodal displacements and then stresses calculated. The
stress concentrations may be studies by comparing the values obtained at various points in the fillet zone with
the values at uniform zone, far away from the fillet (which is equal to P/b2t).
Hence FEM is superior to the classical methods only for the problems involving a number of complexities
which cannot be handled by classical methods without making drastic assumptions. For all regular problems,
the solutions by classical methods are the best solutions. Infact, to check the validity of the FEM programs
developed, the FEM solutions are compared with the solutions by classical methods for standard problems.
Fig. 1.4
4. How the element properties are developed and what are their limitations.
5. How the displays are developed in pre and post processor to understand their limitations.
6. To understand the difficulties involved in the development of FEA programs and hence the need
for checking the commercially available packages with the results of standard cases.
Unless user has the background of FEA, he may produce worst results and may go with overconfidence.
Hence it is necessary that the users of FEA package should have sound knowledge of FEA.
QUESTIONS
References
1. R. Courant, “Variational Methods for the Solutions of Problems of Equilibrium and Vibrations”,
Bulletin of American Mathematical Society, Vol. 49, 1943.
2. G. Polya, Estimates for Eigen Values, Studies presented to Richard Von Mises, Academic Press,
New York, 1954.
3. J. Hersch, “Equations Differentielles et Functions de cellules”, C.R. Acad. Science, Vol. 240, 1955.
4. H.F. Weinberger, “Upper and Lower Bounds for Eigen Values by Finite Difference Method”, Pure
Applied Mathematics, Vol. 9, 1956.
5. J.H. Argyris and S. Kelsey, “Energy Theorems and Structural Analysis”, Aircraft Engineering,
Vol. 27, 1955.
6. R.W. Clough, “The Finite Element Method in Plane Stress Analysis”, Proceeding of 2nd ASCE
Conference on Electronic Computation, Pittsburg, PA, September, 1960.
7. R.J. Melosh, “Basis for the Derivation for the Direct Stiffness Method”, AIAA Journal, Vol. 1,
1963.
8. B. Fraeijs de Veubeke, “Upper and Lower Bounds in Matrix Structural Analysis”, AGARD ograph
72, B.F. de Veubeke (ed). Pergaman Press, New York, 1964.
9. T.H.H. Pian, “Derivation of Element Stiffness Matrices”, AIAA Journal, Vol. 2, 1964. pp. 556–57.
8 Finite Element Analysis
10. O.C. Zienkiewicz, The Finite Element Method in Engineering Science, McGraw-Hill, London 1971.
11. K.H. Huebner, The Finite Element Methods for Engineers, John Wiley and Sons, 1971.
12. Desai and Abel, Introduction to the Finite Element Method, CBS Publishers & Distributors, 1972.
13. H.C. Martin and G. F. Carey, Introduction to Finite Element Analysis- Theory and Applications,
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 1975.
14. K.L. Bathe and E.L. Wilson, Finite Element Methods, Prentice Hall, 1976.
15. Y.K. Cheuny and M.F. Yeo, A Practical Introduction to Finite Element Analysis, Pitman Publishers,
1979.
16. R.D. Cook, D.S. Makus and M.F. Plesha, Concept and Applications of Finite Element Analysis,
John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
17. J.N Reddy, An introduction to the Finite Element Method, McGraw-Hill International Edition,
1984.
18. C.S. Krishnamoorthy, Finite Element Analysis, Theory and Programming, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 1987.
19. T.R. Chandrapatla and A.D. Belegundu, Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, Prentice
Hall, 1991.
20. S. Rajasekharan, Finite Element Analysis in Engineering Design, Wheeler Publisher, 1993.
Basic Equations in Elasticity 9
2
Basic Equations in Elasticity
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter summarizes the results from theory of elasticity which are useful in solving the problems in
structural and continuum mechanics by the finite element method.
z y
y x x
(b)
y
x
z
(a) (c)
Fig. 2.1
coordinate system with right hand rule. In this Chapter orientation shown in Fig. 2.1(a) is used for the
explanation. Fig. 2.2 shows a typical three dimensional element of size dx × dy × dz. Face abcd may be called
as negative face of x and the face efgh as the positive face of x since the x value for face abcd is less than that
for the face efgh. Similarly the face aehd is negative face of y and bfgc is positive face of y. Negative and
positive faces of z are dhgc and aefb.
The direct stresses σ and shearing stresses τ acting on the negative faces are shown in the Fig. 2.3 with
suitable subscript. It may be noted that the first subscript of shearing stress is the plane and the second subscript
is the direction. Thus the τ xy means shearing stress on the plane where x value is constant and y is the
direction.
