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Language Varieties and Registers

All languages exhibit a great deal of internal
variation. That is to say each language exists
in a number of varieties.

Language Varieties
Are “a specific set of linguistic items” or
“human speech patterns (sounds, words,
grammatical features) which can be
associated with some external factor
(geographical area or a social group)
(Wardhaugh, 1986: 22).

A language itself can be viewed as a variety

of the human languages.

Speech varieties
- a concept of domain is of importance as it signifies
the class of situation within which a certain speech
variety is used.

Domain
- A domain is also referred to as ‘a social
situation’ as the implementation of the rights
and duties of a particular role relationship in the
place most appropriate or most typical for that
relationship, and at the time societally defined as
appropriate for that relationship (John T. Plat and H.K.
Plat, 1975 : 36).
- The domains may refer to those of home,
school, employment, mosque, etc).

Dialect
-The word dialect—which contains "lect" within the
term—derives from the Greek words dia- meaning
"across, between" and legein "speak." - A dialect is a
regional or social variety of a language distinguished
by pronunciation, grammar, and/or vocabulary.

Register
- defined as the way a speaker uses language
differently in different circumstances. Think about the
words you choose, your tone of voice, even your body
language. (Difference in language formality)
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- They are determined by such factors as social

occasion, context, purpose, and audience.
-Registers are marked by a variety of specialized
vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms, the
use of jargon, and a difference in intonation and pace.
- refers to the specialized language of a
professional or occupational group. Such
language is often meaningless to outsiders.
- American poet David Lehman has described
jargon as "the verbal sleight of hand that makes the
old hat seem newly fashionable; it gives an air of
novelty and specious profundity to ideas that, if
stated directly, would seem superficial, stale,
frivolous, or false."

Types of Lects
In addition to the distinctions discussed previously,
different types of lects also echo the types of
language varieties:

Regional dialect -A variety spoken in a particular

region.

Sociolect
- Also known as a social dialect, a variety of language
(or register) used by a socioeconomic class, a
profession, an age group, or any other social group.

Ethnolect
- A lect spoken by a specific ethnic group. For
example, Ebonics, the vernacular spoken by some
African-Americans, is a type of ethnolect, notes e2f, a
language-translation firm.

Idiolect
- According to e2f, the language or languages spoken
by each individual. For example, if you are
multilingual and can speak in different registers and
styles, your idiolect comprises several languages,
each with multiple registers and styles.

The language varieties, or lects, that people

speak often serve as the basis for judgment, and
even exclusion, from certain social groups,
professions, and business organizations. As you study
language varieties, keep in mind that they are often
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based on judgments one group is making in regard to

another.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF LANGUAGE

VARIETIES
Language differs by geography, social class,
economic status, age, gender and religion. "Pidgin"
and "creole" are two terms that are sometimes used
interchangeably by the general population, but have
specific differences in the world of linguistics.

1. Pidgin
- new language which develops in situations where
speakers of different languages need to
communicate but don't share a common language.
The vocabulary of a pidgin comes mainly from one
particular language (called the 'lexifier').
- describes a blend of several different languages
spoken by a multicultural population into one
mutually understood language.
- The speakers create a mutual language using words
from the speakers' mother tongues and an extremely
flexible, simplified grammar.
- EXAMPLE: “Conyo “
Conyo

- It has a colloquial meaning that differs from it's

Spanish origin, and isn't vulgar at all.

- As Said in the definition above, it refers to the

way of speaking or one who speaks Taglish and/or
with an English accent, usually associated with upper-
class citizens because such is the stereotype in
Filipino pop culture.

2. Creole
- When children start learning a pidgin as their
first language and it becomes the mother tongue of a
community, it is called a creole.

- a distinct language which has taken most of its

vocabulary from another language, the lexifier, but
has its own unique grammatical rules.

- Unlike a pidgin, however, a creole is not

restricted in use, and is like any other language in its
full range of functions.
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- EXAMPLE: Gullah, Jamaican Creole, ( patois or

patwa ) Spanish Creole (Chavacano)

- a mixture of multiple languages, but in this

case, the new mixed language becomes the native
language for the majority of its speakers. Vocabulary
is extensively borrowed from other languages, but the
grammar often shares few traits with the languages
that contributed vocabulary. Grammar and syntax are
as fully developed as any other long-established
tongue.

Example of Creole:
Chavacano or Chabacano
- refers to a number of Spanish-based creole
language varieties spoken in the Philippines.

- Philippine Creole Spanish is a Spanish-based

creole spoken in parts of the Philippines, especially in
and around the city of Zamboanga, by over
600,000 people. There are also speakers of the
Zamboanga dialect of Chavacano in Sempornah,
Malaysia.

Patois
- is speech or language that is considered
nonstandard, although the term is not formally
defined in linguistics.

- As such, patois can refer to pidgins, creoles,

dialects, or vernaculars, but not commonly to jargon
or slang, which are vocabulary-based forms of cant.

- In colloquial usage of the term, especially in

France, class distinctions are implied by the very
meaning of the term, since in
French, patois refers to any sociolect associated with
uneducated rural classes, in contrast with the
dominant prestige language (Standard French)
spoken by the middle and high classes of cities, or as
used in literature and formal settings (the 'acrolect').

Jamaican Patois,
- known locally as Patois (Patwa or Patwah) and
called Jamaican Creole by linguists,

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- is an English-based creole language with West

African influences (a majority of loan words of Akan
origin) spoken primarily in Jamaica and the Jamaican
diaspora; it is spoken by the majority of Jamaicans as
a native language.

Definition of Pidgin and Creole

Pidgin Creole
Native speaker
No native Speaker exist
Mixed language
associated with
cultural and often
racial
Mixing of language mixture
Reduced grammar Have parents who
& vocabulary use Pidgin

3. Regional dialect:
- not a distinct language but a variety of a language
spoken in a particular area of a country.

-Some regional dialects have been given traditional

names which mark them out as being significantly
different from standard varieties spoken in the same
place

4. Minority dialect
- a particular minority ethnic group have their
own variety which they use as a marker of identity,
usually alongside a standard variety.

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- Examples are African American Vernacular

English in the USA, London Jamaican in Britain, and
Aboriginal English in Australia.

5. Indigenized variety
- are spoken mainly as second languages in ex-
colonies with multilingual populations.

-The differences from the standard variety may be

linked to English proficiency, or may be part of a
range of varieties used to express identity.

- For example, 'Singlish' (spoken in Singapore) is a

variety very different from standard English, and
there are many other varieties of English used in India

Language Registers
- The difference in language formality.

- Registers are sets of vocabulary items associated

with discrete occupational or social groups

- There are five language registers or styles. Each

level has an appropriate use that is determined by
differing situations. It would certainly be
inappropriate to use language and vocabulary
reserve for a boyfriend or girlfriend when speaking in
the classroom.
-The appropriate language register depends upon
the audience (who), the topic (what), purpose (why)
and location (where).

- You must control the use of language registers in

order to enjoy success in every aspect and situation
you encounter.

1. Static Register or Frozen Register

- RARELY OR NEVER CHANGES AND DOES NOT
REQUIRE FEEDBACKS.
- It is “frozen” in time and content.
- e.g. the Pledge of Allegiance, the Lord’s Prayer, the
Preamble to the US Constitution, the Alma Mater, a
bibliographic reference, laws .

2. Formal Register
- This language is used in formal settings and is one-
way in nature.

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- This use of language usually follows a commonly

accepted format.
- It is usually impersonal and formal
- A common format for this register are speeches. e.g.
sermons, rhetorical statements and questions,
speeches, pronouncements made by judges,
announcements.

3. Consultative Register
-This is a standard form of communications. Users
engage in a mutually accepted structure of
communications.

- It is formal and societal expectations accompany the

users of this speech.

- It is professional discourse.

- e.g. when strangers meet, communications between

a superior and a subordinate, doctor & patient,
lawyer & client, lawyer & judge, teacher & student,
counselor & client,

4. Casual Register
- This is informal language used by peers and friends.
- Slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms are normal.
-This is “group” language. One must be member to
engage in this register.
- e.g. buddies, teammates, chats and emails, and
blogs, and letters to friends.

5. Intimate Register
- This communications is private. (private
communication) - It is reserved for close
family members or intimate people.
-e.g. husband & wife, boyfriend & girlfriend, siblings,
parent & children.

Multimodal

Evaluating Messages and/or Images of Different

Types of Texts Reflecting Different Culture

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Multimodal
- text, image, video, audio
- is a dynamic convergence of two or more
communication modes within the same text. All
modes are attended to as part of meaning-making
(The New London Group, 1996).

- Examples: image, gesture, music, spoken language,

and written language

Multimodal text combines two

or more semiotic systems like:

Picture book
- in which the textual and visual elements are
arranged on individual pages that contribute to an
overall set of bound pages

Webpage
- in which elements such as sound effects, oral
language, written language, music and still or moving
images are combined

Live performance
- in which gesture, music, and space are the main
elements.