10 Finite Element Analysis
z z
dy
a e
x
dx
dz xy
yx
b f
y xz
d y y
h yz zx
zy
z
c
g
x x
In a stressed body, the values of stresses change from face to face of an element. Hence on positive face
the various stresses acting are shown in Fig. 2.4 with superscript ‘+’.
All these forces are listed in table 2.1
Note the sign convention: A stress is positive when it is on positive face in positive direction or on negative
face in negative direction. In other words the stress is + ve when it is as shown in Figs 2.3 and 2.4.
z
z
zy
zx
yz
y
xz
y
zx
xy
x
x
Fig. 2.4
Basic Equations in Elasticity 11
∂σ x
x σx σ +x = σ x + dx
∂x
∂τ xy
τ xy τ +xy = τ xy + dx
∂x
∂τ xz
τ xz τ +xz = τ xz + dx
∂x
∂σ y
y σy σ +y = σ y + dy
∂y
∂τ yx
τ yx τ +yx = τ yx + dy
∂y
∂τ yz
τ yz τ +yz = τ yz + dy
∂y
∂σ z
z σz σ +z = σ z + dz
∂z
∂τ zx
τ zx τ +zx = τ zx + dz
∂z
∂τ zy
τ zy τ +zy = τ zy + dz
∂z
Note that stress on positive face is equal to the stress on negative face plus rate of change of that stress
multiplied by the distance between the faces.
z Z
dy
dx
Y
y
dz
Fig. 2.5
12 Finite Element Analysis
Let the intensity of body forces acting on the element in x, y, z directions be X, Y and Z respectively as
shown in Fig 2.5. The intensity of body forces are uniform over entire body. Hence the total body force in x,
y, z direction on the element shown are given by
(i) X dx dy dz in x – direction
(ii) Y dx dy dz in y – direction and
(iii) Z dx dy dz in z – direction
∑F x =0
σ +x dy dz − σ x dy dz + τ +yx dx dz − τ yx dx dz + τ +zx dx dy − τ zx dx dy + X dx dy dz = 0
FGσ ∂σ x IJ ∂τ yx F I
i.e. H x +
∂x K
dx dy dz − σ x dy dz + τ yx +
∂y GH
dy dx dz − τ yx dx dz JK
FG ∂τ zx IJ
H
+ τ zx +
∂z K
dz dy dx − τ zx dx dy + X dx dy dz = 0 …(i)
∂σ x ∂τ yx ∂τ zx
+ + + X=0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂τ xy ∂σ y ∂τ zy
+ + +Y =0 …(ii)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂τ xz ∂τ yz ∂σ z
and + + +Z =0 …(iii)
∂x ∂y ∂z
Now, Σ moment about x-axis = 0 through the centroid of the element gives
τ +yz dx dz
dy
+ τ yz dx dz
dy LM
+
− τ zy
dy
+ τ zy dx dz
dy
=0
OP
2 2 N dx dz
2 2 Q
Fτ ∂τ yz I dz LF
− MG τ
∂τ yz I OP
i.e. GH yz +
∂y JK
dy dx dy
dz
2
+ τ yz dx dy
2 MNH zy +
∂z JK
dz dx dy
dz
2
+ τ zy dx dz
dz
2PQ
=0
Neglecting the small quantity of higher (4th) order and dividing throughout by dx dy dz, we get
τ yz = τ zy …(iv)
Similarly the moment equilibrium conditions about y-axis and z-axis result into
τ xz = τ zx …(v)
Basic Equations in Elasticity 13
and τ xy = τ yx …(vi)
Thus the stress vector is
τ
σ = σ x σ y σ z τ xy τ yz τ xz …(2.1)
∂σ x ∂τ xy ∂τ xz
+ + + X=0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂τ xy ∂σ y ∂τ yz
+ + +Y =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂τ xz ∂τ yz ∂σ z
and + + +Z=0 …(2.2)
∂x ∂y ∂z
and note that
τ xy = τ yx , τ yz = τ zy and τ xz = τ zx …(2.3)
2.4 STRAINS
Corresponding to the six stress components given in equation 2.1, the state of strain at a point may be divided
into six strain components as shown below:
lεq T
= εx εy εz γ xy γ yz γ yx …(2.4)
LMF ∂u I FG ∂v IJ + FG ∂w IJ OP
MNGH ∂x JK
2 2 2
∂u 1
εx = +
∂x 2
+
H ∂x K H ∂x K QP
∂v 1 LF ∂u I F ∂v I F ∂w I O
+ MG J +G J +G J P
2 2 2
∂y 2 MH ∂y K H ∂y K H ∂y K PQ
ε =
N
y
∂w 1 LF ∂u I F ∂ v I F ∂w I O
+ MG J +G J +G J P
2 2 2
2 MH ∂z K H ∂z K H ∂z K PQ
ε =
∂z N
z
∂v ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w ∂w
γ xy = + + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
14 Finite Element Analysis
∂w ∂v ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w ∂w
γ yz = + + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ …(2.5)
∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂w ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w ∂w
and γ = + + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
∂z ∂x ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z
xz
In equation 2.5, strains are expressed upto the accuracy of second order (quadratic) changes in
displacements. These equations may be simplified to the first (linear) order accuracy only by dropping the
second order changes terms. Then linear strain – displacement relation is given by:
∂u ∂u ∂v
εx = γ xy = +
∂x ∂x ∂y
∂v ∂w ∂v
εy = γ = + …(2.6)
∂y ∂z
yz
∂y
∂w ∂w ∂u
εz = γ = +
∂x ∂z
xz
∂z
Equations 2.6 are used in small deflection theories and equations 2.5 in large deflection theories.