It can be delivered via different media or technologies

like:

A multimodal text can be Paper

- books, comics, posters

A multimodal text can be Digital

-slide presentations, e-books, blogs, e-posters, web
pages, and social media, through to animation, film
and video games

A multimodal text can be Live

-a performance or an event

A multimodal text can be Transmedia

-where the story that is told using multiple delivery
channels through a combination of media platforms,

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- for example: book, comic, magazine, film, web

series, and video game mediums all working as part
of the same story.

Semiotic Systems
is the study of the process of making meaning from
signs. There are five semiotic systems in total—audio,
gestural, linguistic, spatial, and visual.

Written or linguistic meaning

– vocabulary, generic structure, and grammar

Audio Meaning
– music, sound effects, noises, ambient noise, and
silence through the use of volume, pitch and rhythm.

Visual meaning
– still and moving images, use of color, saliency,
page layouts, vectors, viewpoint, screen formats,
visual symbols; shot framing, subject distance and
angle, camera movement , subject movement

Gestural meaning
– body movements, hands and eyes , facial
expression, demeanors and body language, and use
of rhythm, speed, stillness and angles

Spatial Meaning
– environmental and architectural spaces and use of
proximity direction, layout, position of an organization
of objects in space

Multimodality is substantial in constructing

activities that go beyond print-based literacies
(Harste, 2010).

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- It recognizes that the digital media affordances

make modes other than text increasingly valuable
(Cope & Kalantzis, 2009).
- It also provides opportunities for students to
bring existing literacies into the classroom (Mills,
2010; Curwood & Cowell, 2011).

The following screenshots are examples of multimodal

text about food, fitness and photos. These are
presented as a web site using Wipasnapa. The task
had a dual learning focus on food and fitness, along
with photography and strategic use of images to
convey meaning. The completed project included user
generated (original) video and audio content,
photographs and print

Cultural Sensitivity in a Multimodal

Text Culture
Culture comes in many shapes and sizes.
It includes areas such as politics, history, faith,
mentality, behaviour and lifestyle.

Insensitivity in multimodal text may affect the

products the company is promoting, might offend
people and will lead to miscommunication.

The following examples demonstrate how a lack of

cultural sensitivity led to failure:
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Sony Corporation
- promoted a Black-against-white ad in their multi-
vignette PlayStation Portable campaign in 2006.
-The ad featured a strong-looking white woman,
dressed in all white, clawing and dominating a
subordinate Black woman.
-The ad was constructed to promote their new
ceramic white PSP. It depicted racism for the black.

Microsoft
-When colouring in 800,000 pixels on a map of India,
Microsoft coloured eight of them in different shades of
green to represent the disputed Kashmiri territory.
- The difference in greens meant Kashmir was shown
as non-Indian, and the product was promptly banned
in India. Microsoft was left to recall all 200,000 copies
of the offending Windows 95 operating system
software to try and heal the diplomatic wounds. It
cost them millions.

McDonald
- The fast food giant McDonald's spent thousands
on a new TV ad to target the Chinese consumer.
- The ad showed a Chinese man kneeling before a
McDonald's vendor and begging him to accept his
expired discount coupon.
- The ad was pulled due to a lack of cultural
sensitivity on McDonald's behalf.
-The ad caused uproar over the fact that begging is
considered a shameful act in Chinese culture.

TECHNOLOGY-BASED COMMUNICATION TOOLS

WEBQUESTS
-were created as a learning activity not long after the
initial development of the worldwide web.

- A WebQuest is an inquiry based activity that embeds

the use of a variety of learning resources – with most
being digital learning resources available on the
internet. The inquiry activity may take the form of
tasks such as a problem to be solved, a position to be
taken, a product to be designed or a work to be
created
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Communication combined with technology is called

as backbone of social interaction

Email
- Standard form of business communication, especially
for short messages that require action.