or in matrix form
lσ q = D lεq,
where D is 6 × 6 matrix of constants of elasticity to be determined by experimental investigations for each
material. As D is symmetric matrix [Dij = Dji], there are 21 material properties for linear elastic Anisotropic
Materials.
Certain materials exhibit symmetry with respect to planes within the body. Such materials are called
Ortho tropic materials. Hence for orthotropic materials, the number of material constants reduce to 9 as
shown below:
Basic Equations in Elasticity 15
xz D66 xz
Using the Young’s Modulii and Poisons ratio terms the above relation may be expressed as:
σx σy σ
εx = − µ yx − µ zx z
Ex Ey Ez
σx σy σ
ε y = − µ xy + − µ zy z
Ex Ey Ez
σx σy σ
ε z = − µ xz − µ yz + z …(2.9)
Ex Ey Ez
τ xy τ yz τ
γ xy = , γ yz = , γ zx = zx
G xy G yz G zx
Note that there are 12 material properties in equations 2.9. However only nine of these are independent
because the following relations exist
Ex Ey Ey E Ez E
= , = z , = x …(2.10)
µ xy µ yx µ yz µ zy µ zx µ xz
For Isotropic Materials the above set of equations are further simplified. An isotropic material is the one
that has same material property in all directions. In other word for isotropic materials,
Ex = Ey = Ez say E and
µ xy = µ yx = µ yz = µ zy = µ xz = µ zx say µ …(2.11)
Hence for a three dimensional problem, the strain stress relation for isotropic material is,
R| ε U| R 1 µ µ U| R|σ U|
|| || E
− −
x x
|| ε
0 0 0
E E
| ||σ ||
|| || 0 |
1 µ
|| y − 0 0
|| || y
||
|V = ||S
E E
|S ε z
E
1
0 0 0 |
V |Sσ z |V
||γ || || 1− µ
0 0 |
|| ||τ || …(2.12)
|| || || || ||
xy 2 xy
1− µ
0 |
||γ yz || || 2
1 − µ|
| ||τ yz ||
|Tγ xz |W T 2 W |Tτ xz |W
16 Finite Element Analysis
E
Since G = and stress – strain relation is
2(1 − µ )
R|σ x U| R|1 − µ µ µ 0 0 0 U| R| ε x U|
||σ y || || 1− µ µ 0 0 0 || || ε y ||
||σ || | 1− µ 0 0 0
| || ε ||
V| = b1 + µg Eb1 − 2µ g |S| 0 |
1 − 2µ
S|τ z
2
0 V| S|γ z
V| …(2.13)
||τxy
|| || 1 − 2µ
0 |
| ||γ xy
||
|| || || 1 − 2µ | || ||
yz
2 yz
Tτ
xz W T 2 | W Tγ xz W
In case of two dimensional elasticity, the above relations get further simplified. There are two types of
two dimensional elastic problems, namely plane stress and plane strain problems.
x z
o o
Fig. 2.6
b
σ z = µε x + µε y + 1 − µ ε z = 0 g
Basic Equations in Elasticity 17
i.e. εz = −
µ
1− µ
d
εx + εy i
If this is substituted in equation 2.13 the constitutive law reduces to
R|σ U| LM 1 OP Rε U|
PP |Sε
µ
MMµ
x 0 x
S|σ V| = 1 −Eµ V|
PP ||Tγ
1 0 …(2.14)
MM0
y y
|Tτ |W |W
2
1− µ
xy
N 0
2 Q xy
y
y
x
x
z
z
(a) (b)
x
x
z z
(c) (d)
Fig. 2.7
18 Finite Element Analysis
z
(e)
ε z = γ xz = γ yz = 0
ε z = 0 means
σz (σ x + σ y )
εz = −µ =0
E E
i.e. σ z = µ (σ x + σ y )
Hence equation 2.13 when applied to plane strains problems reduces to
R|σ U| F1 − µ I Rε U|
G µ 0 JJ |
V| = (1 + µ )(E1 − 2µ) GG µ
x x
S|σ y 1− µ 0
JJ S|γε y V| …(2.15)
|Tτ xy |W GH 0 0
1 − 2µ
2 K |T xy |W
Axi-Symmetric Problems
Axi-symmetric structures are those which can be generated by rotating a line or curve about an axis. Cylinders
(refer Fig. 2.8) are the common examples of axisymmetric structures. If such structures are subjected to
axisymmetric loadings like uniform internal or external pressures, uniform self weight or live load uniform
over the surface,
there exist symmetry about any axis. The advantage of symmetry may be made use to simplify the analysis. In
these problems cylindrical coordinates can be used advantageously. Because of symmetry, the stress components
are independent of the angular ( θ ) coordinate. Hence all derivatives with respect to θ vanish i.e. in these
cases.
v = γ rθ = γ θ z = τ rθ = τ θ z = 0
Basic Equations in Elasticity 19
z, w
z, w
ru
, ru
,
Q Q
ru
, ru
,
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.8
Hence there are only four nonzero components. The strain displacement relations for these components
are
∂u u ∂w
εr = , εθ = , εz = and
∂r r ∂z
∂u ∂w
γ rz = + …(2.16)
∂z ∂r
In these cases stress-strain relation is
R|σ U| F1 − µ µ µ I Rε U|
GG JJ ||ε
0
r r
|Sσ |V = 1− µ µ 0
0 J Sε
|V
|| (1 + µ )(1 − 2µ ) GG
z E z
||σ 1− µ
1 − 2µ J | || …(2.17)
GH J |γ
θ θ
Tτ
rz W 2 K T rz W
QUESTIONS
1. Draw a typical three dimensional element and indicate state of stress in their positive senses.
2. Derive the equations of equilibrium in case of a three dimensional stress system.
20 Finite Element Analysis
3
Matrix Displacement Formulation
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Though mathematicians, physicists and stress analysts worked independently in the field of FEM, it is the
matrix displacement formulation of the stress analysts which lead to fast development of FEM. Infact till the
word FEM became popular, stress analyst worked in this field in the name of matrix displacement method. In
matrix displacement method stiffness matrix of an element is assembled by direct approach while in FEM
though direct stiffness matrix may be treated as an approach for assembling element properties (stiffness
matrix as far as stress analysis is concerned), it is the energy approached which has revolutionized entire
FEM.
Hence in this chapter, a brief explanation of matrix displacement method is presented and solution
techniques for simultaneous equations are discussed briefly.
1. Bar Element
Common problems in this category are the bars and columns with varying cross section subjected to axial
forces as shown in Fig. 3.1.
For such bar with cross section A, Young’s Modulus E and length L (Fig. 3.2 (a)) extension/shortening δ
is given by
PL
δ =
EA
22 Finite Element Analysis
P1
L1
P2
A3 P3 A2 P2 A1 x
L2
P1
L3 L2 L1
P3
(a)
L3
(b)
Fig. 3.1
A, E
1
2
P
P
L 1
(b)
(a)
L 1
(c)
Fig. 3.2
EA
∴ P= δ
L
EA
∴ If δ = 1, P =
L
By giving unit displacement in coordinate direction 1, the forces development in the coordinate direction
1 and 2 can be found (Fig. 3.2 (b)). Hence from the definition of stiffness matrix,
EA EA
k11 = and k21 = −
L L
Similarly giving unit displacement in coordinate direction 2 (refer Fig. 3.2 (c)), we get
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Language: Hungarian
Megjegyzések:
IGY IS TÖRTÉNHETIK
NOVELLÁK
A NYUGAT KIADÁSA
BUDAPEST 1910
A cimlapot Falus Elek rajzolta.