- Allows you to take care of a lot of customers, as well

as partners and other stakeholders without lengthy
conversations

- has big impact since 1990’s

- need mobile date or wifi

Formal Email
• Have sender and receiver and letter subject
• Have Salutation, Message, Closing remarks,
• Use formal tone

Informal Email
• Have sender and receiver
• Lack of letter subject
• Lack salutation
• Direct message
• Use informal tone
- straightforward
- without considering the receiver
- Uncapitalized word

Advantages of Email on Business

- increase efficiency, productivity
- business readiness

• Timeliness of Email Communication

• Broader Work Teams
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• Less Personalization and Miscommunication

• Administration and People Not Reading Emails

Advantages of Email
● cheap – send email virtually
● fast – email shoul receive within minutes or hours
● convenient – can be read easily
● permanent – when file is too large it will be upload in
gdrive

Disadvantages of Email
● Spam – unsolicited email can overwhelm email
Firewall – anti-spam
● Viruses – easily spread on email via attachment
(malware & viruses)
● Sending emails by mistake – hacking of sensitive
info or data
● Data storage

Texting
- can be sent to number of persons
- more urgent
- have autogenerated system
•Most personal form of business communication
•Communication by text tend to be more urgent than
email

Benefits of Texting
•makes scheduling employee meetings easy -
easy sched of meeting
•allows fast feedback from employee surveys
- feedback upto date
•takes the guesswork and pain out of payroll
•keeps employees informed about benefits

Instant Messaging
•Can contribute to the success of your negotiations.
•Tends to be for longer discussion than texting.
•You can take time to think before you respond
whereas in face to face conversation, it can be
difficult to pause long enough to gather your
thoughts - like OLFU concierge

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Benefits of Instant Messaging

•aids in connecting staff members who are in off-site
locations
•allows for group communication
•supports and complements other forms of
communication
•supports and complements other forms of
communication
•breaks down barriers

Social Networking
-Communication style should be adjusted to a more
informal approach.
- You gather “friends” on these sites

Advantages of Social Networking

● Improves employee engagement
● Strengthens workplace relationships
● Boosts employer brand
● Helps improve employee recognition and retention
● Enhance employee learning

Disadvantages of Social Networking

● Brings down productivity
● Increase technical risks
● Cause 'social media fails'
● Breed jealousy among employees

Tweeting
- Allows you to broadcast very short messages
called “tweets” to people who have elected to follow
your posts.
- This is not a place for a long treatise instead,
briefly refer to a new product, message or
development your company is excited about. - It will
result in awareness of your company in the
marketplace

Benefits of Tweeting
•Communicating
•Generating leads
•Showing your brand's personality
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•Researching trends
•Seeking feedback
•Providing customer service

Blogs
•Short for “web log”
•Written by amateurs, but getting a blogger to review
a product or service can be a good way to spread the
word about your small business.
•You can spread word informally and quickly through
this technologybased communication

Advantages of Blogs
•Knowledge-Sharing Opportunities
•Blogs Can Increase Sales
•Product Development Benefits
•Conducting Market Research

Blogging
Journal writing has long been an activity utilised in the
primary classroom.
Journal writing allows students to reflect on what they
are learning and how they are learning.
This traditional, notebook-and-pencil activity can
become digital when wordprocessing software is
used. Or it can go online as a blog.

Blogs
-(a short form of the weblog) are personal journal
websites on which a user can type an entry, add
images, video and links to other websites. Readers of
a blog usually can post comments.
- For primary school students, the use of blogs
have been found to be an engaging and effective way
to promote writing skills (Richardson, 2006),
particularly when student peers provide feedback to
the blog’s writer (Chen et al., 2011).
- It is exactly this feedback and sharing
mechanism that makes the blog different to the
traditional journal.
-In the notebook-and-pencil version, the contents of
the journal are private to the student, apart from the

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teacher and whomever the student decides to share

the journal with.
-With the blog, access can be provided to the teacher,
the class, the student’s parents and the world

Video Conferencing
•You can save travel money by using this.
•This gives you the face to face meeting you need
without having to be in the same location.
•When you want to convey your message with
physical gestures and facial expressions, this form of
technology can be an effective communication tool

Benefits of Video Conferencing

•Collaboration
•Flexibility
•Productivity
•Remote Working
•Reduced Overheads
MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION Multimedia
- is content that uses a combination of different
content forms such as text, audio, images,
animations, video and interactive content.

Multimedia is distinguished from: mixed media in

fine art; by including audio, forexample, it has a
broader scope.

Presentation program
-is a software package used to display information in
the form of a slide show.
It has three major functions:
• an editor that allows text to be inserted and
formatted, • a method for inserting and
manipulating graphic images,
• and a slide-show system to display the
content.

Multimedia presentation
-differs from a normal presentation in that it contains
some form of animation or media.
-Typically a multimedia presentation contains at least
one of the following elements: Video or movie clip.
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Animation Sound (this could be a voice-over,

background music or sound clips)

Powerpoint
-has become the de facto presentation tool for most
of us however, when used improperly, powerpoint
slides can actually interfere with communication
rather than promoting it.

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